Thioredoxin

Thioredoxin
PDB rendering based on 1aiu.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 1AIU​, 1AUC​, 1CQG​, 1CQH​, 1ERT​, 1ERU​, 1ERV​, 1ERW​, 1M7T​, 1MDI​, 1MDJ​, 1MDK​, 1TRS​, 1TRU​, 1TRV​, 1TRW​, 1W1C​, 1W1E​, 2HSH​, 2HXK​, 2IFQ​, 2IIY​, 3E3E​, 3KD0​, 3M9J​, 3M9K​, 3QFA​, 3QFB​, 3TRX​, 4LL1​, 4LL4​, 4OO4​, 4OO5​, 4POK​, 4POL​, 4POM​, 4PUF​, 4TRX​
Identifiers
Symbols	TXN ; TRDX; TRX; TRX1
External IDs	OMIM: 187700 MGI: 98874 HomoloGene: 128202 GeneCards: TXN Gene
Gene ontology Molecular function • protein binding • protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity • peptide disulfide oxidoreductase activity • oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, disulfide as acceptor • poly(A) RNA binding Cellular component • nucleus • nucleoplasm • cytoplasm • mitochondrion • cytosol • extracellular exosome Biological process • sulfate assimilation • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • response to reactive oxygen species • transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter • protein folding • glycerol ether metabolic process • movement of cell or subcellular component • signal transduction • cell-cell signaling • cell proliferation • response to radiation • gene expression • nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion • activation of protein kinase B activity • positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation • regulation of protein import into nucleus, translocation • cellular response to oxidative stress • nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of DNA binding • small molecule metabolic process • innate immune response • cell redox homeostasis • negative regulation of protein export from nucleus • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling • nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process • oxidation-reduction process • negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	7295	22166
Ensembl	ENSG00000136810	ENSMUSG00000028367
UniProt	P10599	P10639
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001244938	NM_011660
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001231867	NP_035790
Location (UCSC)	Chr 9: 110.24 – 110.26 Mb	Chr 4: 57.94 – 57.96 Mb
PubMed search

Thioredoxin is a class of small redox proteins known to be present in all organisms. It plays a role in many important biological processes, including redox signaling. In humans, it is encoded by the TXN gene.^[1] Loss-of-function mutation of either of the two human thioredoxin genes is lethal at the four-cell stage of the developing embryo. Although not entirely understood, thioredoxin plays a central role in humans and is increasingly linked to medicine through their response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). In plants, thioredoxins regulate a spectrum of critical functions, ranging from photosynthesis to growth, flowering and the development and germination of seeds. It has also recently been found to play a role in cell-to-cell communication.^[2]

Function

Thioredoxins are proteins that act as antioxidants by facilitating the reduction of other proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange. Thioredoxins are found in nearly all known organisms and are essential for life in mammals.^[3][4]

Thioredoxin is a 12-kD oxidoreductase enzyme containing a dithiol-disulfide active site. It is ubiquitous and found in many organisms from plants and bacteria to mammals. Multiple in vitro substrates for thioredoxin have been identified, including ribonuclease, choriogonadotropins, coagulation factors, glucocorticoid receptor, and insulin. Reduction of insulin is classically used as an activity test.^[5]

Thioredoxins are characterized at the level of their amino acid sequence by the presence of two vicinal cysteines in a CXXC motif. These two cysteines are the key to the ability of thioredoxin to reduce other proteins. Thioredoxin proteins also have a characteristic tertiary structure termed the thioredoxin fold.

The thioredoxins are kept in the reduced state by the flavoenzyme thioredoxin reductase, in a NADPH-dependent reaction.^[6] Thioredoxins act as electron donors to peroxidases and ribonucleotide reductase.^[7] The related glutaredoxins share many of the functions of thioredoxins, but are reduced by glutathione rather than a specific reductase.

The benefit of thioredoxins to reduce oxidative stress is shown by transgenic mice that overexpress thioredoxin, are more resistant to inflammation, and live 35% longer^[8] — supporting the free radical theory of aging. However, the controls of this study were short lived, which may have contributed to the apparent increase in longevity.^[9]

Plants have an unusually complex complement of Trxs composed of six well-defined types (Trxs f, m, x, y, h, and o) that reside in different cell compartments and function in an array of processes. In 2010 it was discovered for the first time that thioredoxin proteins are able to move from cell to cell, representing a novel form of cellular communication in plants.^[2]

Interactions

Thioredoxin has been shown to interact with:

• ASK1,^[10][11][12]
• Collagen, type I, alpha 1,^[13]
• Glucocorticoid receptor,^[14]
• SENP1,^[15] and
• TXNIP.^[16]

See also

• RuBisCO - enzyme activity regulated by thioredoxin
• Peroxiredoxin - enzyme activity regulated by thioredoxin
• Thioredoxin fold

