Tropical Storm Erika

For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Erika (disambiguation).
Tropical Storm Erika
Tropical storm (SSHWS/NWS)

Tropical Storm Erika over the Leeward Islands on August 27
Formed August 24, 2015
Dissipated August 28, 2015
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 50 mph (85 km/h)
Lowest pressure 1001 mbar (hPa); 29.56 inHg
Fatalities 31 direct, 4 indirect
Damage $509.1 million (2015 USD)
Areas affected Antilles (particularly Dominica), The Bahamas, Florida
Part of the 2015 Atlantic hurricane season

Tropical Storm Erika of August 2015 was the deadliest natural disaster in Dominica since Hurricane David in 1979. The fifth named storm of the season, Erika developed from a westward-moving tropical wave while well east of the Lesser Antilles. Hostile conditions, including dry air and wind shear, inhibited significant development, and Erika failed to strengthen beyond 50 mph (85 km/h). Contrary to predictions of a northwesterly recurvature, the cyclone persisted on a westerly course and passed through the Leeward Islands and emerged over the Caribbean Sea on August 27. Erika succumbed to adverse conditions the following day, dissipating as a tropical cyclone near the Dominican Republic. The remnant system persisted for several more days, ultimately moving across the Gulf of Mexico before dissipating over Georgia on September 2.

Several islands experienced heavy rainfall during the passage of Erika, especially Dominica. There, 12.62 in (321 mm) of precipitation fell at Canefield Airport, causing catastrophic mudslides and flooding. Hundreds of homes were left uninhabitable and thousands of people were displaced. With 30 deaths, Erika is regarded as the worst natural disaster in Dominica since Hurricane David in 1979. In Guadeloupe, heavy rainfall in the vicinity of Basse-Terre caused flooding and mudslides, forcing roads to temporarily close. Approximately 250,000 people in Puerto Rico were left without electricity. The island experienced US$17.37 million[nb 1] in agricultural damage. In the Dominican Republic, an unofficial weather station in Barahona measured 24.26 in (616 mm) of rain, including 8.8 in (220 mm) in a single hour. About 823 homes suffered damage and 7,345 people were displaced. Five people died in Haiti, four from a weather-related traffic accident and one from a landslide. Total damage from Erika is estimated to be over US$500 million, with US$482.8 million in Dominica alone.

The storm's devastating effects in Dominica prompted an influx of international assistance. Aid from multiple nations and intergovernmental organizations poured in to assist victims of the storm. Thousands of homes needed to be built or repaired, including 500–1,000 for the relocation of all of Petite Savanne's residents.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

On August 20, 2015, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a tropical wave over western Africa, near the Atlantic shore.[1] The disorganized system emerged over the Atlantic Ocean several hundred miles southeast of the Cape Verde Islands the following day.[2][3] Moving quickly west, the system bypassed the Cape Verde Islands to the south on August 22,[4] but remained largely disorganized. A sharp trough developed within expanding deep convection on August 23, though a well-defined circulation did not consolidate.[2] Organization of the low improved throughout the day as environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis.[5] The trough acquired gale-force winds the following day and finally developed a closed circulation by 18:00 UTC. The formation of a closed low marked the transition into a tropical cyclone; accordingly, the system was classified as Tropical Storm Erika, the fifth named storm of the annual hurricane season. Upon its designation, Erika was situated roughly 1,035 mi (1,665 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[2] The storm maintained a brisk westward trajectory, steered by a subtropical ridge to the north.[2][6]

At the time of Erika's classification, forecast models diverged significantly on the potential future of Erika. Statistical guidance and the HWRF depicted a hurricane while the ECMWF and GFS showed a weaker system due to increasing wind shear. The models that intensified the storm indicated a more northerly track while those that kept it weaker had the system continuing along a westward course. Accordingly, the NHC noted low confidence in their five-day forecast for Erika.[6] This uncertainty ultimately reflected in above-average forecast errors when compared to all tropical cyclones, but roughly average for weak, poorly organized systems.[7] Throughout August 25 and into early August 26, the convective organization of Erika fluctuated due to wind shear and entrainment of dry air, periodically leaving the center of circulation devoid of convection.[8] Early on August 27, Erika managed to intensify slightly, attaining its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1001 mbar (hPa; 29.56 inHg).[2] Around 09:00 UTC, the disorganized center of Erika passed between Guadeloupe and Antigua,[9] before it emerged over the eastern Caribbean Sea.[2]

Official forecast positions (top left) and various forecast models for Erika versus its best track positions (black lines). Note the consistent northerly bias present in all outputs.

