Egyptian Army

Egyptian Army
Egyptian Ground Forces
القوات البرية المصرية

Egyptian Ground Forces Insignia
Active
Country  Egypt
Type Army
Role Land warfare
Size 310,000 active (As of 2014)[4]
375,000 Reserve (As of 2014)[4]
685,000 Total (As of 2014)[4]
Part of Egyptian Armed Forces
Headquarters Kobri El Oubba, Cairo, Egypt[5]
Motto(s) Victory or Martyrdom
Colors Red, White, Black and Gold                 
March "We painted on the heart the face of our nation" (Arabic: رسمنا على القلب وجه الوطن‎, rasamna ala al qalb wagh al watan)
Mascot Golden eagle, Sword
Anniversaries 6 October
Equipment Equipment of the modern Egyptian Army
Engagements
Website www.mod.gov.eg

The Egyptian Army also called Egyptian Ground Forces (Arabic: القوات البرية المصرية‎; Arabic pronunciation: [el qowat el brih el masriya]) is the land-based and largest component of the Egyptian Armed Forces, along with the Egyptian Air Force, the Egyptian Navy and the Egyptian Air Defense Forces, is the largest army in Africa, and the Middle East.

While Egypt has an ancient military history, scholars agree that the origins of the modern army lie in the era of Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled from 1805-1849. He is considered to be the "founder of modern Egypt". Notable wars during his era included French campaign in Egypt and Syria, Mahdist War, Greek War of Independence, First Egyptian-Ottoman War, Second Egyptian-Ottoman War, Ethiopian–Egyptian War, 'Urabi Revolt, Anglo-Egyptian War, World War I, World War II.

The army's most significant engagements in the 20th Century were in Egypt's five wars with Israel (in 1948, 1956, 1967.1967 to 1970, and 1973), one of which, the Suez Crisis of 1956, also saw it do combat with the British and French Armies. The Egyptian army was also engaged heavily in the protracted North Yemen Civil War, and the brief Libyan-Egyptian War in July 1977. Its last major engagements was Operation Desert Storm, the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991, in which however the Egyptians did not distinguish themselves. The Egyptian army has also been involved in political conflicts and revolutions in Egypt, among these revolutions and conflicts: Egyptian Revolution of 1952, Egyptian bread riots, 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot, Egyptian crisis (2011–14) and the Sinai insurgency.

The Equipment of the modern Egyptian Army comes from several countries, including the United States, Russia, France, Italy, Ukraine, China, as well as locally from the Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI), National Service Products Organization (NSPO), EIDS, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) and the Ministry of Military Production.

As of 2014, the army has an estimated strength of 310,000 soldiers, of which, approx. 90-120,000 are professionals with the rest being conscripts.[4]

History

Founding 32nd century BC

For military arrangements in antiquity, see Military history of Ancient Egypt.
Ahmose I the Egyptian army commander fighting the Hyksos in 1700 BC.

First regular army in the world was established in Egypt around the year 3200 BC.[6] After the unification of King Menes of Egypt, sitting on her throne. Ancient Egyptian military and made many great leaders,[7] and the Egyptian army force that the main point was the texture of the Egyptians,[8] not foreign mercenaries, and through the compulsory service system and call for service during the war.[9] The army consists of infantry and horse-drawn carriages, Spears, soldiers bayonets and other branches and the fleet, which was protected marine coast of Egypt are all in addition to the Nile River.[10]

After the Macedonian conquest of Egypt in 332 BC. By Alexander the Great, that's just passed away on June 13, 323 BC. In the wake of his death divided the states of Macedonian Empire between his commanders, Egypt was named commander of the share of Ptolemy, and so Egypt has entered the era of the Ptolemies. During that era he brought the first Ptolemy and his successors the Greeks and the like to serve in the Ptolemaic belligerent forces. So boarding Ptolemy IV throne of Egypt, and attacking Antiochus III of the limits of the Ptolemaic state in Syria, terrifying Ptolemy IV organizing the army and incorporated for the first time a large number of Egyptians in the army and trained and armed them according to the assets arts of modern warfare was credited in his victory over his enemy in the battle of Rafah in 217 BC.

