Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts)

Thomas Talbot
31st Governor of Massachusetts
In office January 2, 1879 – January 8, 1880
Lieutenant	John D. Long
Preceded by	Alexander H. Rice
Succeeded by	John D. Long
29th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
In office 1873 – January 7, 1875 Acting Governor April 29, 1874 – January 7, 1875
Governor	William B. Washburn
Preceded by	Joseph Tucker
Succeeded by	Horatio G. Knight
Personal details
Born	September 7, 1818 Cambridge, New York
Died	October 6, 1886 (aged 68) Lowell, Massachusetts
Political party	Republican
Signature

Thomas Talbot (September 7, 1818 – October 6, 1886) was a textile mill owner and politician from Massachusetts. Talbot ran a major textile business, involving chemical dyeworks and the weaving of fabric, in Billerica that was a major local employer. As a Republican, he served in the state legislature, on the Massachusetts Governor's Council, and as Lieutenant Governor before serving for a single term as the 31st Governor of Massachusetts. Talbot was a strong temperance advocate, and his actions as Acting Governor denied him one term as governor in 1874.

Early life and business

Thomas Talbot was born on September 7, 1818 in Cambridge, New York to Charles and Phoebe (White) Talbot, both Irish immigrants, and was the seventh of eight children. When he was small, the family moved to Danby, Vermont, where his father supervised in a local textile mill. His father died when he was six, and his mother moved the family to Northampton, Massachusetts, where he attended local schools, and began to work at an early age in local mills.^[1]

In 1825 Talbot joined a weaving firm established by his older brother Charles in Williamsburg, Massachusetts, where he was first employed as a carder and finisher, and quickly rose to become superintendent. His brother moved to Lowell in 1838, selling the Williamsburg mill, and began processing dyewoods in rented space at a local mill, while Thomas remained in western Massachusetts, working in area mills and continuing his education at an academy in Cummington.^[1] In 1840, the two brothers established C.P. Talbot & Co., a business partnership that lasted until Charles died in 1884. The business started out processing dyewoods for use in the textile industry, but expanded into other industrial chemical processing in 1849. The brothers acquired the Concord River water rights of the defunct Middlesex Canal Corporation in 1851,^[2] and in 1857 they established Talbot Mills in North Billerica, Massachusetts, in partnership with the Belvidere Mill Company. The business was successful, and the brothers acquired full control of that business in 1862. Thomas focused on the textile business while Charles continued to manage the dye and chemical interests, expanding the facilities in 1870 and again in 1880.^[3]

The mill site in Billerica was not without some controversy. The dam, which had been constructed in the 1790s to provide water for the Middlesex Canal,^[4] was believed by some to be responsible for the flooding of fields upstream as far as Sudbury. There were calls to remove the dam, as well as legal action,^[5] which Talbot vigorously resisted. The dispute was partly played out in the state legislature, and brought Talbot to the attention of political leaders as a potential candidate for office. Talbot also opposed plans developed by the city of Boston to divert waters of the Sudbury River (a major tributary of the Concord River) for its water supply.^[6]

Political career

Talbot, a Republican, served in the Massachusetts legislature beginning in 1851, and sat in the governor's council from 1864 to 1869. In 1872 he was chosen Lieutenant Governor, serving two terms under William B. Washburn. On the election of Governor Washburn to the United States Senate in early 1874, he became acting governor.^[7] One item of unfinished business Washburn left to Talbot was a bill mandating a ten-hour workday. This matter had been the subject of labor agitation in the state, and Washburn had been opposed to the bill. Talbot, despite his mill ownership, was an advocate, and signed the bill into law.^[8] He also refused to authorize construction of a prison in Concord,^[7] and signed legislation allowing women to vote for members of local school committees.^[9]

The state's liquor prohibition law was a major political issues at the time, and Talbot was a strict prohibitionist. During this term he vetoed a bill that would have disbanded the state police, which were charged with the law's enforcement, and also vetoed a bill replacing prohibition with a licensing scheme. In the 1874 election anti-prohibition Republicans joined with Democrats to elect William Gaston over Talbot by a narrow margin.^[10] The election marked a watershed in post-Civil War Massachusetts, since it was the first victory for a Democrat in that period, and exposed the Republican Party's fractured state on domestic affairs like prohibition.^[11] Talbot refused to run in 1875.^[12]

