Union City, New Jersey

Union City, New Jersey
City
City of Union City

Nickname(s): "Embroidery Capital of the United States"
"Havana on the Hudson"
"Little Havana on the Hudson"[1]

Location of Union City within Hudson County. Inset: Location of Hudson County in New Jersey

Census Bureau map of Union City, New Jersey
Coordinates: 40°46′03″N 74°01′56″W / 40.76746°N 74.032295°W / 40.76746; -74.032295Coordinates: 40°46′03″N 74°01′56″W / 40.76746°N 74.032295°W / 40.76746; -74.032295[2][3]
Country  United States
State  New Jersey
County Hudson
Incorporated June 1, 1925
Government[4]
 • Type Walsh Act
 • Body Board of Commissioners
 • Mayor Brian P. Stack (term ends May 18, 2018)[5]
 • Clerk Dominick Cantatore (acting)[6]
Area[2]
 • Total 1.283 sq mi (3.322 km2)
 • Land 1.283 sq mi (3.322 km2)
 • Water 0.000 sq mi (0.000 km2)  0.00%
Area rank 478th of 566 in state
10th of 12 in county[2]
Elevation[7] 190 ft (60 m)
Population (2010 Census)[8][9][10][11]
 • Total 66,455
 • Estimate (2014)[12] 68,668
 • Rank 17th of 566 in state
2nd of 12 in county[13]
 • Density 51,810.1/sq mi (20,004.0/km2)
 • Density rank 2nd of 566 in state
2nd of 12 in county[13]
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) Eastern (EDT) (UTC-4)
ZIP code 07087[14][15]
Area code(s) 201[16]
FIPS code 3401774630[2][17][18]
GNIS feature ID 0885424[2][19]
Website www.ucnj.com

Union City is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. According to the 2010 United States Census the city had a total population of 66,455,[8][9][10] reflecting a decline of 633 (−0.9%) from the 67,088 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 9,076 (+15.6%) from the 58,012 counted in the 1990 Census.[20] As of the 2010 Census it was the most densely populated city in the United States,a[›] with a density of 51,810.1 per square mile.[21]

Union City was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on June 1, 1925, with the merger of Union Hill and West Hoboken Township.[22] The city's name marks the combination of the two municipalities.[23]

Two major waves of immigration, first of German speakers and then of Spanish speakers, greatly influenced the development and character of Union City. Its two nicknames, "Embroidery Capital of the United States" and "Havana on the Hudson", reflect important aspects of that history. Thousands make a pilgrimage to Union City each year to see the nation's longest-running passion play and the annual Cuban Day Parade of New Jersey.

History

Early history and civic boundaries

Sign marking Union City's southern border with Jersey City

The area of what is today Union City was originally inhabited by the Munsee-speaking branch of Lenape Native Americans,[24][25][26][27][28][29] who wandered into the vast woodland area encountered by Henry Hudson during the voyages he conducted from 1609 to 1610 for the Dutch, who later claimed the area (which included the future New York City) and named it New Netherland. The portion of that land that included the future Hudson County was purchased from members of the Hackensack tribe of the Lenni-Lenape and became part of Pavonia, New Netherland.[30]

The relationship between the early Dutch settlers and Native Americans was marked by frequent armed conflict over land claims. In 1658 by New Netherland colony Director-General Peter Stuyvesant re-purchased the territory.[31][32] The boundaries of the purchase are described in the deed preserved in the New York State Archives, as well as the medium of exchange: "80 fathoms of wampum, 20 fathoms of cloth, 12 brass kettles, 6 guns, one double brass kettle, 2 blankets, and one half barrel of strong beer."[33] In 1660, he ordered the building of a fortified village at Bergen to protect the area.[34] It was the first permanent European settlement in New Jersey, located in what is now the Journal Square area of Jersey City near Academy Street.[32][35] In 1664, the British captured New Netherland from the Dutch, at which point the boundaries of Bergen Township encompassed what is now known as Hudson County. North of this was the unpopulated Bergen Woods, which would later be claimed by settlers, after whom a number of Union City streets today are named,[32] including Sipp Street,[36][37][38] Brown Street,[37][39] Golden Lane,[39] Tournade Street and Kerrigan Avenue,[40] which is named after J. Kerrigan, the owner of Kerrigan Farm, who donated the land for Saint Michael's Monastery.[40][41]

The area that would one day be Union City, however, remained sparsely populated until the early 19th century. The British granted Bergen a new town charter in 1668. In 1682 they created Bergen County, which was named to honor their Dutch predecessors. That county comprised all of present-day Hudson, Bergen and Passaic counties. Sparsely inhabited during the 17th and 18th centuries, the southeast section of Bergen County had grown by the early 19th century to the point where it was deemed necessary to designate it a separate county. The New Jersey legislature created Hudson County in 1840, and in 1843, it was divided into two townships: Old Bergen Township (which eventually became Jersey City) and North Bergen Township, which was gradually separated into Hudson County's present day municipalities: Hoboken in 1849, Weehawken and Guttenberg in 1859, and West Hoboken and Union Township.[22][32] West Hoboken was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 28, 1861, from portions of North Bergen Township. The township was reincorporated on April 6, 1871, and again on March 27, 1874. Portions of the township were ceded to Weehawken in 1879.[22] On June 28, 1884, West Hoboken was reincorporated as a town, based on an ordinance passed nine days earlier. The town was reincorporated on April 24, 1888, based on the results of a referendum passed 12 days earlier.[22] Union Township, or simply Union,[39][40][42] was formed through the merger of a number of villages, such as Dalleytown, Buck's Corners and Cox's Corners. The largest of these villages, Union Hill, became the colloquial name for the merged town of Union itself.[43] The northern section of Union Township was later incorporated as West New York in 1898.[32] Union City was incorporated on June 1, 1925, by merging the two towns of West Hoboken and Union Hill.[22][44] The name of one of the city's schools, Union Hill Middle School, recalls the former town.[45]

Immigration and industry

Embroidery and lace exhibit at Union City's Park Performing Arts Center

In the 18th century, Dutch and English merchants first settled the area. Later, German immigrants immigrated from Manhattan. Irish, Polish, Armenians, Syrians, Eastern European Jews and Italians followed.[46] In 1851, Germans moved across the Hudson River from New York City in search of affordable land and open space. During the Civil War a military installation, Camp Yates, covered an area now bounded by Bergenline and Palisade Avenues from 22nd to 32nd Street. Germans began to settle what would become Union Hill in 1851,[32] and some descendants of the immigrants of this period live in the city today.[35] Although the area's diversity was represented by the more than 19 nationalities that made their home in the Dardanelles (a five-block area of Central Avenue from 23rd Street to 27th Street)[32] from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, German Americans and Dutch dominated the area. Along with Swiss and Austrian immigrants, they founded the European-style lace making industries for which they were famous. The introduction of Schiffli lace machines in Hudson County[47] made Union City the "embroidery capital of the United States". The trademark of that industry is on the Union City Seal,[41][48][49] though foreign competition and austere prevailing fashions led to the decline of embroidery and other industries in the area by the late 1990s.[50] In May 2014 the city dedicated "Embroidery Square" at New York Avenue to commemorate that history.[51]

As immigration to the area progressed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Belgians, Armenians, Greeks, Chinese, Jews and Russians found a home in the area,[32] though its domination by Germans by the turn of the 20th century was reflected in the fact that the minutes of town meetings were recorded in German.[52] By this time, the area was witnessing a period of urbanization, as an extensive trolley system was developed by the North Hudson County Railway, spurred by both electrification in 1890 and the arrival of Irish and Italian immigrants, which dominated the city until the late 1960s. Successive waves of immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Near East and Latin America contributed to the embroidery industry in subsequent years. "The Cultural Thread"/"El Hilo", an exhibit highlighting this industry, is on display at Union City's Park Performing Arts Center.[53]

