Television in China

The television industry in China includes high-tech program production, transmission and coverage. China Central Television is China's largest and most powerful national television station. By the 1980s, two-thirds of people in China had access to television, while today, over 3,000 channels are available in the country.

History

Origins

When the People's Republic was founded in 1949, the telecommunications systems and facilities in China were outdated and rudimentary, and many had been damaged or destroyed during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Communications in China were established rapidly in the early 1950s. By 1952 the principal telecommunications network centered on Beijing, and links to all large cities had finally been established, also launching television broadcasts. The first Chinese television station in the world was Rediffusion Television (now ATV), which launched in Hong Kong in May 29, 1957. On the mainland, the first national broadcasts began on May 1, 1958, and Beijing Television (now China Central Television since 1978) was formally launched on September 2, 1958. A month later would see the launch of the first regional station, Shanghai Television, on the 9th National Day, which was on October 1, 1958. Liaoning Television would begin a year later, and in 1960, Zhejiang and Guandong provinces had their stations begin full broadcasts.

Growth in telecommunications halted with the general economic collapse after the Great Leap Forward (1958–60) but revived in the 1960s: radio-television service was installed in major cities in these years. By 1965 there were 12 television stations in mainland China, 1 national and 11 regional (compared to approximately 700 conventional television stations and about 3,000 cable channels today). Similarly, in 1978, there was less than one television receiver per 100 people, and fewer than ten million Chinese had access to a television set (in 2003 there were about 35 TVs for every 100 people, and roughly a billion Chinese had access to television); expansion and modernization of the broadcasting systems continued throughout the late-1970s and early 1980s.

Until the mid-to-late 1970s, TV broadcasts started in the late afternoon and ended at midnight, with special daytime programs during the summer and winter vacations for students. BTV, at the same time, also expanded its programming reach, from the one channel the station started in 1958, the network grew to 3 channels in 1969.

The first Chinese color TV broadcast was launched by China Television in Taiwan in 1969. On the mainland, test color broadcasts started in 1971 on BTV Channel 2, and later spread towards the regional stations, and at the same time, BTV pioneered nationwide statellite broadcasts only for major events starting in 1972. BTV fully converted to color in 1977.

1980s

The Ministry of Radio and Television was established as a separate entity in 1982 to administer and upgrade the status of television and radio broadcasting. Subordinate to this ministry were the Central People's Broadcasting Station, Radio Beijing, and China Central Television. Additionally, the various broadcasting training, talent-search, research, publishing, and manufacturing organizations were brought under the control of the Ministry of Radio and Television. In 1986 responsibility for the movie industry was transferred from the Ministry of Culture to the new Ministry of Radio, Cinema, and Television.

Radio and television expanded rapidly in the 1980s as important means of mass communication and popular entertainment. In 1982 television was by one measure available only to 350 million of China's population of 1 billion,[1] and was mostly watched on a communal basis.[1] By 1985 television reached two-thirds of the population through more than 104 stations (up from 52 in 1984 and 44 in 1983); an estimated 85 percent of the urban population had access to television. During this time, the content of the programming changed drastically from the political lectures and statistical lists of the previous period. Typical television shows were entertainment, including feature films, sports, drama,[2] music, dance, and children's programming. In 1985 a survey of a typical week of television programming made by the Shanghai publication Wuxiandian Yu Dianshi (Journal of Radio and Television) revealed that more than half of the programming could be termed entertainment; education made up 24 percent of the remainder of the programming and news 15 percent. A wide cross section of international news was presented each evening. Most news broadcasts had been borrowed from foreign news organizations, and a Chinese summary was dubbed over. China Central Television also contracted with several foreign broadcasters for entertainment programs. Between 1982 and 1985, six United States television companies signed agreements to provide American programs to China.

Since the late 1970s, people in Pearl River Delta began to receive channels from Hong Kong with Yagi-Uda antenna. Hong Kong channels were considered more entertaining and had Cantonese shows. Such reception was banned by central government, but semi-accepted by local government. By the late 1980s, local channels began to syndicate shows from Hong Kong.