In 1878, Talbot won nomination as the Republican candidate for governor, in a large field occasioned by the impending retirement of Alexander H. Rice.^[13] The Democratic opposition was divided by Benjamin Butler's return to that party, and the Republican ticket won the general election,^[14] in part by highlighting the wage and benefit differences in mills owned by Butler and Talbot.^[12] The campaign was particularly vicious, with Republicans attacking Butler supporters as "Repudiationists, Greenbackers, and Communists".^[15] Talbot served one term, and refused to run for reelection the following year.^[12] He supported women's suffrage and prison reform, and stronger state control over its railroads.^[16]

After leaving office, Talbot continued in public service, serving on the Health Committee of the Massachusetts State Board of Health, Lunacy, and Charity from 1880-84, including frmo 1880-82 as chair.^[17] As governor, Talbot had overseen the merger of the Board of Health, with the Board of Lunacy and Charity. Although this merger had been done ostensibly as a cost-saving measure, health care activists opposed it. Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, in particular, resigned from the merged board, complaining that it was dominated by business owners seeking to minimize discussion of pollution caused by their businesses.^[18]

Family and legacy

Talbot married twice. In 1848 he married Mary Howe Rogers, who died childless in 1851. In 1855 he married Isabella Hayden, daughter of Joel Hayden of Williamsburg, with whom he had seven children.^[7] He died at his North Billerica home in 1885, and was interred in Lowell Cemetery.^[9]

The surviving Talbot Mill properties in North Billerica are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Billerica Mills Historic District.

Notes

1. Van Slyck, p. 616
2. Van Slyck, p. 617
3. The Textile American, pp. 11-12
4. Hazen, p. 279
5. Hazen, p. 280
6. North, pp. 328-330
7. Van Slyck, p. 620
8. Blewett, p. 133
9. Roe, p. 662
10. Mohr, pp. 9-10
11. Baum, pp. 191-194
12. Hazen, p. 147
13. Hess, pp. 65-66
14. West, p. 369
15. Ritter, p. 145
16. Tager, p. 190
17. Rosenkrantz, p. 186
18. Cumbler, pp. 120-122

References

• American Textile Reporter
• The Textile American
• Baum, Dale (1984). The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848-1876. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807815885.
• Blewett, Mary (2000). Constant Turmoil: The Politics of Industrial Life in Nineteenth-century New England. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 9781558492394. OCLC 247898378.
• Cumbler, John (2001). Reasonable Use: The People, the Environment, and the State, New England 1790-1930. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195350166. OCLC 191818016.
• Hazen, Henry Allen (1883). History of Billerica, Massachusetts: With a Genealogical Register. Boston: A. Williams. OCLC 28259688.
• Herman, Jennifer, ed. (2008). Massachusetts Encyclopedia. Hamburg, MI: State History Publications. ISBN 9781878592651. OCLC 198759722.
• Hess, James (March 1960). "John D. Long and Reform Issues in Massachusetts Politics, 1870–1889". The New England Quarterly 33 (1): 57–73. JSTOR 362964.
• Mohr, James (1976). Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics During Reconstruction. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801817748.
• North, S.N.D, ed. (1902). Bulletin of the National Association of Wool Manufacturers. Boston: National Association of Wool Manufacturers. OCLC 191238523.
• Ritter, Gretchen (1999) [1997]. Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America, 1865-1896. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521653923. OCLC 181692643.
• Roe, Arthur (February 1901). "The Governors of Massachusetts". The Bay State Monthly (Volume 25, No. 6).
• Rosenkrantz, Barbara Gutmann (1972). Public Health and the State: Changing Views in Massachusetts, 1842-1936. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674722354. OCLC 266763.
• Van Slyck, J. D (1879). New England Manufacturers and Manufactories, Volume 2. Boston: Van Slyck and Company. OCLC 20729916.
• West, Richard (1965). Lincoln's Scapegoat General: A Life of Benjamin Franklin Butler. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 241783.