Convection remained poorly organized and mostly confined to eastern portions of the cyclone as it traversed the eastern Caribbean Sea.[10] Multiple circulation centers were noted during the overnight of August 27–28, all rotating around a broad general center. One such center moved over St. Croix and produced gale-force gusts. Environmental conditions ahead of the storm became increasingly hostile, and forecasters at the NHC continued to note unusually high uncertainty in their forecasts.[11] Further structural degradation ensued on August 28 as Erika approached the Dominican Republic. Based on data from Hurricane Hunters, Erika degenerated into a broad area of low pressure—no longer meeting the definition of a tropical cyclone—shortly after 12:00 UTC near the southeastern coast of the Dominican Republic.[2] Operationally, the NHC maintained advisories on Erika until 13:30 UTC on August 29.[12]

Around 21:00 UTC on August 28, the remnants of Erika made landfall along the southeastern coast of the Dominican Republic.[13] The disheveled system emerged over the Windward Passage early on August 29.[14] Thereafter, the system skirted the northern coast of Cuba and entered the Gulf of Mexico on August 31. Turning northward, the disturbance eventually crossed northern Florida on September 2 before dissipating over Georgia the following day.[2]

Preparations

The NHC's forecast track for Tropical Storm Erika at 5:00 a.m. EDT (09:00 UTC) on August 28, just before its dissipation as a tropical cyclone, depicting the storm traversing the Dominican Republic, brushing the Bahamas, and moving across the entirety of the Florida Peninsula.

Caribbean

Various local governments issued tropical storm watches and warnings for their respective nations throughout the duration of Erika. Watches and warnings covered the Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe northward, almost the entirety of the Greater Antilles, and the Bahamas.[2] The Red Cross opened four shelters to the public across the United States Virgin Islands.[15] The local Health Department also opened special needs shelters on St. Croix and St. Thomas. All non-essential government personnel were given administrative leave on August 27. Owing to rough seas, local ports temporarily closed. Although airports remained open, several airlines cancelled flights.[16] A territory-wide curfew was imposed until the afternoon of August 28.[17]

Schools, ports, and beaches were closed across the Dominican Republic.[18] The Army of the Dominican Republic deployed 275 soldiers and alongside the nation's Air Force, assisted with the evacuation of residents. The Navy was placed on standby for potential search and rescue operations.[19] Officials in Haiti suspended air service, banned highway travel between departments, and ordered small watercraft to remain at port.[20] Evacuation shelters were opened across all departments and 254 prisoners were relocated from Gonaïves to three other facilities.[21]

Florida

On August 28, Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency.[22] Despite the storm dissipating the following day, Scott kept the emergency declaration in place and stated, "This storm has been completely unpredictable the whole time...we will still get a lot of rain and a lot of flooding."[23] Thirty members of the Florida National Guard were positioned while another 8,000 were placed on standby.[23] A collective 17 flights were cancelled at Miami International Airport and Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport on August 28.[24] Schools in Hendry County preemptively closed for August 31,[23] with officials citing flooding concerns.[25] Sandbags were distributed to residents in Doral, Hallandale Beach, Hollywood, and Sweetwater.[26]

Erika posed the first significant hurricane threat to the state since Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Since that time, the state's population grew by 2 million with many presumed to have never experienced a hurricane before.[23] Some newer residents remained apathetic over the storm, dismissing it as "another excuse to skip work or school or to party."[27]