The town was famous for being the home of the rowdy Hudson Burlesque.[1][54] Vaudeville and burlesque were theatre staples in Union City, with performers such as Harry Houdini and Fred Astaire making appearances locally.[55][56] It was at a vaudeville theater in Union City that comedian George Burns would meet his longtime partner and wife, Gracie Allen.[57] Union City was also for a time the home to the headquarters of sports publisher Joe Weider.[58]

The first Cubans immigrated to Union City from New York City in the 1940s, having been attracted to the city in search of work after hearing of its famed embroidery factories. A majority of these Cubans hailed from small towns or cities, particularly Villa Clara Province in central Cuba.[46][59] After World War II, veterans relocated to Bergen County, causing a short-lived decline in the population.[60] By the late 1960s when the city was predominantly Italian,[1] it was settled by a large migration of Cuban refugees fleeing Fidel Castro's regime, making Union City for many years the city with the largest Cuban population in the U.S. after Miami, hence its nickname, "Havana on the Hudson."[1][60][61] Following the Mariel boatlift in 1980, 10,000 Cubans settled in New Jersey, leading to a second wave of Cubans to Union City, which totaled 15,000 by 1994.[49][62][63] The city, as well as neighboring towns such as West New York, has experienced a profound cultural impact as a result of this, as seen in such aspects of local culture as its cuisine, fashion, music, entertainment and cigar-making.[1][64][65][66][67]

Development in the 21st century

The city's first high-rise condominium tower, the Thread, invokes its historical association with the embroidery industry.

Since its inception in 2000 the Cuban Day Parade of New Jersey has become a major annual event in North Hudson, beginning in North Bergen and traveling south to its end in Union City.[68][69][70][71][72] Union City has historically been a family-oriented city predominantly made up of brownstones, two-family homes and locally owned businesses. Beginning approximately in 2003, it underwent a period of development of modestly sized residences, spurred by similar development in neighboring Hoboken, and the city's attempt to attract developers to what had historically been a town unfriendly to them, according to Mayor Brian P. Stack. Through approval of varied construction projects to address the needs of residents of different incomes, improved rent control laws and community input on such issues,[73] this "Hobokenization" resulted in positive comparisons with the redeveloped Hoboken of the mid-to-late 1990s, with new restaurants, bars and art galleries cited as evidence of renewal. The city recorded $192 million in new construction in 2007, and 600 certificates of occupancy, with 500-700 projected for 2008–2009, compared with previous years, in which 50 certificates was considered a high amount.[74] This development continued for several years, reaching a milestone in 2008 with the completion of Union City's first high-rise condominium tower, The Thread, whose name evokes the city's historical association with the embroidery industry.[75][76][77][78] Other such buildings have followed, such as the Altessa,[77] Park City Grand,[79] and The Lenox.[80] In 2015 the AARP ranked Union City #6 on its list of the best small cities to live in.[81]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 1.283 square miles (3.322 km2), all of which is land.[2][3] Part of the New York metropolitan area,[82] it is one of the municipalities which comprise North Hudson, New Jersey. Located atop the ridge of the lower Hudson Palisades (just south of the highest point in the county),[83] many of its streets offer glimpses and views of the surrounding municipalities, the New York City skyline, and the New Jersey Meadowlands.

The city is bisected by New Jersey Route 495, a vehicular cut built in conjunction with the Lincoln Tunnel. Soon after its construction, many street names were abandoned in favor of numbering in most of North Hudson starting at 2nd Street, just north of Paterson Plank Road, which runs through the city's only major park and creates its border with Jersey City. 49th Street is the northern boundary with West New York. Apart from a small section between Bergen Turnpike and Weehawken Cemetery, Kennedy Boulevard, a major north-south thoroughfare, creates the western border with North Bergen. A former colonial road and previous border between the merged municipalities takes three names as it diagonally crosses the city's urban grid: Hackensack Plank Road, 32nd Street, and Bergen Turnpike. Most of the city north of the street, formerly Union Hill, shares its eastern border along Park Avenue with Weehawken. The southern section of the city, formerly West Hoboken, is indeed west of Hoboken,[22] which it overlooks and is connected by the road which creates their shared border, the Wing Viaduct.[84]

Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Union Hill and West Hoboken.[85]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18704,640—
18805,84926.1%
189010,64382.0%
190015,18742.7%
191021,02338.4%
192020,651−1.8%
193058,659184.0%
194056,173−4.2%
195055,537−1.1%
196052,180−6.0%
197057,3059.8%
198055,593−3.0%
199058,0124.4%
200067,08815.6%
201066,455−0.9%
Est. 201468,668[12][86]3.3%
Population sources:
1870–1920[87] 1870[88][89] 1880–1890[90]
1890–1910[91] 1870–1930[92]
1930–1990[93] 2000[94][95] 2010[8][9][10][96]

Union City is a working class community.[97] One of Hudson County's three homeless shelters, Palisades Emergency Residence Corp. (PERC), is located in Union City.[98] The PERC facility, which includes a soup kitchen, food pantry and 40-bed shelter on 37th Street, lost $100,000 in federal funding in 2011, and in January and August 2012, aided a record-breaking number of guests.[99]

2010 Census

Union City's 2010 population of 66,455 made it the state's 17th largest municipality, having seen a decline of 633 residents (-0.9%) from its population of 67,088 in the 2000 Census, when it was the state's 16th most populous municipality.[96][100][101] As of 2010, it was still the country's second-most densely populated incorporated municipality (after the nearby Town of Guttenberg) and the most densely populated U.S. city.[102][103]

At the 2010 United States Census, there were 66,455 people, 22,814 households, and 15,514 families residing in the city. The population density was 51,810.1 per square mile (20,004.0/km2). There were 24,931 housing units at an average density of 19,436.9 per square mile (7,504.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 58.01% (38,549) White, 5.25% (3,487) Black or African American, 1.23% (819) Native American, 2.39% (1,587) Asian, 0.05% (33) Pacific Islander, 27.43% (18,231) from other races, and 5.64% (3,749) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 84.71% (56,291) of the population.[8] As of 2010, the city had the highest percentage of Hispanic residents in any municipality in New Jersey.[104]

There were 22,814 households, of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.7% were married couples living together, 21.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.39.[8]

In the city, 23.7% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.9 years. For every 100 females there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males.[8]

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $40,173 (with a margin of error of +/− $1,946) and the median family income was $43,101 (+/− $2,185). Males had a median income of $31,987 (+/− $1,696) versus $25,010 (+/− $1,517) for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,506 (+/− $719). About 17.0% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.4% of those under age 18 and 20.8% of those age 65 or over.[105]

2000 Census

According to the 2000 United States Census, Union City had a population of 67,088, making it the second-most populous municipality in the county after Jersey City.[100][101]

All of the city is land, an area of 1.283 square miles (3.32 km2).[2] The population density was 52,977.8 inhabitants per square mile (20,395.9/km²) in 2000, approximately twice as high as New York City as a whole, but less than Manhattan alone. Union City is the most densely populated city in the United States,[106][107] though neighboring Guttenberg (legally incorporated as a town) was more densely populated.[108]