7th century

A 15th-century depiction of Saladin

Following the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 640, the army and the tasks of defense became confined to Muslims only exempted non-Muslims peer-annual tribute, and bring with the establishment of government offices in the reign of ʿUmar ibn Al-Khattāb, the 'Amr ibn al-'As who became ruler of Egypt, the establishment of the Office of the Soldiers of them, where he was the soldiers and their salaries names registered for the first time, due to the importance of Egypt's location has been interest in the establishment of garrison where and strengthened until it reached 13 thousand, and in the reign of Uthman launched Byzantines war freely against Egypt saved by Abdallah ibn Sa'd and to Egypt at the time, and was able to win the battle of the masts, and in the reign of Caliph Uthman began the first attempts to open the neighboring countries, where it began in Cyrenaica and in the era of Muawiya managed to open African Egypt and the founding of the city of Kairouan, Egypt was the time to launch the norm these conquests.

Saladin and Guy of Lusignan after Battle of Hattin

In the era of Tulunid state use of Egyptian, Turkish and Sudanese elements it began, and began Ahmad ibn Tulun in the establishment of its own and separate from the Abbasid Caliphate Army, and the military reached Tulunid in Amjad days 100 thousand fighters, and in the era of the Fatimids cared well the affairs of the army and fortify the city of Cairo, which they founded and have created walls around the famous gates, expanded bureaucracy which oversees the army, where he became a Court called Diwan army was created Office of salaries and the Office of feudalism, and it was the military commander of the so-called time to «Asefhslar soldiers» and was also called the help of principalities and the mastermind of the army, and it was the princes of the army who oversee the military running things and devoted a third of the Fatimids abscess for the army, and in the era of the Fatimids, Egypt witnessed a wide wars with Qaramita, Byzantines, Crusaders, including the Battle of Ascalon and Bilbes in 1099.

19th century

Muhammad Ali pasha of Egypt displaying his army and navy.

Because of the ambitions of Muhammad Ali expansion should have a strong army can go ahead with opening and carries the burden of securing the homeland from the inside. The first attempts to Muhammad Ali to establish a modern army upon his return from the campaign against the Wahhabis in 1815 after noticing that the army fighting style is still outdated and does not rise to the modern art of war. Met Muhammad Colonel Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi one of the commanders of Napoleon Bonaparte who came to Egypt in 1819 and was very impressive Mohammed Ali mandated him to the education of five hundred Mamluks martial arts and modern so Aswan where he founded the Muhammad Ali's first military school in 1820, and joined by others from the Mamluks five hundred men of the governor, are the first nucleus of the army of modern Egypt.

Masacre de mamelucos en El Cairo ordenada por Mehmet Ali in 1811.

Muhammad Ali of his son Isma'il Pasha requested that extends about twenty thousand of Sudanese to be trained in the art of fighting in Bani Udai School, but the experiment failed to disease outbreaks among the Sudanese climate variation. I went in kind Muhammad Ali Egyptian peasants who strongly resisted the recruitment of sense that recruitment is only a sweatshop in addition to leaving their land and their farming, but after a while they felt the usefulness of what they are doing so in addition to the sense of dignity under the banner of Egypt. The advent of the month of January 1823 the formation of the first six verses of the first Egyptian regular army to begin hard training for a year and a half of the officers and soldiers together, to witness Muhammad Ali in Cairo the first military parade in June 1824 for the officers and soldiers of the Egyptian army, and issue the governor ordered him to establish the first camp in Khanka housed between twenty and twenty-five thousand soldiers, then established them Muhammad Ali a military hospital in Abu Zaabal.

Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt, with newly formed Egyptian army.

Then School of Medicine and later established a military school for pedestrians and School Staff in Khanka and started counting until the military strength reached 169 thousand officers and soldiers in 1833 and amounted to 236 thousand in 1839 established the Muhammad Ali Deewana army called the (Office of jihadist) put on his head Col. Suleiman Pasha Elfrinswe and entrusted with organizing the affairs of the army and secure the needs of ammunition and supplies. Fought the Egyptian army in the era of Muhammad Ali several wars organization, including the campaign against Sudan condemned all allegiance to the Egyptians ends in 1822. The second organization wars were Morh war, interspersed by the fall of the whole of Greece in the hands of the Egyptians, even endowed with England, Russia and France to restore Greece, and they besieged the Ottoman and Egyptian fleets and beat until sink all ships. After the Greek War of Independence sent Muhammad Ali's son Ibrahim Pasha at the head swept Sham campaign and denounced him all the cities of loyalty until he arrived at Konya and became the capital of the caliphate on the threshold of the European powers forced him to abandon the Levant and Egypt by virtue of retaining genetically to offspring.

