United States House of Representatives elections, 1862

United States House of Representatives elections, 1862

June 2, 1862 - November 3, 1863[Note 1]

All 184[Note 2] seats to the United States House of Representatives 93 seats were needed for a majority   First party Second party Third party   Leader Galusha Grow Samuel Cox Francis Thomas Party Republican Democratic Constitutional Union Leader's seat Pennsylvania-14th (defeated) Ohio-7th Maryland-4th Last election 108 seats 45 seats 28 seats Seats won 87[Note 3] 72 25 Seat change 21 27 3

Speaker before election Galusha Grow (defeated) Republican Elected Speaker Schuyler Colfax Republican

Elections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1862, mostly in November, in the middle of President Abraham Lincoln's first term. His Republicans lost 22 seats in Congress, while the Democrats picked up 28, for a net swing of 50 seats (or 27 percent) out of a total House membership of 185.

The mid-term elections in 1862 brought the Republicans serious losses due to sharp disfavor with the Administration over its failure to deliver a speedy end to the war, as well as rising inflation, high new taxes, ugly rumors of corruption, the suspension of habeas corpus, the draft law, and fears that freed slaves would undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation announced in September gained votes in Yankee areas of New England and the upper Midwest, but it lost votes in the ethnic cities and the lower Midwest. While Republicans were discouraged, Democrats were energized and did especially well in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and New York. Elated Democrats from the Northwest hailed the elections as a repudiation of the emancipation heresy.^[1]

The Republicans did keep control of the major states except New York. Most important, the Republicans retained control of the House, in spite of falling from 59% of the seats to just over 46% because of their alliance with the 24 Unionist representatives; the Unionists were a group of disaffected pro-war Democrats who broke with their party during the previous Congress. The voters, editorialized the Cincinnati Gazette, "are depressed by the interminable nature of this war, as so far conducted, and by the rapid exhaustion of the national resources without progress.".^[2]

A typical result came in Lincoln's home district of Springfield, Illinois, where John T. Stuart, a Democrat and one of Lincoln's former law partners, defeated the Republican incumbent. Anti-black sentiments that overwhelmingly favored forbidding immigration of freed slaves and preventing black suffrage was primarily responsible.^[3]

Election summaries

Tennessee and Virginia had been partially represented in the 37th Congress with 8 filled seats between them, but were unrepresented in the 38th Congress. The other 9 secessionist states had been unrepresented in the 37th Congress and remained unrepresented in the 38th, leaving 58 vacancies^[4] (61, including the new state of West Virginia).

Reapportionment took place according to the 1860 Census, using the 1850 Apportionment bill^[5] which provided for a permanent total of 233 seats, but a subsequent bill added an additional 8 seats,^[6] increasing the number of seats to 241 (58 of which were in secessionist states, once the three new seats for West Virginia are excluded from the total), a net gain of 2 seats over the previous Congress. Excluding the secessionist states, 2 states lost 2 seats each, 5 states lost 1 seat, 11 states had no change in apportionment, 2 states gained 2 seats each, 1 state gained 3 seats, 1 gained 4 seats, and 1 gained 5 seats. Within the secessionist states, 3 states lost 2 seats each, 3 lost 1 seat, 2 had no change, 2 gained 1 seat each, and 1 gained 2 seats, a net loss of five seats apportioned to those states.

Upon the admission of West Virginia, 3 of Virginia's seats were reassigned to the new State, filling 3 vacancies,^[7] and during the 2nd session, one seat was added for the new State of Nevada.^[8]