Hispanics remain the dominant ethnic group in the city, and their percentage of the population has increased from 82.3% in the 2000 Census to 84.7% in the 2010 Census. Non-Hispanic whites made up 15.3% of the city's population in 2010; up from 13.3% in the 2000 Census. Blacks made up 5.2% of the city's population in 2010; up from 3.3% in the 2000 Census. The rest of the racial makeup of the city was 0.70% Native American, 2.15% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 28.19% from other races, and 6.87% from two or more races.[94][95] Though Native Americans comprise less than 1% of the city's population, they doubled between the 2000 and 2010 Census, and combined with West New York's Native Americans, comprise 38% of the county's Native American population.[101]

Revelers during the 2010 Cuban Day Parade on Bergenline Avenue

Immigration from Cuba to Union City began slowly in the late 1940s and early 1950s, when jobs in the local embroidery and textile factories were abundant.[109] By 1955, the city's Cuban population was large enough that Fidel Castro visited Union City to raise money for his revolt against Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista, though a speech he gave one night at at a bar on 26th Street, Le Molino Rojo ("The Red Mill") led to a brawl that resulted in Castro's arrest.[110][111][112] Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959, large numbers of Cubans in professional occupations emigrated to Union City,[109] resulting in Union City's status as the nation's second-largest Cuban population, behind Miami, Florida, leading to the nickname "Havana on the Hudson".[60][67][113] Aspects of the enclave are explored in the 2009 publication The Cubans of Union City: Immigrants and Exiles in a New Jersey Community.[114] In the ensuing decades, Cuban residents spread out to other communities of North Hudson County. West New York, at 19.64%, now has the highest percentage of Cubans in New Jersey, with Union City in second place, with 15.35%. These two municipalities have the highest Cuban population percentage in the United States outside of Florida.[115] Moreover, Union City still boasts the largest Hispanic population percentage in New Jersey, at 84.7% by the 2010 Census.[101] By the early 2000s Union City had become a mix of the Latin and Asian diasporas, with Dominicans cited as the fastest-growing ethnic group, and other groups including Colombians, Ecuadoreans and Salvadorans.[116] Despite the reduction in the Cuban population, the major New York City television news outlets will invariably journey to Union City to interview citizens when developments in Cuba Cuban-American relations occur.[67][110] As of the 2000 census, 5.94% of Union City's residents identified themselves as being of Ecuadorian ancestry, which was the third highest of any municipality in New Jersey and the seventh highest percentage of Ecuadorian people in any place in the United States with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry.[117] That number increased to 9.23% in the 2010 Census.[118] As of the 2000 Census, 58.7% of the population was foreign born and 21.6% of residents were naturalized citizens, while 13.9% only speak English at home, whereas 80.7% reported that they spoke Spanish at home.[94]

In the city the population was spread out with 25.3% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.8 males.[94][95]

As of 2000, Union City's employment breakdown is: 27% Manufacturing, 15% Professional, 15% Retail, 8% Transportation, 8% Finance/Insurance/Real Estate, 8% Wholesale Trade, 6% Business and Trade, 5% Construction, 4% Personal Service, 3% Public Administration, 3% Communications, and 1% Entertainment/Recreation

About 17% of the city's employed residents work in New York City.[119]

Of Union City's 24,931 housing units (up 1,190 from the 2000 Census), 2,117 of them, or 8%, are vacant, twice the vacancy rate of the 2000 Census.[101]

The median income for a household in the city was $30,642, and the median income for a family was $32,246. Males had a median income of $25,598 versus $19,794 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,997. About 18.6% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.3% of those under age 18 and 19.3% of those age 65 or over.[94][95] The Brookings Institution studies ranked Union City among the 92 most economically depressed localities in the United States, with 18.1% of the population and 27.5% of the children falling below the poverty line. In 1997, the New Jersey Municipal Distress Index, which is based on social, economic, fiscal and physical indicators, ranked Union City as the third most distressed community in the state.[59]

Economy

Bergenline Avenue then and now: Facing south toward 32nd Street, circa 1900 (left), and in 2010 (right)

Originally, Bergenline Avenue was the width of a cowpath, and was not regarded as a business center. Street car tracks were expected to be laid on Palisade Avenue where the Town Hall was located. However, an influential citizen named Henry Kohlmeier, who had just built his residence on Palisade Avenue, did not wish to be disturbed by the noise of the passing cars, and proposed that the tracks be laid on Bergenline Avenue, two blocks to the west, and before those who would have objected to this became aware of this change, the motion was approved.[120]

Today Bergenline Avenue remains the city's main commercial thoroughfare.[41][46] Currently the longest commercial avenue in the state,[121] boasting over 300 retail stores and restaurants, Bergenline runs through not only the entire length of Union City from north to south, but also through West New York, Guttenberg and North Bergen, making it the main commercial strip for Northern Hudson County. Also known as the "Miracle Mile", Bergenline's largest concentration of retail and chain stores begins at the intersection of 32nd Street and continues north until 92nd Street in North Bergen, and while it is a narrow one-way, southbound street throughout most of Union City, it becomes a four lane, two-way street at 48th Street, one block south of the town's northern boundary. Bergenline Avenue is also used as the route for local parades, such as the annual Memorial Day Parade. At Union City's southern end, Bergenline is primarily a residential street, with the shopping district concentrated at Summit Avenue and Transfer Station. Although not as busy a shopping area as upper Bergenline, the city implemented a series of improvements in 2009 to improve business there, such as improved sidewalks, landscaping and street lights from Seventh Street to 13th Street.[122]

In terms of business, Union City is notable for being the location where Mallomars were first sold. Nabisco sold them to a grocer in the southern half of the town, when it was West Hoboken.[123]

Union City is one of several cities in Hudson County that contains a state-established "Urban Enterprise Zone", which was implemented in 1983 by the New Jersey Department of Commerce and Economic Development assist businesses and revitalize economically distressed communities in New Jersey.[124] Businesses within the zone apply for a variety of incentives, including a sales tax reduction to customers of 3½% (from the mandated 7% statewide sales tax) at eligible merchants, with no tax on purchases made by merchants related to running their businesses. Revenue generated from the reduced sales tax is maintained in a special fund dedicated for use within the zone for specific economic development and physical improvement projects.[125] There are approximately 180 UEZ-certified businesses in the city, which includes Bergenline Avenue from 49th to 15th Streets, 32nd Street from Bergenline Avenue to Kennedy Boulevard, Summit Avenue from 18th to Fifth Street, and Paterson Plank Road from Fifth to Seventh Streets. In addition to providing an incentive for shoppers and for business owners to invest in the area without raising taxes, up to $30,000 in annual UEZ revenue is also used for area upkeep and safety projects, marketing campaigns, and holiday decorations.[121] According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union City's unemployment rate as of September 2009 was 15%, the highest in the state, compared with the lowest, Hoboken, at 6.3%, and a state rate of 9.8%.[126]

Government

Local government

Mayor Brian P. Stack also serves as state senator.
City Hall

Union City's City Hall is located at 3715 Palisade Avenue. The mayor of Union City also serves as a commissioner on the five-member Board of Commissioners, as per the city's Walsh Act form of government, which has been in place since 1930.[4][127][128]

As of 2015, the mayor of Union City is Brian P. Stack, who became mayor in 2000 after a recall election forced the resignation of then-mayor Raúl "Rudy" Garcia.[129] The five members of the Union City Board of Commissioners serve in both administrative and legislative capacities, with each commissioner acting as the director of one of the five major departments of the City, administering the daily operations of a designated department. The five commissioners and their departmental assignments are Mayor Brian P. Stack (Commissioner of Public Safety), Lucio P. Fernandez (Commissioner of Public Affairs), Maryury Martinetti (Commissioner of Revenue and Finance), Tilo Rivas (Commissioner of Public Works) and Celin Valdivia (Commissioner of Parks and Public Property), all serving concurrent terms ending May 20, 2018.[130][131][132]