Impact

Impact by country or region
County/Region Direct deaths Indirect deaths Damage (USD) Ref.
Dominica 30 0 $482.8 million [28][29]
Dominican Republic 0 0 $8.9 million [30]
Haiti 1 4 N/A [31][32]
Puerto Rico 0 0 $17.37 million [33]
Total 31 4 $509.1 million

In Guadeloupe, close to where the storm's center passed, effects were less severe. Rains reached 100 mm (3.9 in) in Basse-Terre while gusts peaked at 100 km/h (62 mph) on La Désirade. Some landslides and flooding were reported, with roads in Basse-Terre temporarily closed. Électricité de France reported that 1,600 customers lost power during the storm.[34] Rough seas in Martinique grounded boats.[35] Landslides and felled trees blocked several roadways across the island.[36] Elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles, effects from Erika were negligible.[37]

The outer bands of Erika brought much needed rain drought-stricken Puerto Rico;[17] a station in Adjuntas recorded 4.45 in (113 mm) of rain.[2] Tropical storm-force wind gusts, peaking at 59 mph (95 km/h) in Maricao,[2] caused substantial disruption to the power grid, leaving approximately 250,000 people without electricity.[38] Thirty-six homes sustained roof damage across interior locations of the territory and agriculture sustained US$17.37 million in damage.[33]

A weather station in Barahona, Dominican Republic, measured 24.26 in (616 mm) of rain during Erika's passage, including 8.8 in (220 mm) in a single hour. Surrounding areas reported significantly less rain, however.[39] Throughout the country, 823 homes suffered damage and 7,345 people were displaced. Erika blocked over 400 roads and left many power outages.[40] Winds gusts of 50 mph (85 km/h) in Azua caused at least 400 million DOP (US$8.88 million) in damage to the banana crop.[30] Heavy rains also impacted Haiti, which was still recovering from a catastrophic earthquake in 2010; an estimated 60,000 people remained in emergency housing.[18] Four persons died and eleven others were hospitalized in Léogâne, when a truck crashed into a bus on rain-slicked roads and exploded.[31] A fifth death occurred during a landslide in Port-au-Prince. Two people in the area were injured after a house collapsed.[32]

The remnants of Erika later brought much needed rains to Cuba, which was suffering from its worst drought since 1901.[18]

Dominica

A map of Dominica; the hardest-hit areas were generally in southeastern areas of the island

Although Erika passed to the north of Dominica as a weak tropical storm, torrential rains associated with the storm impacted the country. Canefield Airport observed 12.62 in (321 mm) of rain during the storm's passage, much of which fell during a 12-hour span. The nation's other airport, Douglas–Charles Airport, recorded 8.74 in (222 mm) of rain and a wind gust of 39 mph (63 km/h).[2] A mountaintop station at Gleau Gommier reported accumulations of 17 in (430 mm).[41] The deluge triggered catastrophic flash flooding and mudslides across the island,[2] resulting in Dominica's worst natural disaster since Hurricane David in 1979.[42][43] Nearly 17,000 of the nation's 71,293 people were severely impacted by the storm.[44] A total of 30 people were killed,[2] 20 others were injured, and 574 people were left homeless.[28][29] More than 890 homes were destroyed or rendered uninhabitable.[45] Total losses amounted to EC$1.3 billion (US$482.8 million), roughly 90 percent of Dominica's gross domestic product.[29] Dominica Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit stated in a national announcement on August 28 that, "The visual damage I saw today, I fear, may have set our development process back by 20 years".[20]

Flooding crippled transportation and communication, with eight bridges severely damaged or destroyed, leaving many areas of the island isolated.[29][46] Boetica and Delices remained cut-off by ground for more than three weeks.[47] More than 12 major rivers topped their banks.[48] Approximately 45 percent of residents lost electricity,[46] and almost the entirety of the water supply network was damaged.[29] Additionally, 50 percent of telephone service was lost.[46] Both Canefield and Douglas–Charles airports were flooded, with water rising above a small airplane at the latter.[49] Douglas–Charles Airport sustained more than EC$39.5 million (US$14.6 million) in damage and was closed until September 18.[50][51] The main river running through Roseau, the nation's capital, burst its banks during the overnight of August 26–27, flooding surrounding areas.[52] One person was killed during a mudslide and one building collapsed in the city.[49][53]