China launched its first television-broadcast satellite in 1986.

In 1987 China Central Television (CCTV), the state network, managed China's television programs. In 1985 consumers purchased 15 million new sets, including approximately 4 million color sets. Production fell far short of demand. Because Chinese viewers often gathered in large groups to watch publicly owned sets, authorities estimated that two-thirds of the nation had access to television. In 1987 there were about 70 million television sets, an average of 29 sets per 100 families. CCTV had four channels that supplied programs to the over ninety television stations throughout the country. Construction began on a major new CCTV studio in Beijing in 1985. CCTV produced its own programs, a large portion of which were educational, and the Television University in Beijing produced three educational programs weekly. The English-language lesson was the most popular program and had an estimated 5 to 6 million viewers. Other programs included daily news, entertainment, teleplays, and special programs. Foreign programs included films and cartoons. Chinese viewers were particularly interested in watching international news, sports, and drama (see Culture of the People's Republic of China).

1990s

In September 1993, after acquiring the STAR TV satellite network, Rupert Murdoch publicly declared:[3]

"(telecommunications) have proved an unambiguous threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere ... satellite broadcasting makes it possible for information-hungry residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels"

After this, the former prime minister Li Peng requested and obtained the ban of satellite dishes throughout the country. Subsequently the STAR TV network dropped the BBC channels from its satellite offer. This, and many ensuing declarations from Murdoch, led critics to believe the businessman was striving to appease the Chinese government in order to have the ban lifted.[3] It is also alleged that the PRC government was unhappy with BBC coverage and threatened to block STAR TV in the huge mainland Chinese market if the BBC was not withdrawn. This is despite technology that is capable of blocking BBC World in China, while making it available in other countries they serve.[4][5][6]

2000s

In 2001, the Chinese government put forward a goal of promoting media amalgamation by establishing trans-regional multi-media news groups. It also instituted detailed regulations on media industry fund raising, foreign-funded cooperation and trans-media development.[7]

The State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT), founded at the end of 2001, integrated the resources of central-level radio, television and film industry plus those of the radio and television, Internet companies into China's biggest and strongest multi-media group covering the fields of television, Internet, publishing, advertising, etc. At the same time Chinese media industry is cooperating with overseas media groups.

By 2003, 30 overseas television networks, including Phoenix Television, Bloomberg Television, STAR TV, Eurosport, BBC World, CNBC, and China Entertainment Television had entered into China with limitations. At the same time, the English-language channel of CCTV entered the United States through Fox News Internet under the jurisdiction of News Corporation.

In conformity with trends in the international television industry, CCTV has made progress in the direction of specialization, introducing three specialized channels between 2003 and 2004, CCTV-News, CCTV-Children and CCTV-Music.

Since September 1, 2006, the Chinese government has banned foreign-produced animation between the hours of 5:00 to 8:00 P.M. on state-run television to protect struggling Chinese animation studios that have been affected by the popularity of such cartoons.[8]

Despite these advances, a considerable gap remains between the eastern coastal region and the Chinese hinterland, where television sets and regional broadcasters are far less common.

Today

Altogether there are 3,000 television stations across the country. Large international TV expositions, including the Shanghai Television Festival, Beijing International Television Week, China Radio and Television Exposition and Sichuan Television Festival, are held on a regular basis.

Besides judging and conferring awards, these festivals conduct academic exchange and the import and export of TV programs. Shanghai has become the largest television program trading market in Asia.

Since China entered the World Trade Organization, the trend within China's media industry is to form inter-media and trans-regional media groups operated with multiple patterns so as to meet competition and challenges from powerful overseas media groups.