In March 2013, the Board of Commissioners chose Celin Valdivia to fill the seat vacated by Christopher F. Irizarry.[133]

Federal, state, and county representation

Union City is located in the 8th Congressional District[134] and is part of New Jersey's 33rd state legislative district.[9][135][136] Prior to the 2010 Census, Union City had been part of the 13th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.[137]

New Jersey's Eighth Congressional District is represented by Albio Sires (D, West New York).[138] New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Cory Booker (D, Newark, term ends 2021)[139] and Bob Menendez (D, Paramus, 2019).[140][141]

For the 2016–2017 session (Senate, General Assembly), the 33rd Legislative District of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Brian P. Stack (D, Union City) and in the General Assembly by Raj Mukherji (D, Jersey City) and Annette Chaparro (D, Hoboken).[142] The Governor of New Jersey is Chris Christie (R, Mendham Township).[143] The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is Kim Guadagno (R, Monmouth Beach).[144]

Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders District 6[145] is represented by Tilo Rivas.[146][147] The Hudson County Executive, elected at-large, is Thomas A. DeGise.[148]

Political demographics

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 28,503 registered voters in Union City, of which 18,589 (65.2%) were registered as Democrats, 1,839 (6.5%) were registered as Republicans and 8,062 (28.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 13 voters registered to other parties.[149]

In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 82.1% of the vote (14,569 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 17.2% (3,050 votes), and other candidates with 0.8% (134 votes), among the 17,893 ballots cast by the city's 30,841 registered voters (140 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 58.0%.[150][151] In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 74.6% of the vote (13,657 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 23.9% (4,366 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (150 votes), among the 18,305 ballots cast by the city's 32,030 registered voters, for a turnout of 57.1%.[152] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 64.8% of the vote here (10,894 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 32.0% (5,375 votes) and other candidates with 0.3% (90 votes), among the 16,811 ballots cast by the city's 27,727 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 60.6.[153]

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 58.1% of the vote (6,653 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 40.6% (4,651 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (148 votes), among the 12,583 ballots cast by the city's 31,515 registered voters (1,131 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.9%.[154][155] In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 76.8% of the vote here (8,611 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 20.2% (2,265 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 1.4% (152 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (89 votes), among the 11,218 ballots cast by the city's 27,373 registered voters, yielding a 41.0% turnout.[156]

Public safety

Union City is one of the five cities in North Hudson served by North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue, along with North Bergen, Weehawken, West New York, and Guttenberg.[157]

Union City's Chief of Police is Richard Molinari, a Union City resident who replaced former Chief Brian Barrett.[158]

Transportation

Roads and highways

Bergenline Avenue and the marginal highway of New Jersey Route 495 are major public transportation corridors. Union City is 2 miles (3.2 km) from New York City via the Lincoln Tunnel, its main approach road, Route 495 bisecting it. Within a mile to the west are U.S. Route 1/9, Route 3, and the New Jersey Turnpike.[84]

As of 2010, the city had a total of 41.67 miles (67.06 km) of roadways, of which 37.46 miles (60.29 km) were maintained by the municipality, 3.42 miles (5.50 km) by Hudson County and 0.64 miles (1.03 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 0.15 miles (0.24 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.[159]

Public transportation

The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail station on Bergenline Avenue at 48th Street.

The Bergenline Avenue station of the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail is located at 49th Street near the city line with West New York and North Bergen.[84][160]

New Jersey Transit bus service transportation is available to points in Hudson, Bergen, and Passaic counties and to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. Routes which stop in the city are the 111, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 154, 156, 159, 144, 190 (and the 107, 108, 160, 161, 163, 167, 191, 192 by passenger request for travel to the Port Authority Bus Terminal only), and the 195 (Saturdays only). The George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal is served by the 181. Jersey City can be reached on the 22, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88 and 89 routes.[161]

Privately-operated dollar vans offer transportation from Union City to the Hudson County Courthouse, Newport Mall, 42nd Street in Manhattan, and Paterson, New Jersey.[162] The minibuses, locally known by their Spanish language name guagua,[163] have come subject to greater scrutiny due to alleged safety issues.[164][165]

Newark Liberty International Airport is located 12.5 miles (20.1 km) away in Newark / Elizabeth. LaGuardia Airport in Flushing, Queens is 12.3 miles (19.8 km) away. John F. Kennedy Airport is also in Queens, New York. The Colombian airline Avianca operates a private bus service from to Union City and Elizabeth for passengers on Avianca flights departing from and arriving to JFK.[166]

Education

Union City High School

The student population was 9,730 as of November 2009.[167]

Historically, Union City schools have ranked among the highest in Hudson County in reported incidents of violence compared to the size of the student population more than once, most recently in a November 2009 report by the New Jersey Department of Education, which annually records incidents of violence, vandalism, weapons and substance abuse or possession. According to the report, such incidents declined statewide between the 2006–07 and the 2007–08 school years, but rose slightly in Hudson County, with Union City schools having the second-highest number of reported incidents behind the Jersey City Public Schools.[167]

University of California, Berkeley Professor David L. Kirp, in his 2011 book, Kids First, and his 2013 book, Improbable Scholars, praised Union City's education system for bringing poor, mostly immigrant kids (three quarters of whom live in homes where only Spanish is spoken and a quarter of which are thought to be undocumented and fearful of deportation) into the educational mainstream. Kirp, who spent a year in Union City examining its schools, notes that while in the late 1970s, Union City schools faced the threat of state takeover, they now boast achievement scores that approximate the statewide average. Kirp also observes that in 2011, Union City boasted a high school graduation rate of 89.5 percent—roughly 10 percentage points higher than the national average, and that in 2012, 75 percent of Union City graduates enrolled in college, with top students winning scholarships to the Ivy League. Kirp singles out the city's practice of enrolling almost every 3- and 4-year-old in kindergarten, and the leadership of Union City High School principal John Bennetti for the positive educational atmosphere in that school.[168][169][170][171]

Public schools

Mother Seton Interparochial School (left) and Miftaahul Uloom Academy, a Pre-K to 12th grade Islamic school (right), are both located on 15th Street.

The Union City School District operates public schools in Union City. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide,[172] which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.[173][174]

As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's 14 schools had an enrollment of 10,800 students and 788.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 13.70:1.[175] Schools in the district (with 2011-12 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics[176]) are Eugenio Maria de Hostos Center for Early Childhood Education,[177] (grades PreK - K;[178] 334 students) Thomas A. Edison School[179] (Pre-K–6;[178] 1,104), Sara M. Gilmore School[180] (K–5; 382), Hudson School[181] (Pre-K–5; 515), Jefferson School[182] (Pre-K–4;[178] 364), Roosevelt School[183] (K–6;[178] 906), Veteran's Memorial Elementary School[184] (PreK - 5;[178] 474), Washington School[185] (K–6;[178] 748), Robert Waters School[186] (Pre-K–6;[178] 1,045), Woodrow Wilson Arts Integrated School[187] (Pre-K–8;[178] 358 – located in Weehawken), Colin Powell Elementary School[188] (K–5[178]), Emerson Middle School[189] (6–8;[178] 840), Union Hill Middle School[190] (7–8;[178] 737), José Martí Freshman Academy[191] (9;[178] 570), Alternative Design Academy (Grades 9–12)[178] Union City High School[192] (10–12;[178] 2,423).[193][194]