The small community of Petite Savanne was virtually destroyed, with 217 homes leveled and all residents forced to evacuate.[54][55] At least six people died in the village while fourteen others were listed missing.[56] Residents dug through mud and debris, often with their bare hands, to rescue those trapped and in many cases did so with nearby homes on the verge of collapse.[48] The village was isolated for several days and residents buried victims before help arrived.[57]

Aftermath

Local

Immediately following Erika's devastating impact in Dominica on August 27, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States convened to determine an assessment plan.[58] The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) pledged assistance to Dominica, offering two helicopters with supplies and medics from Trinidad.[17] Support teams from the CDEMA arrived in Dominica on August 28.[37] The Government of Dominica declared nine areas special disaster areas: Petite Savanne, Pichelin, Good Hope, Bath Estate, Dubique, Campbell, Coulibistrie, San Sauveur, and Petite Soufriere.[59] The National Emergency Operations Centre was activited and worked in conjunction with various local agencies to conduct relief missions. Approximately 100 personnel were deployed for various relief measures, including search and rescue.[60] The Dominica Spa Health and Wellness Association worked in conjunction with the Trinidad-based Centre for Human Development to provide psychological support to victims;[61] eight trauma specialists were sent to Dominica.[62]

The psychiatric unit of Princess Margaret Hospital conducted field assessments and provided emotional support to residents. In a report on September 18, they noted that residents in Coulibistrie remained in a state of shock for weeks after Erika, with many struggling to begin the recovery process.[63] The Ministry of Health highlighted concerns over post-storm diseases, particularly from mosquitoes, due to a major increase in the usage of water storage containers.[64] An outbreak of Gastroenteritis ensued in the weeks following Erika, with 153 cases confirmed by September 22. Cases were primarily in Portsmouth, Saint Joseph, and Roseau.[65]

A unique means of supplying food and water the communities of Boetica and Delices, only accessible by air due to a gorge 260 ft (80 m) wide and 200 ft (61 m) deep, was established in the form of a zip-line in late-September. This served as the primary means of aid until a 98 ft (30 m) Bailey bridge was constructed.[66] The Food and Agriculture Organization allocated EC$300,000 (US$110,000) for farmers in October.[67]

International assistance

The RFA Lyme Bay provided vital assistance to many isolated communities in early September

Within 48 hours of the storm, Governments of Canada, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, and various intergovernmental organizations under the United Nations—such as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), UNICEF, and United Nations Development Programme—pledged aid; Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago provided support teams—firefighters, police, search and rescue, and military personnel—and established supply routes with Dominica.[37] The Regional Security System deployed 83 personnel whom conducted search and rescue operations and assisted in the evacuation of hundreds of residents.[68] China and the Caribbean Development Bank offered US$300,000 and US$200,000 in aid, respectively, to the nation.[69][70] China later provided an additional US$200,000 in October.[71] The Government of Venezuela airlifted 2,000 tons of food and supplies to Dominica and pledged to provide a helicopter carrier ship on August 29.[72] Supplies from Venezuela were bolstered to 10 tons by September 1, and the ship PDV Marina was deployed that day with an additional 13 tons worth fuel, machinery, and other supplies.[73]

Further assistance was provided by the Governments of Cuba, Grenada, and St. Kitts and Nevis by August 31,[74][75] the latter of which donated EC$1 million (US$368,000).[76] The British-flagged RFA Lyme Bay arrived in Dominica on September 2, carrying medical supplies, marines,[54] and a Lynx Mk.8 helicopter.[77] The helicopter flew 25 flights over a period of five days to isolated communities, providing them with 2 tonnes of supplies daily. More than 20 tonnes of water and 5.3 tonnes of food were provided by the RFA Lyme Bay.[78] The Governments of the British Virgin Islands and Taiwan each pledged US$100,000 in funds.[79][80] Digicel and LIME coordinated restoration efforts to the nation's fiber-optic networks.[81] The former requested donations from 32 countries while the latter assisted in establishing supply routes to isolated communities.[82] Digical also partnered with the Dominican Red Cross, paying for transportation so relief teams could access isolated towns.[83]