Most modern wars

Egyptian army entering the castle Adana, During the First Egyptian-Ottoman War

Throughout history, the Egyptian army fought many wars since the Pharaonic era and through the Islamic era for several different reasons.

In the era of Muhammad Ali the Egyptian army launched a campaign against Sudan with a view to uniting the two countries. Egyptian influence was extended throughout the Sudan. It also participated the Greek War of Independence in order to help the Ottoman army put down the revolt in Greece and expand Egyptian influence overseas. Egyptian Army launched a crackdown on Syria's 30,000-strong fighters under the leadership of Ibrahim Pasha, it succeeded in the annexation of Syria and achieve the goals of Muhammad Ali and expansionary economic and refute the Ottoman army sent by the Ottoman sultan to stop the Egyptian army.

During the reign of Abbas Pasha he made the Egyptian army with the help of the Ottoman Empire in its war against the Russian Empire called "Crimean War" fleet Marine consisting 12 vessels, and 6850 Marine troops under the command of Amir Hassan Pasha of Alexandria, and the army of ground consisting 72 cannon, and 19,722 ground troops under the command of the team properly Fathi Pasha, and the war ended with the victory of the Ottoman Empire and the defeat of the Russians. During the reign of Said Pasha Posted 453-strong Egyptian-Sudanese troops to Mexico to help France in its war against the Mexican government after being abandoned by both England and Spain.

Egyptian army soldiers during the Fraser campaign in 1807

The British Army crushed Colonel Ahmed 'Urabi's Egyptian Army in the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War and the British occupation of Egypt followed. By 1889, the Sudanese, had not abandoned their ambition of spreading the Mahdist faith to Egypt. In 1889, the Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad sent the Emir Wad-el-Nujumi and an army 6,000 strong into Egypt for this purpose. The Mahdists avoided Wadi Halfa where most of the Egyptian troops were garrisoned, and camped at Toski by the Nile, 76 km within the Egyptian border. Here, near Abu Simbel, they were attacked by the Egyptians in the Battle of Toski on August 3, 1889, who completely annihilated them after a five-hour fight, the Emir being killed trying to rally his men. Apart from the officers commanding the Egyptian units, the only British troops participating were a squadron of the 20th Hussars.

During the 20th century, the Egyptian army participated in the defense of Palestine and Arabism and fought five wars against Israel (in 1948, 1956, 1967.1967 to 1970, and 1973).

World War II

Before World War II, military service was compulsory for men between the ages of nineteen and twenty-seven, but because of the limited size of the army—about 23,000 in 1939—few were actually conscripted.[11] Under the terms of the 1936 treaty, British troops remained in the country to defend the Suez Canal. During the war, Egypt became the principal Allied base in the Middle East.

Egypt severed relations with the Axis powers soon after the outbreak of World War II but remained technically neutral until near the end of the war. The Italians first brought the war to Egypt in 1940 but were repelled by the British. In late 1941, the German Afrika Korps entered western Egypt and threatened the country and the canal. But the British Eighth Army defeated the German force at Al Alamayn in October 1942. Egyptians were used primarily for guard duty and logistical tasks rather than for combat. Some Egyptian officers favored Germany as a way to end Britain's influence in the country. the British command was reluctant to employ Egyptian units in combat even after King Faruk formally declared war against the Axis in February 1945.[12]

1948 Arab–Israeli War

The Israeli prisoners of war from the Battle of Nitzanim, presumably in Egypt. Picture taken between June 7, 1948, and March 7, 1949.

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War or the First Arab–Israeli War was fought between the Israel and a military coalition of Arab states. There had been tension and conflict between the Arabs and the Jews, and between each of them and the British forces, ever since the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the 1920 creation of the British Mandate of Palestine. British policies dissatisfied both Arabs and Jews. In 1947 these ongoing tensions erupted into civil war, following the 29 November 1947 adoption of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which planned to divide Palestine into three areas: an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem.

