Sustainable seafood

Sustainable seafood is seafood that is either caught or farmed in ways that consider the long-term vitality of harvested species and the well-being of the oceans, as well as the livelihoods of fisheries-dependent communities. It was first promoted through the sustainable seafood movement which began in the 1990s. This operation highlights overfishing and environmentally destructive fishing methods. Through a number of initiatives, the movement has increased awareness and raised concerns over the way our seafood is obtained.

Importance

Global total fish harvest

Marine environments are currently under immense pressure. Their problems primarily arise through anthropogenic causes, such as overfishing and environmental destruction. However, research suggests that fisheries are able to recover or stabilize their populations when responsible management and regulations are in place.[1] Unfortunately, most seafood that is obtained is done so through “irresponsible fishing practices that continue to modify some marine ecosystem.”[1] This has resulted in record depleted stocks.[1] For example, “85 percent of the world’s fisheries are fished at or beyond their maximum sustainable limit.”[1] Considering the rising global population and the pressure that it has, and will continue to exert on the Earth's resources, a more sustainable method of fishing is necessary if humans wish to utilize its natural abundance.

Sustainable Seafood Movement

The Sustainable Seafood Movement is an initiative born through the realization that the marine ecosystems of the world were being overexploited and destroyed.[2] It began in the 1990s and was driven by social marketing through Ecolabel and awareness campaigns.[3] Through social marketing, the collaboration between environmental Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and industry allowed for the consumer to make informed choices, potentially contributing to the conservation of marine biodiversity.[2]

Ecolabeling

Ecolabeling programs evaluate the production process with set environmental standards by an independent third party. Should the process fulfill the specific requirements, the producer or marketer may purchase a license to use an ecolabel in its marketing. This label allows the consumer to know that the product was produced sustainably.[3] Labeling is not only an effective regulatory tool in encouraging consumers to make environmentally friendly choices,[4] but it also provides a financial benefit to producers. In 1996 the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) implemented the first certification program[2] Since then, they have not only made a distinct effort to maintain the health of ecosystems, but they have also contributed to more financial success for producers. For instance, once the American Albacore Fishing Association had its tuna certified to the MSC standard, they were able to obtain premium prices for their product.[5] For the small fishing community in Bonita, California, certification allowed them to sell direct, as opposed to depending on the instability on the dock.[5] They were able to make a profit of $2,260 rather than $1,700 per tonne.[5] More companies and organizations are choosing to use environmentally sustainable production, such as ecolabeling, to gain a greater market share and higher profits.[2]

Awareness Campaigns

Awareness campaigns focus on educating the public and encouraging them to purchase products that consider the vitality of marine species.[3] They do so through boycotts of certain species and products as well as through seafood guides. Seafood guides highlight which species are acceptable to consume and which are not based on their environmental impact.[3] Guides are typically constructed into three categories, some using the analogy of a traffic light's colours: red, yellow, and green.[3] These rankings are based on how the fish responds to fishing pressure, abundance, gear impact, Bycatch, and management. Red represents items to avoid, yellow is a good alternative, and green is the best choice.[3] Several organizations, including the Monterey Bay Aquarium, have developed their own guides or wallet cards to be distributed to the public.[2]

Seafood Guide

The Seafood Guide below, made by SeaChoice, highlights which species are best to eat, and which should be avoided based on their management, abundance, and whether they have been caught or farmed in environmentally sustainable ways.[6] It allows consumers to be informed of their choices and vote with their wallets.