The Government of the Cayman Islands donated US$500,000 and requested residents of the territory to donate supplies.[84] Japan's government provided US$100,000-worth of generators, water purifiers, and water tanks through the Japan International Cooperation Agency.[85] A further TT$5 million (US$784,000) was provided by Trinidad and Tobago.[86] The Government of Guyana provided a shipment of 68 tonnes of rice collected through public and private donations, three times more than targeted.[87] Through its Excess Rainfall Programme, the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility provided €6.5 million (US$2.4 million) to the Government of Dominica—the maximum payout allowable.[88] Thousands of school supplies, including books and writing utensils, were collected by the Caribbean Community.[89] The Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), All Hands Volunteers, Convoy of Hope, ChildFund, and the Organization of American States also provided assistance.[90]

The initial response from UNICEF included the distribution of over 600 hygiene kits and 4,000 water purification tablets.[44] Logistical support, namely satellite phones, solar chargers, and laptops, were provided by the International Telecommunication Union.[91] Four tonnes of medical supplies provided by the PAHO arrived on September 9,[92] and the Government of Brazil supplied additional medical items in October.[93] After an initial release of funds on September 3, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) launched an emergency appeal on September 10 for approximately US$1 million to assist 12,000 people.[94]

Reconstruction

The destruction of Petite Savanne forced the evacuation of 823 people; the village was later deemed uninhabitable and a new town needed to be built elsewhere.[95] Many were temporarily relocated to the Dominica Grammar School in Grand Bay; however, some residents of Grand Bay looked upon the evacuees with scorn and insulted them for disrupting their daily lives. Parlimentary Representative Kenneth Darroux pleaded with residents to be understanding and patient with those whom were displaced.[96] Plans for a new settlement were established in February 2016, with plans to build 500–1,000 homes. Similarly, all residents of Dubique were forced to evacuate; they were relocated to temporary homes in Grand Bay provided by Venezuela.[95] Ten two- and three-bedroom homes were provided by the ADRA. Costs for resettlement and reconstruction exceeded EC$91 million (US$14.3 million).[97]

French organizations provided €70,000 (US$77,000) for the reconstruction of two schools.[98]

Power was restored to all areas of the nation, except for Petite Savanne and Dubique, by September 28.[99] Restoration to the nation's water system was completed in January 2016; however, permanent systems were still to be constructed.[100]

Retirement

On April 25, 2016, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Erika for its impact in Dominica, replacing the name with Elsa for the 2021 season.[101] Erika is only the second tropical system in the Atlantic to have been retired without reaching hurricane strength after Tropical Storm Allison (2001), and one of only three tropical cyclones to have its name retired without making landfall anywhere (as a tropical cyclone), with the others being Klaus in 1990 and Fabian in 2003.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ All damage totals are in 2015 values of their respective currency.

