Cork encoding

The Cork (also known as T1 or EC) encoding is a character encoding used for encoding glyphs in fonts. It is named after the city of Cork in Ireland, where during a TeX Users Group (TUG) conference in 1990 a new encoding^[1] was introduced for LaTeX. It contains 256 characters supporting most west and east-European languages with the Latin alphabet.

Details

In 8-bit TeX engines the font encoding has to match the encoding of hyphenation patterns^[2] where this encoding is most commonly used. In LaTeX one can switch to this encoding with \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}, while in ConTeXt MkII this is the default encoding already. In modern engines such as XeTeX and LuaTeX the Unicode is fully supported and the 8-bit font encodings are obsolete.

Code page layout

Cork encoding

	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F}
0_	` 0060 0	´ 00B4 1	ˆ 02C6 2	˜ 02DC 3	¨ 00A8 4	˝ 02DD 5	˚ 02DA 6	ˇ 02C7 7	˘ 02D8 8	¯ 00AF 9	˙ 02D9 10	¸ 00B8 11	˛ 02DB 12	‚ 201A 13	‹ 2039 14	› 203A 15
1_	“ 201C 16	” 201D 17	„ 201E 18	« 00AB 19	» 00BB 20	– 2013 21	— 2014 22	ZWSP 200B 23	‰ 2030[lower-alpha 1] 24	ı 0131[lower-alpha 2] 25	ȷ 0237 26	ff FB00 27	fi FB01 28	fl FB02 29	ffi FB03 30	ffl FB04 31
2_	0020 32	! 0021 33	" 0022 34	# 0023 35	$ 0024 36	% 0025 37	& 0026 38	’ 2019 39	( 0028 40	) 0029 41	* 002A 42	+ 002B 43	, 002C 44	- 002D 45	. 002E 46	/ 002F 47
3_	0 0030 48	1 0031 49	2 0032 50	3 0033 51	4 0034 52	5 0035 53	6 0036 54	7 0037 55	8 0038 56	9 0039 57	: 003A 58	; 003B 59	< 003C 60	= 003D 61	> 003E 62	? 003F 63
4_	@ 0040 64	A 0041 65	B 0042 66	C 0043 67	D 0044 68	E 0045 69	F 0046 70	G 0047 71	H 0048 72	I 0049 73	J 004A 74	K 004B 75	L 004C 76	M 004D 77	N 004E 78	O 004F 79
5_	P 0050 80	Q 0051 81	R 0052 82	S 0053 83	T 0054 84	U 0055 85	V 0056 86	W 0057 87	X 0058 88	Y 0059 89	Z 005A 90	[ 005B 91	\ 005C 92	] 005D 93	^ 005E 94	_ 005F 95
6_	‘ 2018 96	a 0061 97	b 0062 98	c 0063 99	d 0064 100	e 0065 101	f 0066 102	g 0067 103	h 0068 104	i 0069 105	j 006A 106	k 006B 107	l 006C 108	m 006D 109	n 006E 110	o 006F 111
7_	p 0070 112	q 0071 113	r 0072 114	s 0073 115	t 0074 116	u 0075 117	v 0076 118	w 0077 119	x 0078 120	y 0079 121	z 007A 122	{ 007B 123	| 007C 124	} 007D 125	~ 007E 126	SHY 00AD[lower-alpha 3] 127
8_	Ă 0102 128	Ą 0104 129	Ć 0106 130	Č 010C 131	Ď 010E 132	Ě 011A 133	Ę 0118 134	Ğ 011E 135	Ĺ 0139 136	Ľ 013D 137	Ł 0141 138	Ń 0143 139	Ň 0147 140	Ŋ 014A 141	Ő 0150 142	Ŕ 0154 143
9_	Ř 0158 144	Ś 015A 145	Š 0160 146	Ş 015E 147	Ť 0164 148	Ţ 0162 149	Ű 0170 150	Ů 016E 151	Ÿ 0178 152	Ź 0179 153	Ž 017D 154	Ż 017B 155	IJ 0132 156	İ 0130 157	đ 0111 158	§ 00A7 159
A_	ă 0103 160	ą 0105 161	ć 0107 162	č 010D 163	ď 010F 164	ě 011B 165	ę 0119 166	ğ 011F 167	ĺ 013A 168	ľ 013E 169	ł 0142 170	ń 0144 171	ň 0148 172	ŋ 014B 173	ő 0151 174	ŕ 0155 175
B_	ř 0159 176	ś 015B 177	š 0161 178	ş 015F 179	ť 0165 180	ţ 0163 181	ű 0171 182	ů 016F 183	ÿ 00FF 184	ź 017A 185	ž 017E 186	ż 017C 187	ij 0133 188	¡ 00A1 189	¿ 00BF 190	£ 00A3 191
C_	À 00C0 192	Á 00C1 193	Â 00C2 194	Ã 00C3 195	Ä 00C4 196	Å 00C5 197	Æ 00C6 198	Ç 00C7 199	È 00C8 200	É 00C9 201	Ê 00CA 202	Ë 00CB 203	Ì 00CC 204	Í 00CD 205	Î 00CE 206	Ï 00CF 207
D_	Ð/Đ 00D0[lower-alpha 4] 208	Ñ 00D1 209	Ò 00D2 210	Ó 00D3 211	Ô 00D4 212	Õ 00D5 213	Ö 00D6 214	Œ 0152 215	Ø 00D8 216	Ù 00D9 217	Ú 00DA 218	Û 00DB 219	Ü 00DC 220	Ý 00DD 221	Þ 00DE 222	SS 1E9E[lower-alpha 5] 223
E_	à 00E0 224	á 00E1 225	â 00E2 226	ã 00E3 227	ä 00E4 228	å 00E5 229	æ 00E6 230	ç 00E7 231	è 00E8 232	é 00E9 233	ê 00EA 234	ë 00EB 235	ì 00EC 236	í 00ED 237	î 00EE 238	ï 00EF 239
F_	ð 00F0 240	ñ 00F1 241	ò 00F2 242	ó 00F3 243	ô 00F4 244	õ 00F5 245	ö 00F6 246	œ 0153 247	ø 00F8 248	ù 00F9 249	ú 00FA 250	û 00FB 251	ü 00FC 252	ý 00FD 253	þ 00FE 254	ß 00DF 255
	_0	_1	_2	_3	_4	_5	_6	_7	_8	_9	_A	_B	_C	_D	_E	_F