The city's single public high school, Union City High School, opened September 3, 2009,[195] and was built on the site of the former Roosevelt Stadium.[196] The $178 million school, whose signature feature is an athletic field on its second floor roof, replaced the former Emerson High School and Union Hill High School, which converted to middle schools.[197]

The newest school to open in Union City is Colin Powell Elementary School, which opened in September 2012 and was dedicated on February 7, 2013. It is the seventh educational city created over the course of a decade, and the 14th school in the city.[188] For the 2013–14 school year students from Gilmore and Hudson Schools were relocated to Colin Powell, so that the former schools, both of which are over 100 years old, could undergo renovations.[178]

Woodrow Wilson School was awarded the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive, during the 2004-05 school year.[198] The Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence was awarded again to Woodrow Wilson for the 2014–2015 school year.[199][200]

Hudson County Community College's $28.1 million North Hudson Higher Education Center opened in September 2011. The seven story, 92,250-square-foot (8,570 m2) Center is located on Kennedy Boulevard, adjacent to the Bergenline Avenue Light Rail station. It incorporates green technology, such as photovoltaic electrical systems, rainwater harvesting tanks, daylight and occupancy sensors, low-flow fixtures, and high-efficiency mechanical equipment. The NHHEC also houses offices for the Hudson County Career Development Center and the County Clerk.[201][202]

Private schools

Mother Seton Interparochial School, St. Augustine's School and St. Francis Academy are elementary schools operated under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark.[203] In September 2013, St. Francis Academy was one of 15 schools in New Jersey to be recognized by the United States Department of Education as part of the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program, an award called the "most prestigious honor in the United States' education system" and which Education Secretary Arne Duncan described as honoring schools that "represent examples of educational excellence".[204][205]

Other schools in Union City include two Islamic schools, Miftaahul Uloom Academy[206][207] and Rising Star Academy,[208] a Jewish school, Mesivtza Sanz,[209][210] and Union City Daycare Program School.[211]

Notable landmarks

Hudson Presbyterian Church

The former Monastery and Church of Saint Michael the Archangel, once the largest Roman Catholic church in Hudson County, on West Street, is the one landmark on the National Register of Historic Places in Union City,[212] and one of several locations which have been designated by New Jersey Register of Historic Places.[213] It is now known as the Hudson Presbyterian Church.[214] The José Martí Freshman Academy and Union City Public Library are located on the grounds of the complex.

José Martí Freshman Academy and Union City Public Library

The Park Performing Arts Center was originally built in 1931 by the German congregation the Catholic parish of Holy Family Church (and still owned by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark) to house their cultural and educational programs Its outstanding feature is the Park Theater which seats 1,400. Incorporated in 1983 the non-profit arts center presents works of local, national, and international artists, as well as permanent and rotating exhibitions.[215]

Union City High School and Athletic Complex opened in September 2009 on the site of the former Roosevelt Stadium, demolished in 2005 to make way for it. The sports field is located on the second floor roof of the building, which also houses the Union City Performing Arts Center and a community health center.[216][217]

Celia Cruz Park was constructed in tribute to Cuban-American salsa singer Celia Cruz and other Latin stars

Emerson Middle School, was opened in April 1915 as West Hoboken High School, and was home to the Bulldogs. It was renamed Emerson High School for the writer Ralph Waldo Emerson, when the two towns merged. Located on New York Avenue at 18th Street, the original building is connected with the gym building, built in the 1980s, by a second story enclosed bridge that runs over New York Avenue. The school became the South campus of Union City High School in September 2008, before converting to a middle school in September 2009, with the opening of the new Union City High School proper. The mascot of Union City was also changed to the Soaring Eagles. Alumni of the school include DJ and music producer Erick Morillo[218] and former Green Bay Packers center Frank Winters.[219]

Union City is home to two Carnegie Libraries funded by the donations of steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. Both are considered historically and architecturally significant by the city.[220] The first was built in 1903 by the Cranwell family builders, who were active in the construction of many of the city's buildings,[221] with a $25,000 donation by Carnegie in what was once West Hoboken on 15th Street between Bergenline Avenue and New York Avenue. The second was built in 1905 at the corner of 43rd Street and New York Avenue in what was once Union Hill,[222][223] and is the main branch. The 15th Street library retains its original stained glass, but was closed in 2004 upon the completion of a new library on the corner of Summit Avenue and 18th Street, housed in the same building as José Martí Middle School.[224] It was converted into the William V. Musto Cultural Center,[24][225] which opened in June 2011. It houses the Union City Museum of Art, the Union City Police Museum, the Union City Art Gallery & Concert Hall, the Union City Museum of History, and a senior citizen center.[221][226]

On June 4, 2004, nearly a year after the death of Cuban-American salsa singer Celia Cruz (who lived in nearby Fort Lee), Union City heralded its annual Cuban Day Parade by dedicating its new Celia Cruz Park (also known as Celia Cruz Plaza) at 31st Street and Bergenline Avenue, with Cruz's widower, Pedro Knight, present. The park featured a sidewalk star in Cruz's honor, and an 8' × 10' mural by Union City's Edgardo Davila, a collage of Cruz's career throughout the decades. There are four other similar dedications to Cruz around the world.[227] The Latin American Kiwanis Club refurbished the park in early June 2006, replacing the mural with a backlit photograph of Cruz. Cruz's star has expanded into Union City's "Walk of Fame",[228] as new marble stars are added each spring to honor Latin entertainment and media personalities. People so honored at the park include merengue singer Joseíto Mateo, salsa singer La India, Cuban musician Israel "Cachao" Lopez, Cuban tenor Beny Moré,[229] Tito Puente, Spanish language television news anchor Rafael Pineda, salsa pioneer Johnny Pacheco,[230] singer/bandleader Gilberto Santa Rosa and music promoter Ralph Mercado.[231]

Spectators viewing the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks from Doric Park. The park was later turned into Firefighter's Memorial Park.

September 11 memorials The city's first memorial to honor the five Union City citizens who died in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks[232] was a sculpture placed in Doric Park, in whose courtyard citizens gathered on September 11, 2001 to view the attacks' aftermath.[233] On September 11, 2007, the city dedicated its Liberty Plaza to commemorate the event. The Plaza, which serves as a transit hub through which commuters pass on their way to and from Manhattan, includes two memorial markers.[234][235] Doric Park was later rebuilt as Firefighters Memorial Park, which opened in August 2009. The park includes a public swimming pool, and a new memorial to local fallen firefighters that stands at the entrance.[236][237] Its popularity has attracted visitors from Manhattan and Staten Island.[237]

The Monastery of the Perpetual Rosary, known as the The Blue Chapel, was constructed between 1912 and 1914, as the first monastery dedicated to the recitation of the Perpetual Rosary in the United States. Although the monastery was well-maintained for many decades, after the number of resident nuns and finances dwindled, the chapel deteriorated and was vacated in summer of 2009. Plans were announced later that year to renovate and expand the monastery in order to create housing units and underground parking, but negative public reaction squelched those plans. In 2010, the Chapel was included on Preservation New Jersey's annual 10 Most Endangered Historic Sites list, which is intended to draw attention to historical sites in need of preservation. The site's caretakers have previously indicated that it will likely be abandoned or sold,[238] but the city Board of Commissioners passed a November 3, 2010 resolution designating it as a historic site as part of efforts to protect it.[239][240]