Fish Best Choice Some Concerns Avoid
Arctic Char Farmed
Barramundi Farmed, Closed System (US), Australis Net Pens (Vietnam) Farmed, Closed System (Australia) Farmed, Open System (Most)
Basa/Pangasius (Vietnam/Cambodia)
Catfish Farmed (US)
Chilean Seabass Chile, Heard and McDonald Islands, Falkland Islands, Macquarie Island South Georgia, Kerguelen Islands, Ross Sea Crozet Islands, Prince Edward and Marion Islands
Clams/Mussels Farmed (All) Wild Arctic Surf (Canada)
Cod Pacific Longline (Alaska) Pacific Bottom Trawl (US/BC) Atlantic (Canada), Pacific (Russia/Japan)
Crab Dungeness (BC/Washington), Stone (Florida/US Atlantic) King (US), Snow (US/Canada), Jonah (US/Canada), Atlantic Blue (US) King (Russia)
Flounder/Sole (Pacific) (Atlantic)
Haddock Handline (US Atlantic) Bottom Longline (Canada), Bottom Trawl (US/Canada/Iceland)
Halibut (Alaska) (BC) (Atlantic)
Lingcod (Canada/US)
Lobster Spiny (US/Baja Mexico) American (Canada/US), Spiny (Bahamas) Spiny (Brazil)
Mackerel King (US), Spanish (US), Atlantic (Canada) Atlantic Mid-Water Trawl (US)
Mahi Mahi Troll/Pole (US Atlantic) Longline and other (US) Longline (Imported)
Oysters Farmed Wild (Canada/US)
Pollock Atlantic, Pacific (Alaska)
Rockfish/Pacific Snapper Black rockfish (CA/OR/WA. US) Hook-and-line, jig (Pacific) Bottom Trawl (Pacific)
Sablefish (Alaska/Canada) (US West Coast)
Salmon Wild (Alaska), Coho Land Farmed (US) Wild (BC, Washington, Oregon) Atlantic Open net pen Farmed (All Regions)
Sardines Pacific (Canada/US) Atlantic (Mediterranean)
Scallops Farmed Off Bottom Farmed Dredge, Wild (US/Canada Atlantic)
Shark/skate Dogfish, spiny (Canada, Pacific) (All)
Shrimp/Prawns Pink (Oregon), Spot (BC), Farmed Closed System (US), Northern (Canada Atlantic-trap) All Other (Canada/US) All Other Farmed
Squid Longfin (US) (All Other)
Swordfish Harpoon (Canada/Hawaii) Longline (US) (International), Longline (Canada)
Tilapia Farmed (US) Farmed (South America) Farmed (Asia)
Trout, Rainbow Farmed (US), Land Based Farmed (Canada) Farmed Open Net (Canada)
Tuna, Albacore (Canada/US Pacific) Longline (Hawaii) Longline (International)
Tuna, Bigeye (Ahi) Pole/Troll (US Atlantic) Pole/Troll (International), Longline (US Atlantic) Longline (International/Hawaii)
Tuna, Bluefin (All)
Tuna, Canned Albacore Chunk White (Canada/US Pacific) Albacore Chunk White Pole/Troll (International) Chunk light/white (All exc. Pole/Troll)
Tuna, Skipjack Pole/Troll (Atlantic) Longline (US Atlantic/Hawaii) Purse Seine/Longline (International)
Tuna, Yellowfin (Ahi) Pole/Troll (US) Pole/Troll (International), Longline (US Atlantic/Hawaii) Purse Seine/Longline (International)

Fishing Methods

Chilean purse seine

There are a wide variety of fishing methods used. Each has it own environment impact that varies on intensity. The table below highlights a fishing method along with its environmental repercussions.[7]