In October 2014, actors and actresses who have used drugs, visited prostitutes, or broken the law are not allowed to appear on television, movies, or other forms of broadcast (radio and advertisement) in China. The ban also encompasses online media, film and publishing.[9] China Daily reported that the ban is meant to "keep the industry healthy" and "Celebrities who break the law should not be invited to appear in programs, and transmission of their words should be suspended." It was also noted that "Recent cases involving stars using drugs or visiting prostitutes have harmed the image of the entertainment industry and set a bad example for young people." In 2014, China has detained several Chinese celebrities on drug-related charges. China's Ministry of Public Security stated in February 2014, that police need to "get tough on drugs, gambling, and prostitution."[10]

Censorship

Main article: Censorship in China

Television censorship is conducted by State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television of People's Republic of China (PRC) and targets the overseas programs (including those from Hong Kong and Macau), that can be watched in Mainland China. In addition receiving satellite TV signals without permission is against the law in Mainland China.[11]

Foreign and Hong Kong SAR news broadcasts in mainland China such as TVB, Phoenix TV, CNN, BBC World, BBC World Service, CNBC and Bloomberg Television are occasionally censored by being "blacked out" during controversial segments. CNN has reported that their broadcast agreement in China includes an arrangement that their signal must pass through a Chinese-controlled satellite. In this way, Chinese authorities have been able to black out CNN segments at will.[12] CNN has also said that their broadcasts are not widely available in China, but rather only in certain diplomatic compounds, hotels, and apartment blocks.[13]

Blacked out content has included references to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989,[12] the Dalai Lama,[12] the death of Zhao Ziyang,[14] the 2008 Tibetan unrest,[12] the Chinese milk scandal of 2008[15] and negative developments about the Beijing Olympics.[16]

During the Summer Olympics in Beijing all Chinese TV stations were ordered to delay live broadcasts by ten seconds, a policy that was designed to give censors time to react in case free-Tibet demonstrators or others staged political protests.[17] During a television report of the inauguration of Barack Obama in 2009, the state-run China Central Television abruptly cut away from its coverage of Obama's address when he spoke of how "earlier generations faced down fascism and communism".[18]

Enforcement in television censorship is increasingly difficult and ineffective in the early part of the twenty-first century, partly due to satellite signal hacking systems that can be purchased in most major cities for as low as 2000 ¥ RMB ($285), which access channels and programs on many satellites serving the Asian Pacific region.

Digital technology

According to the Chinese government's plans, by 2010 the existing cable television in cities above county levels in eastern and middle parts of China as well as in most of cities over county level in western parts of the country will be digitalized. The analog signals within the country will be switched off in stages between 2015 to 2018, due to large size of the territory. In the meantime, the policies emphasize the continued amalgamation of the three networks of Internet, television and telecom.

To realize the above goals, NDRC, MII and SARFT will be responsible for organizing special projects for implementing digital television services. Support will be given to digital TV related enterprises' listings and more investment will be injected into them.

According to China's national strategy, the country aims to shift from a major television manufacturer to a digital television power during the development of digital television industry. The policies show that by 2010, the annual sales of China's digital television sets and related products will reach RMB250 billion and the export volume will reach US$10 billion. By 2015, China's digital television industry scale and technology level will rank among the top in the world and it will become one of the world's largest digital television set and key components development and production bases.

Cable television

Cable television in the usual transmission method in all urban areas of mainland China - television aerials are an extremely rare sight. Cable systems usually carry all the CCTV channels in Mandarin, plus all the channels of municipal, provincial or regional station in question (such stations are listed below). The remaining slots carry the main channels from several other province-level stations, and may carry additional channels from metropolitan stations such as BTV and Shanghai Media Group. They may also carry a local channel for a particular sub-provincial municipality, prefecture or county. Individual compounds (hotels, housing estates, etc.) often add a request channel showing karaoke music videos and animations. An extremely small number of compounds with many foreign residents (e.g. five star hotels in Beijing) will also carry selected channels from Hong Kong, Taiwan and the West. Phoenix Television has the widest carriage under this rule.

Mainland China had more than 44.5 million digital cable television users in 2008.[19]

Unlike many cable television operators in other countries that support two-way modes, China's cable television runs in a one-way mode (download only, no upload and no interactive services).