Since 2009, Union City has erected a series of historical markers to commemorate the lives of its noteworthy natives. The first marker was dedicated to the memory of boxer Joe Jeanette on April 17, 2009, and placed at the corner of Summit Avenue and 27th Street on April 17, 2009, where Jeanette's former residence and gym once stood. The marker lies two blocks from a street, located between Summit Avenue and Kennedy Boulevard, that was named Jeanette Street in his honor.[241] Present at the dedication ceremony was Jeanette's grandniece, Sabrina Jennette.[242] The city's second historical marker was dedicated September 26, 2009 to Peter George Urban, a 10th degree karate grandmaster, writer and teacher who founded an American karate system, American Goju Do. Present at the dedication ceremony was Urban's daughter, Julia Urban-Kimmerly.[243] The city's third historical marker was dedicated on May 22, 2010 to novelist and screenwriter Pietro di Donato, and placed at Bergenline Avenue and 31st Street, where di Donato once lived, and which was named Pietro di Donato Plaza in his honor. Present at the dedication ceremony was di Donato's son, Richard.[244][245] The fourth was dedicated to painter William Tylee Ranney on September 18, 2010.[246] In addition to those honoring people, subsequent markers were erected to honor particular sites. As of December 2012, the city had eight historic markers.[247]

Media and culture

Union City is located within the New York media market, with most of its daily papers available for sale or delivery. Until its closing in 1991 the Hudson Dispatch, a morning daily newspaper that once had a circulation of 39,132, was based in Union City for 117 years.[248] It later relaunched as a free bilingual weekly.[249] Local, county, and regional news is covered by the daily Jersey Journal. The Union City Reporter is part of the Hudson Reporter group of local weeklies. Other weeklies, the River View Observer and El Especialito,[250] also cover local news.

Among the films set or shot in the city are Union City (1980) (which was released in conjunction with the Blondie song "Union City Blue"), Out of the Darkness (1985),[251] Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989),[97][251][252] and Far from Heaven (2002).[251] The low-budget film directed by former Guttenberg mayor Peter Lavilla, Oak Hill, features local institutions including Union City's Palisades Emergency Residence Corporation homeless shelter and a synagogue in North Bergen.[253] The first segment of the April 12, 2013 episode of the American version of the reality television series Undercover Boss was filmed in Union City. In the segment, Tony Wells, the CMO for the home security provider ADT, visits Union City to pose as a new employee being trained by a local ADT dealer.[254]

Artwork at the Union City Multi-Arts Festival

In the late 2000s, Union City, West New York, Weehawken and North Bergen came to be dubbed collectively as "NoHu", a North Hudson haven for local performing and fine artists, many of whom are immigrants from Latin America and other countries, in part due to lower housing costs compared to those in nearby art havens such as Hoboken, Jersey City and Manhattan.[255] The Union City area is a major training ground for actors in the county.[256] In September 2008, Union City held its first annual month-long Art Month, which originated with the September 2006 "Celebrate Art" show at St. John's Episcopal Church. Art Month includes events such as the Union City Arts and Crafts Festival, held the second week of every September. Group shows are also arranged by organizations such as La Ola,[255][257] a group formed to help unite local artists, and Federación Mercantil, which provides support to artists in the form of bank loan assistance and help avoiding foreclosure, and puts on an annual show of work by Spanish-American painters.[255] Another is the Union City Artists Collective, founded in 2007 by a group of artists and public officials that includes painter/sculptor Amado Mora,[258] who was named Union City's first Art Curator,[259] responsible for the Union City Art Gallery at City Hall.[258] Locations in which artists reside or have put on tours or shows include the Yardley Building, a former Yardley of London soap factory on Palisade Avenue that overlooks Hoboken, and the old R.H. Simon Silk Mill on 39th Street, which has been dubbed the "Union Hill Arts Building". The Park Performing Arts Center is also a popular arts venue in the city, as it houses Hudson Theatre Works, a theatre company founded in 2011.[256] It was also the first venue for the Park Players, an acting troupe founded in the early 1980s by local teacher Joseph Conklin,[260] and formerly hosted the NoHu Visions show, and the annual two-day Multi-Arts Festival[255][261] until 2010, when the latter moved to Union City High School, which houses the Union City Performing Arts Center.[262][263]

In 2009 poet/musician Graciela Barreto was named Union City's first poet laureate.[262] By April 2010 she was succeeded by Ben Figueroa.[264] During the late 2000s the city also named a City Historian and organized a Historical Committee.[259]

The 2010 independent gothic horror art film, Vampire in Union City, was filmed entirely in Union City, and was directed by entertainer and Union City Commissioner Lucio Fernandez. Produced by MeLu Films, it premiered on September 3, 2010 at the Summit Theater, marking the city's first movie premiere,[265][266] and the 2010 Celebrate Art Month, which included art exhibits, jazz, dance and opera performances, a film festival, and the public release of Francisco Rivadeneira's book, Los Amos del Planeta, Tomo II.[267][268]

The Multi-Arts Festival is an exhibition of artwork, musical performances and workshops held every May since 1981. Students and alumni of the various schools of Union City display their artwork, put on musical performances, and put on free demonstrations of sculpture, portraiture and caricature for attendees. It was created by Agnes Dauerman, a Union Hill High School art teacher, who coordinated the program for 25 years before she retired in 2005.[261] The Union City Museum of Art, the Union City Police Museum, the Union City Art Gallery and Concert Hall and the Union City Museum of History are housed in the William V. Musto Cultural Center, formerly the 15th Street library.[221][269] The Musto Center hosts a number of events, including various concerts and theatrical performances.[270] Specific events it has hosted include the Union City Artist Awards,[271] the NoHu International Film Festival,[272] and Artists Assemble!, a comics festival first held in February 2013.[273]

The first annual Union City International Film Festival began in December 2010, with the short film "X", which was written and directed by Josh Brolin, as the opening film.[274][275][276] Later that month Union City unveiled the Union City Plaza of the Arts on Bergenline Avenue between 30th and 31st Streets, as a venue for artists to congregate and showcase their work. The location, which sees copious traffic to and from Midtown Manhattan, was chosen in order to showcase the city in a positive light to commuters, and so that the plaza could represent fine arts alongside the adjacent Pietro Di Donato Plaza and Celia Cruz Plaza, which represent literature and music, respectively.[277][278]

On June 11, 2014, the city's Board of Commissioners passed a resolution adopting "Union City" as the city's official song. The song was composed by Union City native Phil Gallo and Weehawken native Mike Boldt, and performed by the group Dez Manku, which features Boldt and Gallo. An accompanying music video was produced and edited by Maruo DeTrizio for Action Productions, and released on YouTube and iTunes. The guitar-driven rock song's lyrics make references to local streets such as Bergenline Avenue and Monastery Place, and landmarks such as the Roosevelt Theater and the Hudson Burlesque, and its former high schools, Emerson and Union Hill.[259]

Notable people

Notes

^ a: Nearby Guttenberg, New Jersey is more densely populated, but not incorporated as a city.