The war ended with the defeat of Arab armies, and the firm establishment of Israel as a state. The war showed a variety of Arab military deficiencies.

Tripartite Aggression

An 'Archer' in position at Rafah, Sinai War, 1956.

The Suez Crisis, also named the "Tripartite Aggression" in Egypt, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The decision was taken after the withdrawal of the United States, Britain and the World Bank to finance the deal by the Aswan High Dam, a projected centre of development. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power.[13] After the fighting had started, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced the three invaders to withdraw. The episode was a military and political failure for Great Britain and France and a spectacular political victory for Nasser.[14]

Egypt saw the causes of aggression as including the UK's humiliation in leaving the Suez Canal after heavy losses in lives and materiel in June 13, 1956, and France's desire for revenge from Egypt because Egypt had strongly supported the Algerian War. Dupuy gives three reasons why Israel made war: because of the 'increasing tempo of Arab guerrilla activity' along all Israel's frontiers; the acquisition of Czech arms for the Egyptian armed forces, shattering the rough parity that had existed; and economic pressure, prohibiting use of the Suez Canal and blocking the Strait of Tiran.[15]

The pretext for the attack was to secure President Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Suez Canal, The Soviet Union and the Arab countries and China threatened intervention. The United Nations pressured the attacking states. The last act of the war was a dash to seize additional territory south of Port Said by the 16th Parachute Brigade on by 2am, Egyptian time, on 7 November.[16] On April 9, 1957 all forces of the three aggressor countries were withdrawn from Egyptian territory.

North Yemen Civil War

Main article: North Yemen Civil War
Egyptian army in Sanaa 1962.

The North Yemen Civil War, was fought in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970 between royalist partisans of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom and supporters of the Yemen Arab Republic. The war began with a coup d'état carried out in 1962 by revolutionary republicans led by the army under the command of Abdullah as-Sallal, who dethroned the newly crowned Imam Muhammad al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border where he rallied popular support from northern Shia tribes to retake power, escalating shortly to a full-scale civil war.

Nasser realized during the three months to send Egyptian troops to Yemen that it takes more than predicted. In early 1963, he found himself compelled to send more troops, and continue to support the rebels with certainty that the differences between the outbreak began in baskets camp pro-Nasser and tribal elders supporters of the revolution, particularly Sheikh Abdullah bin Hussein al-Ahmar,

Brigadier Kamal Hassan Ali, Egyptian chief of operations, at his desk in San'a

The number of troops is less than 5,000 troops in October 1963. Two months later, the number of regular troops there rose to 15,000. At the end of 1963, the number of troops amounted to 36,000 troops, and at the end of 1964, reached the 55,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen, and the figure peaked at the end of 1965 the number of troops stationed there are 70,000 Egyptian soldier, were divided into 13 infantry brigade attached to an artillery brigade, division tanks and several Saika brigades and Paratroopers. War reached a dead end and its impact on the Egyptian army through the level in 1967 and Nasser realized the difficulty of keeping the Egyptian army in Yemen. The war ended in victory for Republicans and remove the royal siege on the Sanaa in February 1968.

Six-Day War

Main article: Six-Day War
DIA estimate of Egyptian Army dispositions as of 1 January 1967. Comparison with Dupuy 1978 reveals some errors, such as the location of the 6th Mechanised Division, which was in the Sinai.

Before the Six Day War, the army divided its personnel into four regional commands (Suez, Sinai, Nile Delta, and Nile Valley up to the Sudan).[17] The remainder of Egypt's territory, over 75%, was the sole responsibility of the Frontier Corps.

The Six-Day War was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. In the period leading up to June 1967, tensions became dangerously heightened. As a result, in reaction to the mobilisation of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5, followed by a ground invasion of the Sinai by the Israeli army. In the Battle of Abu-Ageila between Egyptian and Israeli forces, Egyptian forces showed fierce resistance, but Israel eventually seized the position.