List of national networks and channels

China Central Television

Name Simplified Chinese Launch Format
CCTV-1 (General Channel) 中国中央电视台综合频道 1958 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-2 (Finance Channel) 中国中央电视台财经频道 1963 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-3 (Art Channel) 中国中央电视台综艺频道 1969 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-4 (International Chinese Channel Asia) 中国中央电视台中文国际频道（亚洲版） 1992 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
CCTV-4 (International Chinese Channel Europe) 中国中央电视台中文国际频道（欧洲版） 1992 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
CCTV-4 (International Chinese Channel America) 中国中央电视台中文国际频道（美洲版） 1992 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
CCTV-5 (Sports Channel) 中国中央电视台体育频道 1994 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-5+ (Sports Events Channel) 中国中央电视台体育赛事频道 2008 HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-6 (Movie Channel) 中国中央电视台电影频道 1994 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-7 (Military & Agriculture Channel) 中国中央电视台军事农业频道 1994 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-8 (Television Series Channel) 中国中央电视台电视剧频道 1994 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-9 (Chinese Documentary Channel) 中国中央电视台纪录频道（中文版） 2010 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-9 (English Documentary Channel) 中国中央电视台纪录频道（英语版） 2010 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-10 (Science & Education Channel) 中国中央电视台科教频道 2001 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-11 (Chinese Opera Channel) 中国中央电视台戏曲频道 2001 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
CCTV-12 (Society & Law Channel) 中国中央电视台社会与法频道 2004 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-13 (Chinese News Channel) 中国中央电视台新闻频道 2003 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-14 (Children’s Channel) 中国中央电视台少儿频道 2004 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-15 (Music Channel) 中国中央电视台音乐频道 2004 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
CCTV-NEWS(International English Channel） 中国中央电视台英语新闻频道 2000 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
CCTV-Français (International French Channel) 中国中央电视台法语国际频道 2007 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
CCTV-Español (International Spanish Channel) 中国中央电视台西班牙语国际频道 2007 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
CCTV-العربية (International Arabic Channel) 中国中央电视台阿拉伯语国际频道 2009 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
CCTV-русский (International Russian Channel) 中国中央电视台俄语国际频道 2009 SDTV (576i, 4:3)
Zhongguo 3D dianshi shiyan pindao (3D Channel) 中国3D电视试验频道 2009 HDTV (1080i, 16:9)

Nationwide satellite TV network

Name Simplified Chinese Origin Launch Format Owner
Agriculture Television 农林卫视 Shannxi 2008 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Shaanxi Broadcasting Corporation (SXBC)
Anhui Television 安徽卫视 Anhui 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Anhui Radio and Television (AHRT)
Bedahuang Television 北大荒农业频道 Heilongjiang 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Bedahuang Broadcasting Television
Bingtuan Television 兵团卫视 Xinjiang 2009 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xinjiang Bingtuan Radio and Television
Beijing Television 北京卫视 Beijing 1979 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Beijing Media Network (BMN)
Chongqing Television 重庆卫视 Chongqing 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Chongqing Broadcasting Group (CBG)
Cross-Strait Television 海峡卫视 Fujian 2005 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Fujian Media Group (FMG)
Dragon Television 东方卫视 Shanghai 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Shanghai Media Group (SMG)
Gansu Television 甘肃卫视 Gansu 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Gansu Media Group (GSMG)
Guangdong Television 广东卫视 Guangdong 1960 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Guangdong Radio and Television (GRT)
Guangxi Television 广西卫视 Guangxi 1970 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Guangxi Television
Guizhou Television 贵州卫视 Guizhou 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Guizhou Radio Television
Hebei Television 河北卫视 Hebei 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Hebei Television (HEBTV)
Heilongjiang Television 黑龙江卫视 Heilongjiang 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Heilongjiang Broadcasting Television
Henan Television 河南卫视 Henan 1996 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Henan Television (HNTV)
Hubei Television 湖北卫视 Hubei 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Hubei Network Radio and Television
Hunan Television 湖南卫视 Hunan 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS)
Jiangsu Television 江苏卫视 Jiangsu 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Jiangsu Broadcasting Corporation (JSBC)
Jiangxi Television 江西卫视 Jiangxi 1970 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Jiangxi Radio and Television
Jilin Television 吉林卫视 Jilin 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Jilin Television (JLTV)
Liaoning Television 辽宁卫视 Liaoning 1959 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Liaoning Radio and Television (LRTV)
Nei Mongol Television 内蒙古卫视 Inner Mongolia 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Nei Mongol Television (NMTV)
Ningxia Television 宁夏卫视 Ningxia 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Ningxia Radio and Television
Qinghai Television 青海卫视 Qinghai 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Qinghai Radio and Television
Sansha Television 三沙卫视 Hainan 2013 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Sansha Broadcasting Group
Shandong Television 山东卫视 Shangdong 1994 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Shandong Radio and Television
Shannxi Television 陕西卫视 Shannxi 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Shaanxi Broadcasting Corporation (SXBC)
Shanxi Television 山西卫视 Shanxi 2004 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Shanxi Radio Television
Shenzhen Television 深圳卫视 Guangdong 2004 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Shenzhen Media Group (SZMG)
Sichuan Television 四川卫视 Sichuan 2003 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Sichuan Radio and Television
Southeast Television 东南卫视 Fujian 1994 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Fujian Media Group (FMG)
Travel Channel 旅游卫视 Hainan 1999 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Hainan Broadcasting Group
Tianjin Television 天津卫视 Tianjin 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Tianjin Radio and Television
Xiamen Television 厦门卫视 Fujian 2005 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Xiamen Media Group XMG
Xinjiang Television 新疆卫视 Xinjiang 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xinjiang Television Station
Xizang Television 西藏卫视 Tibet 2002 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xizang Television (XZTV)
Yunnan Television 云南卫视 Yunnan 2000 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Yunnan Radio and Television
Zhejiang Television 浙江卫视 Zhejiang 1994 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Zhejiang Radio and Television Group (ZRTG)