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Bartlett, Kay. "Little Havana on the Hudson", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 28, 1977 Archived at Google News, Accessed March 31, 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2010 Census Gazetteer Files: New Jersey County Subdivisions, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2015.
  3. 1 2 US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  4. 1 2 2005 New Jersey Legislative District Data Book, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, p. 144.
  5. ↑ 2015 New Jersey Mayors Directory, New Jersey Department of Community Affairs, as of October 20, 2015. Accessed November 15, 2015.
  6. ↑ City Clerk, City of Union City. Accessed September 14, 2014.
  7. ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: City of Union City, Geographic Names Information System. Accessed March 14, 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 for Union City city, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed January 24, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Municipalities Grouped by 2011–2020 Legislative Districts, New Jersey Department of State, p. 14. Accessed January 6, 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 Table DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010 for Union City city, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Accessed January 24, 2012.
  11. ↑ 2010 Census Populations, Asbury Park Press. Accessed September 19, 2011.
  12. 1 2 PEPANNRES - Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - 2014 Population Estimates for New Jersey municipalities, United States Census Bureau. Accessed May 21, 2015.
  13. 1 2 GCT-PH1 Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - State -- County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey, United States Census Bureau. Accessed August 11, 2013.
  14. ↑ Look Up a ZIP code for Union City, NJ, United States Postal Service. Accessed September 19, 2011.
  15. ↑ ZIP codes, State of New Jersey. Accessed August 19, 2013.
  16. ↑ Area Code Lookup - NPA NXX for Union City, NJ, Area-Codes.com. Accessed September 14, 2014.
  17. ↑ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  18. ↑ A Cure for the Common Codes: New Jersey, Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed August 23, 2012.
  19. ↑ US Board on Geographic Names, United States Geological Survey. Accessed September 4, 2014.
  20. ↑ Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed November 12, 2012.
  21. ↑ De Avila, Joseph. "Tightly Packed Union City Welcomes More", The Wall Street Journal, August 27, 2011. Accessed August 23, 2012. "Union City is a tiny city measuring just over one square mile with about 66,000 residents, making it the most densely populated city in the country, according to the latest U.S. Census."
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 148. Accessed January 24, 2012.
  23. ↑ Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed October 14, 2015.
  24. 1 2 Karabin, Gerard. "About UCNJ", City of Union City. Accessed November 26, 2010.
  25. ↑ Trigger, Bruce G. Delaware languages: Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 15: Northeast, page 215. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1978. ISBN 0-16-004575-4.
  26. ↑ Day, Gordon M. "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests." Ecology, Vol. 34, No. 2 (April): 329-346. New England and New York areas 1580–1800. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey and the Massachuset tribe in Massachusetts used fire in ecosystems.1953
  27. ↑ Russell, Emily W.B. "Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A.D.: A Palynological, Vegetational and Historical Synthesis." PhD dissertation. New Brunswick, PA: Rutgers University. Author notes on page 8 that Indians often augmented lightning fires. 1979
  28. ↑ Russell, Emily W.B. "Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States." Ecology, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Feb): 78 88. 1983a Author found no strong evidence that Indians purposely burned large areas, but they did burn small areas near their habitation sites. Noted that the Lenna Lenape Tribe used fire.
  29. ↑ A Brief Description of New York, Formerly Called New Netherlands with the Places Thereunto Adjoining, Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There. New York, NY: William Gowans. 1670. Reprinted in 1937 by the Facsimile Text Society, Columbia University Press, New York. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey used fire in ecosystems.
  30. ↑ Karnoutsos, Carmela. Pavonia, Lower Jersey City New Jersey City University. Accessed October 14, 2015.
  31. ↑ Robinson, Dr. Walter F. (1964). New Jersey Tercentenary: 1664–1964. Hudson County Tercentenary Committee for this information, p. 190
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fernandez, Lucio; Karabin, Gerard (2010). Union City in Pictures. Book Press NY. pp. 11–13.
  33. ↑ 50th Anniversary of the Incorporation of the Town of West Hoboken, N.J. (1911). Datz Co.
  34. ↑ Karnoutsos, Carmela. 350th Anniversary of the Dutch Settlement of Bergen; Colonial Jersey City, New Jersey City University. Accessed October 14, 2015.
  35. 1 2 Kaulessar, Ricardo. "350 years of history; Fair commemorates founding of Jersey City, will honor the oldest families in Hudson County". Hudson Reporter, October 3, 2010. Accessed October 14, 2015. "Before there was a Jersey City or a Hudson County, the village of Bergen – the first European settlement in New Jersey, founded in 1660 by Dutch settler Peter Stuyvesant – had its origins in what is now the Journal Square area of Jersey City near Academy Street."
  36. ↑ Bergen: Town and Township Nov 1660-Sept 22, 1668, 1957 Genealogical Society of New Jersey
  37. 1 2 Harvey, Cornelius Burnham. Genealogical History of Hudson and Bergen Counties, New Jersey, p. 20. The New Jersey Genealogical Publishing Company, 1900. Accessed October 14, 2015.
  38. ↑ Winfield, Charles H. History of the County of Hudson, New Jersey, p. 525. Kennard & Hay Stationary, 1874. Accessed October 14, 2015.
  39. 1 2 3 Northern Part of the Town of Union, 1873, Gleason's Old Maps, East Templeton, Massachusetts
  40. 1 2 3 Business Directory Of North Hudson, North Hudson Hospital Association, Town of Union, N.J. 1905, p. 331
  41. 1 2 3 Union City 2000 Calendar, 2000, culled from History of West Hoboken and Union Hill by Ella-Mary Ryman, 1965 and "The Historical Background of Union City" by Daniel A. Primont, William G. Fiedler and Fred Zuccaro, 1964
  42. ↑ Rules and Regulations of the Police Department of the Town of Union, N.J. Adopted July 13, 1881. West Hoboken, A.E. Gregory, Printer, Palisade Avenue. 1881
  43. ↑ Van Winkle, Daniel (1924). History of the Municipalities of Hudson County, NJ 1630–1923, Lewis Historical Publishing Company Inc. New York & Chicago. pp. 463-464
  44. ↑ Karabin, Gerard. "Brief History of Union City". Union City, New Jersey. Accessed June 18, 2013. "Eighty-five years ago on June 1, 1925, the Town of Union (colloquially known as Union Hill) and the Township of West Hoboken joined together and became one, the city of Union City."
  45. ↑ Union Hill Middle School. Accessed August 27, 2013.
  46. 1 2 3 Perez-Stable, Marifeli. "That other Cuban community" The Miami Herald December 3, 2009
  47. ↑ History page, Schiffli Lace and Embroidery Manufacturers Association. Accessed February 18, 2011.
  48. ↑ Cunningham, John (2004). This is New Jersey (4 ed.). Yonkers, New York: Rutgers University Press/Hudson River Museum. p. 100. ISBN 0-8135-2141-6.
  49. 1 2 Popik, Barry (August 15, 2006). "Little Havana (Miami) & Little Havana on the Hudson (Union City, New Jersey)". BarryPopkik.com
  50. ↑ Pristin, Terry. "In New Jersey, a Delicate Industry Unravels", The New York Times, January 3, 1998. Accessed August 19, 2013.
  51. ↑ Conte, Michaelangelo. "Union City dedicates plaza that honors history as 'Embroidery Capital of the World'", The Jersey Journal, May 31, 2014. Accessed October 14, 2015. "Union City named a portion of New York Avenue 'Embroidery Plaza' last night to commemorate the city’s once-thriving embroidery industry."
  52. ↑ Keller, Susan Jo. "At Schuetzen Park, a Bit of Germany and a Tradition of Charity", The New York Times, October 6, 1996.
  53. ↑ The Cultural Thread/El Hilo Cultural, Park Performing Art Center. Accessed June 25, 2007.
  54. ↑ Romano, Jay. "Union City Journal: 2 Passion Plays Thrive On a 'Friendly Rivalry'", The New York Times, March 5, 1989. Accessed October 14, 2015.
  55. ↑ Karabin, Gerry. "ABOUT UCNJ: BRIEF HISTORY OF UNION CITY", City of Union City, NJ. Accessed August 31, 2013.