↓

85	2	25	72
Republican	IR	Unionist	Democratic

State	Type	Date	Total seats		Republican	Democratic	Unionist[Note 4]
			Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Illinois	District + 1 at-large	November 4, 1862 (Election Day)[Note 5]	14	5	5	1	9	4	0
Kansas	At-large		1		1		0		0
Michigan	District		6	2	5	1	1	1	0
Minnesota	District[Note 6]		2		2		0		0
Missouri	District		9	2	1		0	5	8	7
New Jersey	District		5		1	1	4	1	0
New York	District		31	2	14	9	17	7	0
Wisconsin	District		6	3	3		3	3	0
Delaware	At-large	November 1, 1862	1		0		1	1	0	1
Indiana	District	October 14, 1862	11		4	3	7	3	0
Iowa	District	October 14, 1862	6	4	6	4	0		0
Maine	District	September 8, 1862	5	1	4	2	1	1	0
Massachusetts	District	November 1, 1862	10	1	10		0		0	1
Ohio	District	October 14, 1862	19	2	5	8	14	6	0
Oregon	At-large	June 2, 1862	1		1	1	0	1	0
Pennsylvania	District	October 14, 1862	24	1	12[Note 3]	7	12	6	0
1863 elections
California	At-large	September 2, 1863	3		3		0		0
Connecticut	District	April 6, 1863	4		3	1	1	1	0
Kentucky	District	August 3, 1863	9	1	0		0	1	9
Maryland	District	November 3, 1863	5	1	0		1	1	4	2
New Hampshire	District	March 10, 1863	3		2	1	1	1	0
Rhode Island	District	April 1, 1863	2		2	2	0		0	2
Vermont	District	September 1, 1863	3		3		0		0
West Virginia[Note 7]	District	October 22, 1863	3	3	0		0		3	3
1864 election
Nevada[Note 7]	At-large	November 8, 1864	1	1	1	1	0		0
Secessionist States
Alabama	District		6	1
Arkansas	District		3	1
Florida	At-large		1
Georgia	District		7	1
Louisiana	District		5	1						2
Mississippi	District		5
North Carolina	District		7	1
South Carolina	District		4	2
Tennessee	District		8	2						3
Texas	District		4	2
Virginia	District		11[Note 8]	2						5
Total[Note 2]			184 58 Vacancies[Note 9]	3	87[Note 3] 47.3%	23	72 39.1%	27	25 13.6%	5

House seats
Republican			47.28%
Democratic			39.13%
Unionist			13.59%

List of races

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

California

Note: From statehood to 1866, California's representatives were elected at-large, with the top two vote-getters winning election from 1849 to 1858; in 1860 when California gained a seat in the House the top three vote-getters were elected.

District	Incumbent	Party	Results	Candidates
California's 1st at-large seat	Timothy Phelps	Republican	Retired Republican hold	Cornelius Cole (R) 20% William Higby (R) 19.9% Thomas B. Shannon (R) 19.9% John Bigler (I) 13.4% John B. Weller (I) 13.4% Ninian E. Whiteside (D) 13.4%
California's 2nd at-large seat	Aaron A. Sargent	Republican	Retired Republican hold
California's 3rd at-large seat	Frederick F. Low	Republican	Retired Republican hold