Field Marshal Amer ordered a withdrawal of troops toward the Canal without a prior plan for it, which led to the deaths of thousands of Egyptian soldiers during their withdrawal from central Sinai, as they had to make the 200-km walk in a dry desert environment, exposed to the enemy. The war ended with Arab defeat, and Israel's occupation of the Sinai to the Gaza Strip and the West Bank as a result of several reasons was the weakness of the military leadership and the low level of military technical performance, Having lured the war in Yemen 40% of the Egyptian army, and the lack of the Egyptian armed forces to the presence of specific objectives and dimensions. The lack of mobilization plan in place to meet any sudden developments and the failure of the system and procedures of general mobilization, contrary to the Israeli army, which mainly depends on the mobilization of reservists. Junior officers' lack of initiative resulted in decisions crucial to the disaster on the ground.[18]

War of Attrition

Main article: War of Attrition
Egyptian Soldiers during the War of Attrition.

The War of Attrition or a thousand-day war is a war lasted three and a half years, following the defeat of the Six-Day War. The war is not based on direct confrontation, but on the basis of the depletion of the Israeli army's capabilities. This war included three main stages is the stage of steadfastness, confrontation and then the defense phase, and finally the stage of deterrence and decisiveness.

Egypt has succeeded during that period to complete the construction of the Egyptian Air Defense Forces, And moving the wall of air defense missiles to the West Bank, near the edge of the channel, And completing several processes cross the eastern shore of the channel deep inside the Sinai and get important prisoners and carry out operations inside Israel itself, Egyptian Air Force also has regained her self-confidence has proved its efficiency and rebuild its structure. The objectives of the war: take down the biggest possible losses to the enemy on the east bank of the canal, prevent the enemy from reaching the west of the canal, Reorganization of the armed forces, restore confidence in the soldiers themselves and their leaders, And re-discipline, re-training of troops and organizing units.

October War

Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert.

The October War or the Yom Kippur War was the fourth Arab-Israeli war launched by Egypt and Syria against Israel in 1973. The war began on October 6, 1973 surprise attack by the Egyptian Army and the Syrian Army on the Israeli troops who were stationed in the Sinai and the Golan Heights. Where Egypt saw 300,000 troops from Land Forces, Air Force and Navy, the Egyptian forces opened the war with an air strike was formed from about 222 fighter aircraft crossed the Suez Canal line radar detected the Israeli army targeted stations, airports and batteries air defense, gatherings of individuals, armor, tanks, artillery, fortified points in the Bar Lev Line, petroleum refineries, and ammunition stores.

Soldiers move to man a BS-3 anti-tank gun. The Egyptians employed conventional, recoilless, rocket-propelled and guided anti-tank weapons as well as tanks to counter Israeli armored forces.

Followed by the release of more than two thousand cannon to hand Square Israeli fortifications on the east bank of the canal, Egyptian forces later managed to cross the channel. Some Arab countries in the war contributed military might are Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Sudan, King Faisal also decided with several other Gulf states, oil cut for collaborating with Israel countries, led by the United States of America.

It achieved the Egyptian and Syrian armies desired strategic objectives behind military surprise for Israel, and there have been significant achievements in the first days after the war, where Egyptian troops penetrated 20 km east of the Suez Canal, Syrian troops managed to enter into the depth of the Golan Heights down to the Hula Valley and the Sea of Galilee, followed by the recovery of the Israeli army on the Egyptian front was able to open a gap Deversoir and across the West Bank of the channel and surrounded the Third Army, and on the Syrian front, managed to expel the Syrians from the Golan Heights.

Egyptian soldiers celebrate the successful crossing of the Suez canal

The United States and the Soviet Union then intervened, issuing United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 which provides for cessation of all hostilities starting on October 22, 1973. Egypt accepted the decision and implemented with effect from the evening of the same day, but Israeli forces violated the cease-fire, the UN Security Council issued a resolution last on October 23, 1973 obliges all parties to the ceasefire.

After initial discussions over a ceasefire line in October 1973, a Sinai Separation of Forces Agreement was signed on January 18, 1974, and a subsequent Sinai Interim Agreement on September 5, 1975. From October 1973 the UN United Nations Emergency Force II interposed itself between the two sides. The results of the war paved the way for the 1978 Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel.[19] The Accords resulted in the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty, the first ever between Israel and an Arab state. After the Camp David Accords, a multinational peacekeeping force, the Multinational Force and Observers replaced UNEF II.