  56. ↑ Fernandez, 2010, p. 15.
  57. ↑ "Grace Allen Biography". TV Guide. Accessed April 14, 2014.
  58. ↑ "2000 Hall of Fame inductees". IFBB Hall of Fame. Accessed October 26, 2010.
  59. 1 2 The Union City Public Schools: Technology Plan 2004–2007, Union City Board of Education, approved April 29, 2004, p. 4 of 25. Accessed June 25, 2007. "According to the 1997 New Jersey Municipal Distress Index, which is based on social, economic, fiscal and physical indicators, of the 566 municipalities in New Jersey, Union City is considered to be the 3rd most distressed community in the state.... In the 1940's Union City attracted the first Cuban immigrants. These early Cubans learned of Union City's famed embroidery factories and came in search of work."
  60. 1 2 3 Hope, Bradley (August 2, 2006). "Havana on Hudson Reverberates After Castro's Operation". The New York Sun. Accessed June 25, 2007. "Several of the group's leaders sat in chairs around the union hall on a quiet street in Union City, N.J., a town minutes away from Manhattan that was once known as "Havana on the Hudson".
  61. ↑ Grenier, Guillermo J. Miami now!: immigration, ethnicity, and social change, Archived at Google Books. Accessed March 31, 2011.
  62. ↑ Evelyn Nieves. "Cubans' Kin Are Anxious In Union City" The New York Times August 29, 1994
  63. ↑ Rosero, Jessica. "Most liquor licenses? Bumpiest town? Local municipalities hold unusual distinctions". The Hudson Reporter. August 27, 2006. Accessed June 25, 2007. "At one time, Union City had its own claim to fame as being the second largest Cuban community in the nation, after Miami. During the wave of immigrant exiles of the 1960s, the Cuban population that did not settle in Miami's Little Havana found its way to the north in Union City. However, throughout the years, the growing Cuban community has spread out to other regions of North Hudson."
  64. ↑ "Cuban cigar tradition fades". Taipei Times. September 4, 2005
  65. ↑ Martin, Lydia. "Cuban cool" The Star-Ledger. August 9, 1995. pp. 41 and 54.
  66. ↑ Juri, Carmen (August 9, 1995). "Jersey's Cuban flavors". The Star-Ledger. pp. 41 and 54
  67. 1 2 3 Applebome, Peter. "In Little Little Havana, Not Quite as Much of a Cuban Feel". The New York Times, February 21, 2008. Accessed October 14, 2015.
  68. ↑ Rosero, jessica. "Celebrating Cuban Pride Fifth annual Cuban Day Parade draws residents and honored guests", Hudson Reporter, June 11, 2004. Accessed October 14, 2015.
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  110. 1 2 Dwyer, Jim (March 22, 2016). "In a Cuban Enclave in New Jersey, Skeptics View a Moment With Open Minds". The New York Times.
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  117. ↑ Ecuadorian Communities, EPodunk. Accessed June 28, 2006.
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  123. ↑ Barron, James (December 8, 2005). "The Cookie That Comes Out in the Cold". The New York Times.
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  134. ↑ Plan Components Report, New Jersey Redistricting Commission, December 23, 2011. Accessed January 6, 2013.
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  140. ↑ Biography of Bob Menendez, United States Senate, January 26, 2015. "He currently lives in Paramus and has two children, Alicia and Robert."
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  166. ↑ "Board in New Jersey and Get off in Latin America", Avianca. Accessed January 27, 2009.
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  172. ↑ Abbott Districts. New Jersey Department of Education, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 15, 2009. Accessed August 21, 2012.
  173. ↑ "What are SDA Districts?". New Jersey Schools Development Authority. Accessed August 21, 2012. "SDA Districts are 31 special-needs school districts throughout New Jersey. They were formerly known as Abbott Districts, based on the Abbott v. Burke case in which the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that the State must provide 100 percent funding for all school renovation and construction projects in special-needs school districts.... The districts were renamed after the elimination of the Abbott designation through passage of the state's new School Funding Formula in January 2008."
  174. ↑ SDA Districts, New Jersey Schools Development Authority. Accessed August 21, 2012.
  175. ↑ District information for Union City School District, National Center for Education Statistics. Accessed September 14, 2014.
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  187. ↑ Woodrow Wilson Arts Integrated School. Union City School District. Accessed August 11, 2013.
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  190. ↑ Union Hill Middle School. Union City School District. Accessed August 11, 2013.
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  194. ↑ New Jersey School Directory for the Union City School District. New Jersey Department of Education. Accessed August 11, 2013.
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  196. ↑ Hu, Winnie (November 22, 2007). "After 88 Years of Rivalry, the Last as Us and Them". The New York Times. "But today's so-called Turkey Game signals the end of the tradition. Next fall, the two schools will merge in a new $176 million building.... The new Union City High School will take up 4.5 acres (18,000 m2) in the center of the city, squeezed between row houses and commercial strips. It will have a football field and bleachers built on the roof so that players will no longer have to share the facilities at José Martí Middle School."
  197. ↑ Thorbourne, Ken (August 30, 2009). "Eagles ready to soar at new Union City High School". NJ.com.
  198. ↑ U.S. Department of Education Blue Ribbon Schools Program: Schools Recognized 1982 Through 2013 (PDF), United States Department of Education. Accessed December 31, 2014.
  199. ↑ Goldman, Jeff. "Which N.J. schools were named to national 'Blue Ribbon' list?", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, October 2, 2014. Accessed December 31, 2014. "Eleven New Jersey schools have been named to the annual National Blue Ribbon list, the U.S. Department of Education announced Tuesday."
  200. ↑ 2014 National Blue Ribbon Schools All Public and Private, United States Department of Education. Accessed December 31, 2014.
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  203. ↑ Hudson County Elementary Schools, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark. Accessed November 12, 2012.
  204. ↑ Rundquist, Jeanette. "15 N.J. schools named as national 'Blue Ribbon' winners", The Star-Ledger, September 24, 2013. Accessed September 25, 2013. "Five Catholic schools, six county vocational-technical schools and a Yeshiva are among the list of honored schools in New Jersey. Also named as 2013 Blue Ribbon Schools were Dover, Harrison and Wildwood high schools."
  205. ↑ 2013 National Blue Ribbon Schools All Public and Private, pp. 15–17. United States Department of Education, National Blue Ribbon Schools Program. Accessed September 25, 2013.
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  207. ↑ History, Miftaahul Uloom Academy. Accessed February 18, 2011.
  208. ↑ "Islamic Private Schools in New Jersey", Private School Review. Accessed December 17, 2012
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  211. ↑ Reyes, Daniel (July 17, 2012). "Sen. Menendez visits Union City daycare with women officials to underline his commitment to improving women's lives". NJ.com.
  212. ↑ Staff (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
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  217. ↑ Endangered Historic Site: Hudson County: Roosevelt Stadium – 2004, Preservation New Jersey. Accessed June 8, 2006.
  218. ↑ 1989 Altruist: A Classic Year The Emerson High School yearbook for 1989
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  227. ↑ Homage to Celia Cruz: UC to pay tribute to Queen of Salsa with events, park dedication, Union City Reporter, May 30, 2004.
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  254. ↑ "ADT". Undercover Boss. Season 4. Episode 13. April 12, 2013. CBS.
  255. 1 2 3 4 Paul, Amry; and Matzner, Caren. "Scores of artists find a place in N. Hudson WNY, Union City, Weehawken, and North Bergen becoming 'NoHu'", Hudson Reporter, June 5, 2008. Accessed May 6, 2016. "Local artists are currently thriving in Union City and the neighboring immigrant towns on this side of the river - buoyed both by a need to preserve their native culture, and a realization that housing prices are slightly lower here than in nearby arts havens like Hoboken, Jersey City, and Manhattan."
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