Notes

• The first 12 characters are often used as combining characters.

1. 0x18 is just a "trailing zero", used to compose ‰ or ‱ (or arbitrary smaller quantities) out of percent sign (%).
2. Dotless i and dotless j may be used to compose accented variants like i with macron (ī).
3. 0x7F is the hyphenation character (not really a soft hyphen).
4. 0xD0 is used both as Eth (Ð, U+00D0) and as D with stroke (Đ, U+0110) which might be a problem at some occasions (like copying text from PDF, hyphenation, ...)
5. 0xDF contains SS (two letters S). It allows TeX to automatically convert the German lowercase ß into the uppercase form.

Supported Languages

The encoding supports most European languages written in Latin alphabet. Notable exceptions are:

• Esperanto (using IL3)
• Latvian language and Lithuanian language (using L7X)
• Welsh language

Languages with slightly suboptimal support include:

• Galician language, Portuguese language and Spanish language – due to the lack of characters ª and º, which are not superscript versions of lower case “a” and “o” (superscripts are thinner) and they are often underlined
• Croatian language, Bosnian language, Serbian language – due to the shared use of the slot for Đ
• Turkish language – due to dotless i having different uppercase and lowercase combinations than in other languages
• Romanian language - due to having S and T with cedilla
• English language - due to lacking ASCII apostrophe

References

1. Ferguson, Michael (1990), "Report on Multilingual Activities" (PDF), TUGboat, Volume 11 (Issue 4): 514–516
2. TeX hyphenation patterns

External links

• Encoding file
• Overview of encodings in LaTeX