Gulf War

Egyptian soldiers man M-2 .50-caliber machine guns atop M-113 armored personnel carriers during a demonstration for visiting dignitaries, part of Operation Desert Shield

The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war in the Persian Gulf region waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Ba'athist Iraq in response to Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait.

An Egyptian ranger battalion stands in formation during a live-fire and troop demonstration for visiting dignitaries during Operation Desert Shield.

Egypt's position was supportive of Kuwait in terms of responsibility and in line with the pan-Arab region, has settled the Egyptian position appeared since the first glance at the political and military levels Egypt declared its support for the legitimate and tried to contain the crisis and resolving political and diplomatic means, but the former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein did not respond, and when stranded in Egypt means not hesitate to use the military option with the Arab states and friendly forces from the coalition forces for the return of the right and to put matters right.

Egyptian armed forces arrived to participate in the war to liberate Kuwait to Hafr Al-Batin area of eastern Saudi Arabia on four stages, represented in: the arrival of the special forces, and arrival of the Third Band Mechanical, the arrival of the 4th Armoured Division, and finally the arrival of units of the administrative and technical support. Egypt participated in a major strength of 35,000 troops, and summarize the role of Egypt in a rush on the axis of Hafr al-Batin in Ali Al Salem Air Base and then left to circumvent the border, in order to isolate the north from the south of Kuwait, Hence it clashes with Iraqi forces clash in a violent battle tanks and artillery during the stage of opening gaps. The war ended the exit of the Iraqi army out of Kuwait and the victory of coalition forces in the February 28, 1991.

Sinai insurgency

Main article: Sinai insurgency
Egyptian Rapid deployment Forces heading to the Sinai 27 October 2014.

Terror war in the Sinai is a war declared by the Egyptian armed forces against Islamist militants in the Sinai Peninsula who carried out several terrorist operations in Sinai and several other provinces. Terrorist operations began in early 2011 as a result of repercussions of the January 25 revolution and lawlessness that followed, It was met with harsh response operations of the armed forces, represented in the operation known as Operation Eagle, which began in August 2011, followed by the Operation Sinai in 2012, In the wake of escalating violence in Sinai after the overthrow of former President Mohamed Morsi.

Rolled counter-terrorism operations in the region, it was the start of "Operation Desert Storm", which lasted for 48 hours with the participation of formations of the Second and Third armies and Air Forces and the Navy. Then the Operation Martyr's Right in September 2015 in order to eliminate the tails of terrorist groups.

Structure

Under the Ministry of Defence is the Egyptian Military Operations Authority with its headquarters in Cairo.[20] The Egyptian Armed Forces' Chief of Staff's office is in Cairo. He is also chief of staff of the army. Formally, he is also chief of staff of the air force and navy as well, but apparently the commanders of the other two services frequently report directly to the Minister of Defence/Commander-in-Chief.[21] From the Chief of Staff's office are directed three command-and-control headquarters and nine command-and-control field headquarters.

Structure of the Second Field Army (click to enlarge)
Structure of the Third Field Army (click to enlarge)

Ranks and insignia

Main article: Egyptian Army ranks
Egyptian Army ranks
Commissioned Officers & Enlisted personnel
Shoulder straps —-
Patches Private
 Expert/Specialist Raqīb First Raqīb
 Assistant
 First Assistant
 Lieutenant First Lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel Colonel Brigadier General Major General Lieutenant General Colonel General Field Marshal
Code NATO OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 OF-10 OF-11 OF-12 OF-13 OF-14 OF-15 OF-16 OF-17

Uniform

Main article: Egyptian Army Uniform

The Egyptian Army uses a British style ceremonial outfit, and a desert camouflage overall implemented in 2012. The Identification between different branches in the Egyptian Army depends on the branch insignia on the left upper arm and the color of the beret. Also, the airborne, Thunderbolt, and republican guard each has its own camouflage overall.