Non-Standard Chinese satellite television

Name Simplified Chinese Language Launch Format Owner
Kangba Television 康巴卫视 Khams Tibetan 2009 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Sichuan Radio and Television
Nei Mongol Television Mongolian 内蒙古蒙语卫视 Mongolian 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Nei Mongol Television (NMTV)
Television Southern 广东南方卫视 Cantonese 2000 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Guangdong Radio and Television (GRT)
Xinjiang Television Uyghur 新疆卫视（维语） Uyghur 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xinjiang Television (XJTV)
Xinjiang Television Kazakh 新疆卫视（哈语） Kazakh 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xinjiang Television (XJTV)
Xizang Television Tibetan 西藏藏语卫视 Standard Tibetan 2002 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xizang Television (XZTV)
China Yanbian Satellite 延边卫视 Chinese Korean/Standard Chinese 2006 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Yanbian Television (YBTV)
Anduo Television 安多卫视 Amdo Tibetan 2006 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Qinghai Radio and TV Station

Children's channels

Name Simplified Chinese Origin Launch Format Owner
Aniworld 金鹰卡通 Hunan 2005 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS)
Kaku 卡酷动画 Beijing 2004 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Beijing Media Network (BMN)
Toonmax 炫动卡通 Shanghai 2005 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Shanghai Media Group (SMG)
Jiajia 嘉佳卡通 Guangdong 2007 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Guangdong Radio and Television (GRT)
Youman 优漫卡通 Jiangsu 2010 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Jiangsu Broadcasting Corporation (JSBC)

Premium satellite television

Name Simplified Chinese Origin Launch Format Owner
China Entertainment Television 华娱卫视 Hong Kong 1995 SDTV (576i, 4:3) China Entertainment Television Broadcast.,Ltd
Macau Asia Satellite Television 澳亚卫视 Macau 2001 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Macau Asia Satellite Television Co.,Ltd
Macau Lotus Television 澳门莲花卫视 Macau 2002 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Macau Lotus Television Co.,Ltd
HKSTV 香港卫视 Hong Kong 2010 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Hong Kong Satellite TV International Media Group
Phoenix Television InfoNews 凤凰卫视资讯台 Hong Kong 2001 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings.,Ltd
Phoenix Television Movies 凤凰卫视电影台 Hong Kong 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings.,Ltd
Phoenix Television Chinese 凤凰卫视中文台 Hong Kong 1996 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings.,Ltd
Phoenix Television Hong Kong 凤凰卫视香港台 Hong Kong 1996 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings.,Ltd
TVB Jade 无线电视翡翠台 Hong Kong 1967 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB)
Xing Kong Television 星空卫视 Hong Kong 2002 SDTV (576i, 4:3) STAR Greater China.,Ltd