References

1. Wollman EE, d'Auriol L, Rimsky L, Shaw A, Jacquot JP, Wingfield P, Graber P, Dessarps F, Robin P, Galibert F (October 1988). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for human thioredoxin". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (30): 15506–12. PMID 3170595.
2. Meng L, Wong JH, Feldman LJ, Lemaux PG, Buchanan BB (2010). "A membrane-associated thioredoxin required for plant growth moves from cell to cell, suggestive of a role in intercellular communication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (8): 3900–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913759107. PMC 2840455. PMID 20133584.
3. Holmgren A (1989). "Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems" (PDF). J Biol Chem 264 (24): 13963–6. PMID 2668278.
4. Nordberg J, Arnér ES (2001). "Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system". Free Radic Biol Med 31 (11): 1287–312. doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00724-9. PMID 11728801.
5. "Entrez Gene: TXN thioredoxin".
6. Mustacich D, Powis G (February 2000). "Thioredoxin reductase". Biochem J 346 (Pt 1): 1–8. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3460001. PMC 1220815. PMID 10657232.
7. Arnér ES, Holmgren A (2000). "Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase". Eur J Biochem 267 (20): 6102–9. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x. PMID 11012661.
8. Yoshida T, Nakamura H, Masutani H, Yodoi J (2005). "The involvement of thioredoxin and thioredoxin binding protein-2 on cellular proliferation and aging process". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1055: 1–12. doi:10.1196/annals.1323.002. PMID 16387713.
9. Muller, F.L., Lustgarten, M.S., Jang, Y., Richardson, A. & Van Remmen, H. Trends in oxidative aging theories. Free Radic Biol Med 43, 477-503 (2007).
10. Liu Y, Min W (June 2002). "Thioredoxin promotes ASK1 ubiquitination and degradation to inhibit ASK1-mediated apoptosis in a redox activity-independent manner". Circ. Res. 90 (12): 1259–66. doi:10.1161/01.res.0000022160.64355.62. PMID 12089063.
11. Morita K, Saitoh M, Tobiume K, Matsuura H, Enomoto S, Nishitoh H, Ichijo H (November 2001). "Negative feedback regulation of ASK1 by protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) in response to oxidative stress". EMBO J. 20 (21): 6028–36. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.21.6028. PMC 125685. PMID 11689443.
12. Saitoh M, Nishitoh H, Fujii M, Takeda K, Tobiume K, Sawada Y, Kawabata M, Miyazono K, Ichijo H (May 1998). "Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1". EMBO J. 17 (9): 2596–606. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.9.2596. PMC 1170601. PMID 9564042.
13. Matsumoto K, Masutani H, Nishiyama A, Hashimoto S, Gon Y, Horie T, Yodoi J (July 2002). "C-propeptide region of human pro alpha 1 type 1 collagen interacts with thioredoxin". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 295 (3): 663–7. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00727-1. PMID 12099690.
14. Makino Y, Yoshikawa N, Okamoto K, Hirota K, Yodoi J, Makino I, Tanaka H (January 1999). "Direct association with thioredoxin allows redox regulation of glucocorticoid receptor function". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (5): 3182–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.5.3182. PMID 9915858.
15. Li X, Luo Y, Yu L, Lin Y, Luo D, Zhang H, He Y, Kim YO, Kim Y, Tang S, Min W (April 2008). "SENP1 mediates TNF-induced desumoylation and cytoplasmic translocation of HIPK1 to enhance ASK1-dependent apoptosis". Cell Death Differ. 15 (4): 739–50. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402303. PMID 18219322.
16. Nishiyama A, Matsui M, Iwata S, Hirota K, Masutani H, Nakamura H, Takagi Y, Sono H, Gon Y, Yodoi J (July 1999). "Identification of thioredoxin-binding protein-2/vitamin D(3) up-regulated protein 1 as a negative regulator of thioredoxin function and expression". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (31): 21645–50. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.31.21645. PMID 10419473.