Ohio

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[9]
Ohio 1	George H. Pendleton	Democratic	1856	Re-elected	George H. Pendleton (D) 54.0% William S. Groesbeck (R) 46.0%
Ohio 2	John A. Gurley	Republican	1858	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Alexander Long (D) 50.5% John A. Gurley (R) 49.5%
Ohio 3	Clement Vallandigham	Democratic	1858 (s)	Lost re-election Republican gain	Robert C. Schenck (R) 52.5% Clement Vallandigham (D) 47.5%
Ohio 4	William Allen	Democratic	1858	Retired Democratic hold	John F. McKinney (D) 52.0% William H. West (R) 48.0%
Ohio 5	New district			No incumbent Democratic gain	Francis C. Le Blond (D) 63.0% Conduce H. Gatch (R) 37.0%
Ohio 6	Chilton A. White	Democratic	1860	Re-elected	Chilton A. White (D) 52.0% Robert M. Briggs (R) 48.0%
Ohio 7	Richard A. Harrison	Unionist	1861 (s)	Retired Democratic loss	Samuel S. Cox (D) 50.7% Samuel Shellabarger (R) 49.3%
	Samuel S. Cox Redistricted from the 12th district	Democratic	1856	Re-elected
	Samuel Shellabarger Redistricted from the 8th district	Republican	1860	Lost renomination Democratic loss
Ohio 8	New district			No incumbent Democratic gain	William Johnston (D) 51.0% James H. Godman (R) 49.0%
Ohio 9	Warren P. Noble	Democratic	1860	Re-elected	Warren P. Noble (D) 52.8% Samuel T. Worcester (R) 47.2%
	Samuel T. Worcester Redistricted from the 13th district	Republican	1861 (s)	Lost re-election Republican loss
Ohio 10	James M. Ashley Redistricted from the 5th district	Republican	1858	Re-elected	James M. Ashley (R) 38.6% Morrison R. Waite (ind-R) 32.2% James W. Phelps (D) 29.2%
Ohio 11	Valentine B. Horton	Republican	1860	Retired Democratic gain	Wells A. Hutchins (D) 56.2% Hezekiah S. Bundy (R) 43.8%
Ohio 12	Carey A. Trimble Redistricted from the 10th district	Republican	1858	Lost re-election Democratic gain	William E. Finck (D) 62.9% Carey A. Trimble (R) 37.1%
Ohio 13	New district			No incumbent Democratic gain	John O'Neill (D) 56.8% George B. Wright (R) 43.2%
Ohio 14	Harrison G. O. Blake	Republican	1859 (s)	Retired Democratic gain	George Bliss (D) 50.09% Martin Welker (R) 49.91%
Ohio 15	Robert H. Nugen	Democratic	1860	Retired Democratic hold	James R. Morris (D) 52.9% William P. Cutler (R) 47.1%
	James R. Morris Redistricted from the 17th district	Democratic	1860	Re-elected
	William P. Cutler Redistricted from the 16th district	Republican	1860	Lost re-election Republican loss
Ohio 16	New district			No incumbent Democratic gain	Joseph W. White (D) 55.2% John Bingham (R) 44.8%
Ohio 17	New district			No incumbent Republican gain	Ephraim R. Eckley (R) 52.4% George Belden (D) 47.6%
Ohio 18	Sidney Edgerton	Republican	1858	Retired Republican hold	Rufus P. Spalding (R) 69.0% David R. Paige, Sr. (D) 31.0%
Ohio 19	Albert G. Riddle	Republican	1860	Retired Republican hold	James A. Garfield (R) 66.3% George W. Wood (D) 33.7%

See also

• United States Senate elections, 1862
• 38th United States Congress
• 37th United States Congress

Notes

1. Excluding states admitted after the start of Congress.
2. Including late elections.
3. Includes 2 Independent Republicans, elected to elected to PA-13 and PA-18.
4. Including Unconditional Unionists.
5. In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for Congressional elections as well.
6. Changed from at-large.
7. New state.
8. Subsequently, 3 seats were transferred to the new state of West Virginia.
9. After 3 seats were reassigned from Virginia to West Virginia.

References

1. Voegeli (1963).
2. Nevins (1960), 6:318-22, quote on p. 322.
3. Tap (1993).
4. Dubin, p. 197.
5. 9 Stat. 432
6. 12 Stat. 353
7. 12 Stat. 633
8. 13 Stat. 32
9. Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 150, 151.

Bibliography

• Carson, Jamie L. et al. "The Impact of National Tides and District-Level Effects on Electoral Outcomes: The U.S. Congressional Elections of 1862-63," American Journal of Political Science, Oct 2001, Vol. 45 Issue 4, pp 887–898 in JSTOR
• Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: vol 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862-1863 (1960)
• Shankman, Arnold. "Francis W. Hughes and the 1862 Pennsylvania Election." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 1971 95(3): 383-393. ISSN 0031-4587
• Tap, Bruce. "Race, Rhetoric, and Emancipation: the Election of 1862 in Illinois." Civil War History 1993 39(2): 101-125. ISSN 0009-8078
• Voegeli, Jacque. "The Northwest and the Race Issue, 1861-1862," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol. 50, No. 2 (Sep., 1963), pp. 235–251 IN jstor
• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)