References

  1. ↑ Eric S. Blake (August 20, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Richard J. Pasch and Andrew B. Penny (February 8, 2016). Tropical Storm Erika (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  3. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (August 20, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  4. ↑ John P. Cangialosi (August 22, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  5. ↑ Todd B. Kimberlain (August 23, 2015). Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  6. 1 2 Daniel P. Brown (August 25, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  7. ↑ James L. Franklin (September 10, 2015). "After Further Review: Tropical Storm Erika". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  8. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (August 25, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 3 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  9. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 10 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  10. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 27, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 10 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  11. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (August 28, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 13 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  12. ↑ Jack L. Beven (August 29, 2015). Remnants of Erika Special Discussion Number 19 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  13. ↑ Jack L. Beven (August 28, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 16 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  14. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (August 29, 2015). Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 18 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  15. ↑ Lauren Krizansky (August 27, 2015). "Shelter locations What you should bring Special needs shelters set up on St. Thomas and St. Croix Shelters ready to protect V.I. residents". Virgin Island Daily News. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  16. ↑ Joy Blackburn (August 27, 2015). "Residents urged to seek shelter, ports close as Erika nears". Virgin Island Daily News. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 "Erika soaks Puerto Rico after 4 killed in Dominica". San Juan, Puerto Rico: Newsday. Associated Press. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  18. 1 2 3 Francisco Jara (August 30, 2015). "Tropical storm Erika drenches parched Cuba". Havana, Cuba: ReliefWeb. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  19. ↑ Informe de Situación Por Sector No.3 Tormenta Tropical Erika, 11:00 am (PDF). Government of the Dominican Republic (Report) (in Spanish) (ReliefWeb). August 29, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  20. 1 2 Alexander Martinez (August 29, 2016). "Storm kills at least 20 in Dominica, blows through Caribbean". Agence France-Presse. Roseau, Dominica: ReliefWeb. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Haïti-Erika : Quatre morts et une douzaine de blessés, selon les premières informations". AlterPresse (in French). ReliefWeb. August 29, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  22. ↑ "Florida governor declares state of emergency as Tropical Storm Erika nears; could hit Monday". Tallahassee, Florida: The Washington Post. Associated Press. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Sean Breslin (August 29, 2015). "Governor: State of Emergency Still In Effect For Florida as Erika Remnants Approach". The Weather Channel. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  24. ↑ Emon Reiser (August 28, 2015). "Tropical Storm Erika: Miami, Fort Lauderdale airports cancel flights". South Florida Business Journal. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  25. ↑ "Hendry County cancels school Monday, others wait for Sunday update". news-press.com. Fort Myers, Florida: Gannett Company. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  26. ↑ Amanda Batchelor (August 28, 2015). "Sandbags given out in South Florida before Tropical Storm Erika". Doral, Florida: WPLG. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  27. ↑ Alan Gomez (August 28, 2015). "Miami residents still on alert despite weakening Tropical Storm Erika". USA Today. Miami, Florida: Gannett Company. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  28. 1 2 Dominica: Tropical Storm Erika - Emergency appeal operations update no. 1 (MDRDM002) (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (Report) (ReliefWeb). January 21, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Dominica: Tropical Storm Erika - Emergency appeal operations update no. 2 (MDRDM002) (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (Report) (ReliefWeb). January 21, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  30. 1 2 Rentería Montero (August 29, 2015). "Vientos tormenta Erika arrasan con plantaciones plátanos en Valle de Azua" (in Spanish). CDN. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  31. 1 2 "Tropical Storm Erika dissipates after killing 20 in Caribbean". ABC 7. The Associated Press. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  32. 1 2 Francisco Jara (August 30, 2015). "Tropical storm Erika drenches parched Cuba". ReliefWeb (Havana, Cuba). Agence France-Presse. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  33. 1 2 Puerto Rico Event Report: Tropical Storm (Report). National Climatic Data Center. National Weather Service Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  34. ↑ "Guadeloupe: le passage de la tempête Erika provoque de fortes précipitations" (in French). Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe: L'Express. Agence France-Presse. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  35. ↑ "Forte houle à Schoelcher, bateaux échoués" (in French). France-Antilles. August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  36. ↑ Laurie-Anne Virassamy (August 27, 2015). "Erika perturbe la Martinique" (in French). France Télévisions. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  37. 1 2 3 CDEMA Situation Report #3 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 8:00 pm on August 29th, 2015) (PDF). Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (Situation Report) (ReliefWeb). August 29, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  38. ↑ Puerto Rico Event Report: Tropical Storm (Report). National Climatic Data Center. National Weather Service Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  39. ↑ Jeff Masters (August 29, 2015). "Erika Dissipates". Weather Underground. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  40. ↑ "Erika leaves over 7,300 displaced in Dominican Republic". Dominican Today (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic). August 29, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  41. ↑ Larry Luxner (November 24, 2015). "Tiny Dominica Seeks U.S. Help To Rebuild After Erika’s Devastation". The Washington Diplomat. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  42. ↑ Paul J. Hebert (July 1, 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society) 108 (7): 973–990. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  43. ↑ "At least 27 dead in Petite Savanne following Erika". The Dominican. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  44. 1 2 UNICEF Daily Situation Report Dominica - 1 September 2015 (PDF) (Situation Report). ReliefWeb. UNICEF. September 1, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  45. ↑ "PM Skerrit addresses the nation a month after Erika". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. October 2, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  46. 1 2 3 CDEMA Situation Report #5 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 7:00 pm on August 30th, 2015). Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (Situation Report) (ReliefWeb). August 30, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  47. ↑ "Preliminary Estimates Show Agriculture Losses at $109m". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 23, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  48. 1 2 Kate Pawelczyk (September 3, 2015). "Dominica struggles to recover from devastating storm Erika". ReliefWeb. United Nations Children's Emergency Fund. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  49. 1 2 "Tropical Storm Erika: At Least 2 Dead, Widespread Flooding Reported in Dominica; Florida Prepares For Possible Impacts". The Weather Channel. August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  50. ↑ "LIAT continues to assist Dominica’s recovery after Tropical Storm Erika" (PDF). St. John's, Antigua: ReliefWeb. Government of Antigua and Barbuda. September 4, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  51. ↑ Brian Major (September 22, 2015). "Flights to Dominica's Airport Resume Following Erika's Devastation". Travel Pulse. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  52. ↑ Carlisle Jno Paptiste and Danica Coto (August 27, 2015). "5 missing in Dominica as Tropical Storm Erika unleashes heavy rain, wind, landslides". U.S. News & World Report (Roseau, Dominica). Associated Press. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  53. ↑ "CARIBBEAN: Storm wreaks havoc on Dominica". St. Lucia News Online. August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  54. 1 2 CDEMA Situation Report #8 - Tropical Storm Erika (PDF). Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (Situation Report) (ReliefWeb). September 3, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  55. ↑ "Dominica govt permanently relocating residents of area worst affected by Tropical Storm Erika". Roseau, Dominica: Caribbean360. September 9, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  56. ↑ "Dominica Suffers over Half a Billion Dollars Worth of Damage to Roads and Bridges". Government of Dominica. 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  57. ↑ Barry Alleyne (September 2, 2015). "Petite Savanne residents forced to bury dead". Nation News (Roseau, Dominica). Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  58. ↑ "OECS Commission mobilizing regional and global support to ease Dominica’s Crises following the passage of tropical storm Erika". ReliefWeb. Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. August 27, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  59. ↑ CDEMA Situation Report #4 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 1:00 am on August 30th, 2015) (PDF). Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (Situation Report) (ReliefWeb). August 30, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  60. ↑ CDEMA Situation Report #7 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 8:30 pm on September 1st, 2015). Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (Situation Report) (ReliefWeb). September 1, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  61. ↑ "DSHWA Caters to Dominica’s Wellness Post TS Erika". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 14, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  62. ↑ "Trauma specialists to meet Erika survivors". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 16, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  63. ↑ "Mental Health Team on the Job Following Erika". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 18, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  64. ↑ "Ministry of Health Draws Attention to Mosquito-Borne Illnesses". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 23, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  65. ↑ "Gastroenteritis on the Rise". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 22, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  66. ↑ "Creating Access to Delices and Boetica". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 30, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  67. ↑ "FAO gives agriculture assistance". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. October 27, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  68. ↑ "RSS leaves Dominica a month after erika". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. October 2, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  69. ↑ "China offers $300,000 in aid to storm-hit Dominica". Beijing, China: The Economic Times. Agence France-Presse. August 29, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