Further reading

• Arnér ES, Holmgren A (2000). "Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase". Eur. J. Biochem. 267 (20): 6102–9. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01701.x. PMID 11012661.
• Nishinaka Y, Masutani H, Nakamura H, Yodoi J (2002). "Regulatory roles of thioredoxin in oxidative stress-induced cellular responses". Redox Rep. 6 (5): 289–95. doi:10.1179/135100001101536427. PMID 11778846.
• Ago T, Sadoshima J (2007). "Thioredoxin and Ventricular Remodeling". J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 41 (5): 762–73. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.08.006. PMC 1852508. PMID 17007870.
• Tonissen KF, Wells JR (1991). "Isolation and characterization of human thioredoxin-encoding genes". Gene 102 (2): 221–8. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90081-L. PMID 1874447.
• Martin H, Dean M (1991). "Identification of a thioredoxin-related protein associated with plasma membranes". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 175 (1): 123–8. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81209-4. PMID 1998498.
• Forman-Kay JD, Clore GM, Wingfield PT, Gronenborn AM (1991). "High-resolution three-dimensional structure of reduced recombinant human thioredoxin in solution". Biochemistry 30 (10): 2685–98. doi:10.1021/bi00224a017. PMID 2001356.
• Jacquot JP, de Lamotte F, Fontecave M, Schürmann P, Decottignies P, Miginiac-Maslow M, Wollman E (1991). "Human thioredoxin reactivity-structure/function relationship". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173 (3): 1375–81. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80940-4. PMID 2176490.
• Forman-Kay JD, Clore GM, Driscoll PC, Wingfield P, Richards FM, Gronenborn AM (1990). "A proton nuclear magnetic resonance assignment and secondary structure determination of recombinant human thioredoxin". Biochemistry 28 (17): 7088–97. doi:10.1021/bi00443a045. PMID 2684271.
• Tagaya Y, Maeda Y, Mitsui A, Kondo N, Matsui H, Hamuro J, Brown N, Arai K, Yokota T, Wakasugi H (1989). "ATL-derived factor (ADF), an IL-2 receptor/Tac inducer homologous to thioredoxin; possible involvement of dithiol-reduction in the IL-2 receptor induction". EMBO J. 8 (3): 757–64. PMC 400872. PMID 2785919.
• Wollman EE, d'Auriol L, Rimsky L, Shaw A, Jacquot JP, Wingfield P, Graber P, Dessarps F, Robin P, Galibert F (1988). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for human thioredoxin". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (30): 15506–12. PMID 3170595.
• Heppell-Parton A, Cahn A, Bench A, Lowe N, Lehrach H, Zehetner G, Rabbitts P (1995). "Thioredoxin, a mediator of growth inhibition, maps to 9q31". Genomics 26 (2): 379–81. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(95)80223-9. PMID 7601465.
• Qin J, Clore GM, Kennedy WM, Huth JR, Gronenborn AM (1995). "Solution structure of human thioredoxin in a mixed disulfide intermediate complex with its target peptide from the transcription factor NF kappa B". Structure 3 (3): 289–97. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00159-9. PMID 7788295.
• Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, Kim NS, Umezawa Y, Abe N, Yokoyama-Kobayashi M, Aoki T (1995). "Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank". Gene 150 (2): 243–50. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.
• Qin J, Clore GM, Gronenborn AM (1994). "The high-resolution three-dimensional solution structures of the oxidized and reduced states of human thioredoxin". Structure 2 (6): 503–22. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(00)00051-4. PMID 7922028.
• Gasdaska PY, Oblong JE, Cotgreave IA, Powis G (1994). "The predicted amino acid sequence of human thioredoxin is identical to that of the autocrine growth factor human adult T-cell derived factor (ADF): thioredoxin mRNA is elevated in some human tumors". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1218 (3): 292–6. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(94)90180-5. PMID 8049254.
• Qin J, Clore GM, Kennedy WP, Kuszewski J, Gronenborn AM (1996). "The solution structure of human thioredoxin complexed with its target from Ref-1 reveals peptide chain reversal". Structure 4 (5): 613–20. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00065-2. PMID 8736558.
• Weichsel A, Gasdaska JR, Powis G, Montfort WR (1996). "Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer". Structure 4 (6): 735–51. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(96)00079-2. PMID 8805557.
• Andersen JF, Sanders DA, Gasdaska JR, Weichsel A, Powis G, Montfort WR (1997). "Human thioredoxin homodimers: regulation by pH, role of aspartate 60, and crystal structure of the aspartate 60 --> asparagine mutant". Biochemistry 36 (46): 13979–88. doi:10.1021/bi971004s. PMID 9369469.
• Maruyama T, Kitaoka Y, Sachi Y, Nakanoin K, Hirota K, Shiozawa T, Yoshimura Y, Fujii S, Yodoi J (1998). "Thioredoxin expression in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 3 (11): 989–93. doi:10.1093/molehr/3.11.989. PMID 9433926.
• Sahlin L, Stjernholm Y, Holmgren A, Ekman G, Eriksson H (1998). "The expression of thioredoxin mRNA is increased in the human cervix during pregnancy". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 3 (12): 1113–7. doi:10.1093/molehr/3.12.1113. PMID 9464857.
• Maeda K, Hägglund P, Finnie C, Svensson B, Henriksen A (2006). "Structural basis for target protein recognition by the protein disulfide reductase thioredoxin". Structure 14 (11): 1701–10. doi:10.1016/j.str.2006.09.012. PMID 17098195.

External links

• Thioredoxin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)