Most-viewed channels

Provincial satellite channel rating

Top 10 daily viewing ratings, December 2014[20]

Position Channel Average
1 Hunan TV 4.2026
2 Zhejiang TV 3.0315
3 Jiangsu TV 2.8887
4 Beijing TV 1.7856
5 Dragon TV (Shanghai) 1.6015
6 Tianjin TV 0.9490
7 Shangdong TV 0.8272
8 Jiangxi TV 0.6945
9 Anhui TV 0.5847
10 Shenzhen TV (Guangdong) 0.5704

Other

Hong Kong

Hong Kong has two broadcast television networks, ATV and TVB. The latter, launched in 1967, was the territory's first free-to-air commercial station, and is currently the predominant TV station in the territory. Paid cable and satellite television have also been widespread. The production of Hong Kong's soap drama, comedy series and variety shows have reached mass audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Broadcast media and news is provided by several companies, one of which is government-run. Television provides the major source of news and entertainment for the average family.

Macau

Main article: Media in Macau

Macau citizens can receive most of the terrestrial transmissions broadcast in Hong Kong.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 https://books.google.com/books?id=qhBYxOitb-MC&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=number+of+tvs+in+china+1980&source=bl&ots=jIHu07O--a&sig=bP0vsF593FnFl3OtTJON9xIdgQs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l9-mVPOhMJLioASN2YFI&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=number%20of%20tvs%20in%20china%201980&f=false
  2. ↑ Ying Zhu, Michael Keane, and Ruoyun Bai (editors), "TV drama in China", Hong Kong University Press, 2008
  3. 1 2 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/apr/22/chinathemedia.rupertmurdoch
  4. ↑ Announcing The P.u.-litzer Prizes For 1994
  5. ↑ "China lets in BBC TV". BBC News. 2001-01-09. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  6. ↑ Star-TV (Hong Kong)
  7. ↑ Ying Zhu, "Television in Post-Reform China: Serial Dramas, Confucian Leadership and the Global Television Market", London: Routledge, 2008.
  8. ↑ McDonald, Joe. China Bans 'Simpsons' From Prime-Time TV. Associated Press: August 13, 2006
  9. ↑ "China bans stars who have used drugs from national media". BBC News. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  10. ↑ Birsel, Robert. "China bans tainted stars from TV, movie screens". Reuters. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  11. ↑ "《卫星电视广播地面接收设施管理规定》实施细则". 广电总局. 新华网. 2003-05-31. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Vassileva, Ralitsa (2008-03-14). "China's media crackdown" (video). CNN. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  13. ↑ Vause, John (2008-04-09). "San Francisco Torch Relay Broadcast". CNN.
  14. ↑ "News black-out on death of former top leader Zhao Ziyang". Reporters without Borders. 2005-01-28. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  15. ↑ Raymond Li (16 September 2008). "Censorship hammer comes down over scandal". South China Morning Post, p. A5.
  16. ↑ Oconnor, Ashling (2008-03-10). "Haile Gebrselassie pulls out of Beijing marathon". The Times (London). Retrieved 2008-03-11. News of the development is struggling to reach audiences in China, where transmissions of BBC World were mysteriously suspended when the station relayed the story.
  17. ↑ Barbara Demick (2009-01-22). "Chinese media censor Obama's inaugural speech". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
  18. ↑ Chris O'Brien (2009-01-21). "Obama's address censored in China". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
  19. ↑
  20. ↑ "湖南卫视连夺12冠 全媒体传播12月频道榜". Retrieved 15 January 2015.

Sources

External links

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