Method Equipment uses Type of fish Environmental Impact
Pole/troll Fishing rod/pole and bait Open ocean swimmers to bottom dwellers Low environmental impact. Reduced chance of bycatch
Purse seining A large net is used to surround fish. The bottom of the net is pulled close to push the fish to the middle Schooling fish Higher chance of bycatch
Gillnetting Uses a system of nets with floats and weights. The nets are anchored to the sea floor and allowed to float at the surface Sardines, salmon, cod Animals cannot see the net therefore, they swim into it and are tangled. Huge risk of bycatch.
Longline fishing Fishing line cast out from the boat. Can range from one mile to 50 miles. Pelagic fish Higher risk of bycatch. Fisherman use weights to sink their lines, which reduce the risk of bycatch.
Traps and pots Wire or wooden cages attached to the sea floor; fishing weirs Lobsters, crab, shrimp The traps keep the fish alive. Lower chance of bycatch.
Trolling Line towed behind the boat Salmon, mahi-mahi, tuna Release bycatch
Harpooning Harpoon Large pelagic fish Fisherman have to visualize prey. No chance of bycatch.
Trawls and dredges Use huge nets that can either drag on the bottom of the sea floor or in the middle of the surface or the floor. Pollock, cod, flounder, shrimp Large number of bycatch. Can damage the sea floor.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a national government agency that has authority over conservation, marine fisheries, and management.[8] The NOAA has created FishWatch to help guide concerned consumers to sustainable seafood choices.[8] The fisheries in the United States are overseen by the Ten National Standards of the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act.[8] Therefore, the National Standards are protecting the fish population and eliminating overfishing. Along with the Magnuson-Stevens Act, U.S. fisheries are also regulated under the Endangered Species Act and Marine Mammal Act.[9]

The NOAA fisheries service has started using aquaculture to produce sustainable seafood. Aquaculture is fish or shellfish farming.[10] The aquaculture fisheries hatch and raise the fish until market size.[10] By using aquaculture the wild fish will be able to repopulate without the threat of overfishing. The aquaculture fish have a variety of uses including: food, nutritional, and pharmaceutical.[10] Two types of aquaculture exist. Marine aquaculture farms the fish species that live in the ocean and fresh water aquaculture is the fish species that live in freshwater.[10] NOAA is focusing on an alternative seafood source to help with repopulate and save the ocean's ecosystems.

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)

The Marine Stewardship Council is a global non-profit organization looking to conserve the oceans. Their mission is to use a combination of certified fisheries and ecolabeling to make the people aware of how important it is to preserve our oceans.[11] The MSC works with fisheries, scientist, seafood companies, conservation groups and the public to encourage environmental friendly seafood choices. The two main ways the MSC regulates sustainable seafood is by setting standards for certified fisheries and ecolabeling.

The certified fisheries are judged on the three standards the MSC provides. Although the MSC does not certified the fisheries, but are certified by a third party system to remove any bias.[12] The standards were created to decrease overfishing and maintain healthy ecosystems. The three standards are:

  • The fishery may not overexploit any of its resources.[12]
  • Each fishery is judged on the amount of environmental impact they contribute to the ocean. The fishery may not use any form of fishing that destroys the structure, productivity, function, or diversity of the ecosystem.[12]
  • Not only does the fishery have to follow the two other MSC standards, but they also have to follow all local, national, and international laws.[12]
The MSC ecolabel

Once a fishery has been reviewed and certified, their certification lasts for 5 years. In that 5 years, the fishery will be inspected and held to the environmental standards of the MSC. After the 5 years has passed, the fishery will have to go through the approval process again.[12]

The second way the MSC regulates seafood to the public is by using their ecolabel. The ecolabel on seafood products guarantees the seafood has come from a sustainable source and certified fishery.[13] The ecolabel can be found around the world. The consumer can feel good about buying seafood with a MSC ecolabel.

Before a seafood product can carry the MSC eco-label, the fishery must acquire the MSC Fisheries Certification. Additionally, all companies in the supply chain that take ownership of the product including distributors, wholesalers, manufacturers, pack houses, traders, retailers, catering organizations and restaurants must acquire the MSC Chain of Custody Certification.