  70. ↑ "CDB offers Emergency Relief Grant to Dominica". Barbados Today. August 29, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  71. ↑ "The Chinese Government to Provide the Commonwealth of Dominica with Emergency Humanitarian Cash Aid Again". ReliefWeb. Government of the People's Republic of China. October 15, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  72. ↑ "Venezuela envió más de 2.000 toneladas de alimentos y ayuda humanitaria a Dominica" (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. RedHum. August 29, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  73. ↑ "Gobierno venezolano envió 10 toneladas más de medicinas, alimento y agua a Dominica" (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela: ReliefWeb. Government of Venezuela. September 1, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  74. ↑ CDEMA Situation Report #6 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 9:00 pm on August 31st, 2015) (PDF). Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (Situation Report) (ReliefWeb). August 31, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  75. ↑ "Partió brigada a Dominica para atender a damnificados por Erika" (in Spanish). ReliefWeb. Government of Cuba. August 31, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  76. ↑ "PM Harris gets huge applause for EC $1 million donation to storm-ravaged Dominica". Basseterre, St. Kitts: ReliefWeb. Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis. September 25, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  77. ↑ "RFA Lyme Bay arrives in Dominica to provide humanitarian relief". ReliefWeb. Government of the United Kingdom. September 2, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  78. ↑ "RFA Lyme Bay receives praise from High Commissioner for Dominica Aid". ReliefWeb. Department for International Development. September 8, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  79. ↑ "Premier Smith pledges USD$100,000 to Dominica relief efforts". ReliefWeb. Government of the British Virgin Islands. September 3, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  80. ↑ "The Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Provides Relief Assistance to the Commonwealth of Dominica". ReliefWeb. Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. September 15, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  81. ↑ CDEMA Situation Report #10 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 5:00 pm on September 6th, 2015) (PDF). Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (Situation Report) (ReliefWeb). September 6, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  82. ↑ "Telecommunications Companies Partner to Bring Relief". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 9, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  83. ↑ "Digicel and Red Cross Partner to Bring Relief". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 29, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  84. ↑ "Cayman Islands Government sends aid to Dominica". ReliefWeb. Government of the Cayman Islands. September 8, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  85. ↑ "Japan Gives $100,000 in Relief Supplies". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 9, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  86. ↑ "T&T gives $5 million aid to storm-damaged Dominica". ReliefWeb. Government of Trinidad and Tobago. October 9, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  87. ↑ "Private sector teams up with Government to send 75 tons of rice to the Dominica". ReliefWeb. Government of Guyana. September 14, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  88. ↑ "CCRIF pays Government of Dominica EC$6.5 million under its Excess Rainfall Programme following Tropical Storm Erika". ReliefWeb. Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility. September 10, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  89. ↑ "Commonwealth Caribbean Community supports Dominica in wake of storm". ReliefWeb. Commonwealth Secretariat. October 2, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  90. ↑ "ADRA donates EC $34,375 for relief efforts". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 16, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  91. ↑ "ITU deploys emergency telecommunication equipment in Dominica". ReliefWeb. International Telecommunication Union. September 3, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  92. ↑ "PAHO donates medical supplies to Dominica in aftermath of Tropical Storm Erika". ReliefWeb. Pan American Health Organization. September 14, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  93. ↑ "Brazil gifts medical supplies". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. October 16, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  94. ↑ Dominica: Tropical Storm Erika - Emergency Appeal (MDRDM002) (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. September 10, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  95. 1 2 "New community planned for Dominica residents displaced by Erika". Roseau, Dominica: Caribbean News Now. February 22, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  96. ↑ "Exclusive Post-Erika discussion with Petite Savanne and Grand Bay Representatives". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. September 18, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  97. ↑ "Government identifies sites for permanent relocation of evacuees". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. October 15, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  98. ↑ "French organizations fund rehabilitation of two schools". ReliefWeb. Government of Dominica. October 27, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  99. ↑ CDEMA Situation Report #12 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 5:00 pm on September 28th, 2015) (PDF). Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (Situation Report) (ReliefWeb). September 28, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  100. ↑ "Full Water Restoration to all Communities Complete Post TS Erika". Government of Dominica. ReliefWeb. January 4, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  101. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization retires storm names Erika, Joaquin and Patricia" (Press release). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 25, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.

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