Camouflage

Army Airborne Thunderbolt Republican Guard

Equipment

Egypt's varied army weapons inventory complicates logistical support for the army. National policy since the 1970s has included the creation of a domestic arms industry (including the Arab Organization for Industrialization) capable of indigenous maintenance and upgrades to existing equipment, with the ultimate aim of Egyptian production of major ground systems.[23] This target was finally met with the commencement of M-1 Abrams production in 1992.[24] (Egypt had received permission to build an M-1 factory in 1984.) Prior to this, large acquisitions had included nearly 500 AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank guided missiles.

Zaloga writes that Egypt bgan receiving T-34s and SU-100s from Czechoslovakia, with Soviet approval, in 1956. By 1967, T-54As were arriving, and thus while the 4th Armoured Division[25] was still partially equipped with the T-34/85, most were in tank regiments supporting infantry formations.[26] Nordeen and Isby write that some 750 M60A3s were transferred to Egypt by 1987 and a further 150 in 1987-93. They were issued '..first to the two independent tank brigades and then to the 4th and 9th Armoured Divisions.'[27] As with the T-62s, the Egyptians re-equipped their troops a brigade at a time. One of the independent armoured brigades was incorporated into the 33rd Mechanised Division when that division was formed in the early 1980s.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Egypt Muhammad Ali, 1805-48 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues,International Agreements,Population, Social Statistics, Political System". workmall.com. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  2. ↑ "Turks and the Turkish Language the Egyptian Army". World history. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
  3. ↑ Lutsky, Vladimir Borisovich. "Modern History of the Arab Countries by Vladimir Borisovich Lutsky 1969". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
  4. 1 2 3 4 International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 Feb 2014). The Military Balance 2014. London: Routledge. pp. 315–318. ISBN 9781857437225.
  5. ↑ "State Information Service (SIS)". www.sis.gov.eg. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
  6. ↑ "Ancient Egypt Military". www.ancientmilitary.com. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  7. ↑ "Ancient Egypt Warfare". www.ancient-egypt-online.com. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  8. ↑ "Ancient Egypt - Warfare". theancientworld.net. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  9. ↑ "History: Egypt". www.culture-of-peace.info. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  10. ↑ "Tour Egypt :: Egypt: The Evolution of Warfare Part I". www.touregypt.net. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  11. ↑ "Egypt - The Egyptian Military in World War II". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  12. ↑ Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1990). "Egypt - The Egyptian Military in World War II". Egypt: A Country Study. GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved 26 March 2016.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ↑ Mayer, Michael S. (2010). The Eisenhower Years. Infobase Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 9780816053872.; Trevor N. Dupuy, 1978, 137.
  14. ↑ Trevor N. Dupuy, Elusive Victory, 1978, 218.
  15. ↑ T.N. Dupuy, 1978, 133-134.
  16. ↑ T.N. Dupuy, Elusive Victory, 1978, 207.
  17. ↑ John Keegan, World Armies, Second Edition, MacMillan, 1983, p.165 ISBN 978-0-333-34079-0
  18. ↑ Pollack, 2002.
  19. ↑ David T. Buckwalter, The 1973 Arab–Israeli War.
  20. ↑ See also Order of Battle at http://www.orbat.com/site/cwa_open/toc.htm, accessed August 2009
  21. ↑ John Keegan, World Armies, Second Edition, MacMillan, 1983, ISBN 978-0-333-34079-0
  22. ↑ John Keegan, World Armies, Second Edition, MacMillan, 1983, p. 165, ISBN 978-0-333-34079-0.
  23. ↑ Chris Westhorp (ed.) 'The World's Armies,' Salamander Books, 1991, 'Egypt,' p.115
  24. ↑ http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Sentinel-Security-Assessment-North-Africa/Procurement-Egypt.html, accessed August 2009
  25. ↑ Kandil mentions the 4th Armoured Division on pages 32, 48, 80, 133, and 144 of Soldiers, Spies, and Statesmen. Soldiers, Spies, and Statesmen, Verso, 2012.
  26. ↑ Zaloga, Steven J. (1996-09-15). T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944-94. Osprey Publishing. pp. 38–39. ISBN 9781855325357.
  27. ↑ Nordeen, Lon; Isby, David (2013-05-20). M60 vs T-62: Cold War Combatants 1956–92. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781849082969.

Further reading

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