Criticism of the Marine Stewardship Council

Critics condemn the Marine Stewardship Council for certifying specific fisheries that may be in trouble, harmful to the environment, or where there is a lack of information available.[14] For example, the Antarctic toothfish fishery in the Ross Sea was awarded an MSC label, despite a lack of basic information on the stock itself.[15] A Marine Policy study that analyzed the stocks of MSC fisheries found that 31% of the stocks were overfished, and 11% did not have suitable information available.[16]

Richard Page, a Greenpeace oceans campaigner stated "I will go as far as to say consumers are being duped. They think they are buying fish that are sustainable and can eat them with a clean conscience." [15]

Friend of the Sea

Main article: Friend of the Sea

Friend of the Sea is a non-profit international organization that supports the conservation of oceans. It was founded by Dr. Paolo Bay who started the sustainable seafood movement in Europe. Friends of the Sea uses aquaculture and certified fisheries to maintain the seafood stock. The certified fisheries are audited by International Organization for Standardization.[17] The criteria to become a certified fishery is:

Currently 30 fisheries around the world are certified under the Friends of the Sea.[18]

The Friends of The Sea also participate in the certification of aquaculture. The establishment of aquaculture helps reduce the number of wild species caught. The ISO also audits the aquaculture farms before certification. The criteria of aquaculture is:

In 2004, aquaculture accounted for 32% of the total production of fish. Aquaculture is becoming more popular with an 8% rise per year in the last 30 years. Currently there are 75 aquaculture certified by Friends of the Sea.[19]

Chefs and restaurants

Due to growing public concern about overfishing, many seafood restaurants have begun to offer more sustainable seafood options, with some restaurants specializing in sustainable seafood.[20] The Seafood Choices Alliance aims to educate chefs about the choices they make in order to encourage more chefs and restaurants to offer sustainable options. This is in line with the Strict International standards set by 'Eco Friendly Chef' www.ecofriendlychef.com and 'Eco Friendly Approved' www.EcoFriendlyApproved.com in association with Oceans 5. www.oceans-5.com[21]

Advisory lists

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Bassan, Janine (May–June 2011). "Not all seafood is equal". South African Journal of Science 107 (5/6): 8–10. doi:10.4102/sajs.v107i5/6.718.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Cooke, Steven J; Murchie, Karen J.; Danylchuk, Andy J. (November 2011). "Sustainable "Seafood" Ecolabeling and Awareness Initaitives in the Context of Inland fisheries: Increasing Food Security and Protecting Ecosystems". BioScience 61 (11): 911–918. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.11.10.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Roheim, Cathy, A (2009). "An Evaluation of Sustainable Seafood Guides: Implications for Environmental Groups and the Seafood Industry". Marine Resource Economics 24: 301–310.
  4. ↑ Czarnezki, Jason J. (1 February 2011). "The Future of Food Eco-Labeling: Organic, Carbon Footprint, and Environmental Life-Cyscle Analysis". Stanford Environmental Law Journal. 3 30 (1): 3–49.
  5. 1 2 3 Green Futures (July 2010). Green Futures (77): 41–41. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ SeaChoice. "Make Smart Seafood Decisions for Today and Tomorrow" (PDF). SeaChoice. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  7. ↑ http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_gear.aspx?c=ln
  8. 1 2 3 FishWatch
  9. ↑ December 2007 MAFAC Action Item: Response from NOAA Fisheries on Ecolabeling and Seafood Certification
  10. 1 2 3 4 "NOAA:Aquaculture"
  11. ↑
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "
  13. ↑ "
  14. ↑ Williams, Daniel Zwerdling Margot. "Is Sustainable-Labeled Seafood Really Sustainable?". NPR.org. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
  15. 1 2 Smith, Lewis. "Sustainable fish customers 'duped' by Marine Stewardship Council". the Guardian. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
  16. ↑ "Evaluation and legal assessment of certified seafood". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
  17. ↑ "Friends of the Sea"
  18. ↑ "Friends of the Sea Fisheries"
  19. ↑ "Friends of the Sea Aquaculture"
  20. ↑ Fifteen restaurant to serve MSC certified sustainable fish
  21. ↑ Seafood Choices Alliance

Further reading

External links

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