United States House of Representatives elections, 1826

United States House of Representatives elections, 1826

July 3, 1826 - August 30, 1827

All 213 seats to the United States House of Representatives 107 seats were needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Andrew Stevenson John W. Taylor Party Jacksonian Adams Leader's seat Virginia-9th New York-17th Last election 104 seats 109 seats Seats won 113 100 Seat change 9 9

Speaker before election John W. Taylor Adams Elected Speaker Andrew Stevenson Jacksonian

Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 20th Congress were held at various dates in each state in 1826 and 1827.

In these midterm campaigns, the aftershock of the contested 1824 presidential election remained a major issue. The former Democratic-Republican Party had split into two parties, the Jacksonians, supporting Andrew Jackson (which would later become the Democratic Party) and the Adams men or Anti-Jacksonians, supporters of President John Quincy Adams. Adams' supporters would later come to be known as the National Republican Party. The Jacksonians were able to pick up a slim majority in the House by painting an image of the Adams Men as elitist and of the Jacksonians as the party of the common farmer or artisan. This tactic helped them pick up a number of rural seats.

Election summaries

↓

113	100
Jacksonian	Anti-Jacksonian

State	Type	Date	Total seats	Jacksonian	Adams/Anti-Jacksonian
				Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Delaware	At-large	October 3, 1826	1	0	1	1	1
Georgia	District[Note 1] (7)	October 2, 1826	7	7		0
Illinois	At-large	August 7, 1826	1	1	1	0	1
Indiana	District (3)	August 7, 1826	3	1		2
Louisiana	District (3)	July 3–5, 1826	3	1		2
Maine	District (7)	September 8, 1826[Note 2]	7	2	1	5	1
Maryland	District (8[Note 3])	October 2, 1826	9	3	1	6	1
Massachusetts	District (13)	November 6, 1826[Note 4]	13	0	1	13	1
Mississippi	At-large	August 7, 1826	1	1		0
Missouri	At-large	August 7, 1826	1	0		1
New Jersey	At-large	October 10, 1826	6	1	2	5	2
New York	District (30[Note 5])	November 6–8, 1826	34	20	12	14	12
Ohio	District (14)	October 10, 1826	14	2		12
Pennsylvania	District (18[Note 6])	October 10, 1826	26	20	2	6	2
South Carolina	District (9)	October 9–10, 1826	9	9		0
Vermont	District (5)	September 5, 1826[Note 7]	5	0	1	5	1
1827 elections
Alabama	District (3)	August 1–3, 1827	3	3		0
Connecticut	At-large	April 12, 1827	6	0		6
Kentucky	District (12)	August 6, 1827	12	7	2	5	2
New Hampshire	At-large	March 13, 1827	6	1		5
North Carolina	District (13)	August 9, 1827	13	9	2	4	2
Rhode Island	At-large	August 30, 1827	2	0		2
Tennessee	District (9)	August 2–3, 1827	9	9		0
Virginia	District (22)	April 30, 1827	22	16	1	6	1
Total			213	113 53.1%	9	100 46.9%	9

House seats
Jacksonian			53.05%
Adams			46.95%

Complete returns

Alabama

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Alabama 1 Known as the Northern district	Gabriel Moore	Jacksonian	1821	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Gabriel Moore[Note 8] (J)
Alabama 2 Known as the Middle district	John McKee	Jacksonian	1823	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John McKee (J) 67.5% Thomas Farrar 32.5%
Alabama 3 Known as the Southern district	George W. Owen	Jacksonian	1823	Incumbent re-elected.	√ George W. Owen[Note 8] (J)

Connecticut

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Connecticut at-large 6 seats on a general ticket	Gideon Tomlinson	Adams	1818	Lost re-election.[Note 9] Adams hold.	√ Ralph I. Ingersoll (A) 16.1% √ Elisha Phelps (A) 13.9% √ David Plant (A) 10.1% √ Orange Merwin (A) 9.2% √ John Baldwin (A) 8.6% √ Noyes Barber (A) 7.4% Alexander Stewart 6.5% Ansel Sterling (A) 5.5% Andrew T. Judson (J) 5.2% Robert Fairchild 5.0% Timothy Pitkin 2.7% Lyman Law 2.6% Joseph Eaton 2.5% Jacob B. Gerrly 1.9% Gideon Tomlinson (A) 1.0% Roger Sherman 1.0% Thomas S. Williams 0.7%
	Elisha Phelps	Adams	1818 1825	Incumbent re-elected.
	Ralph I. Ingersoll	Adams	1825	Incumbent re-elected.
	Orange Merwin	Adams	1825	Incumbent re-elected.
	Noyes Barber	Adams	1821	Incumbent re-elected.
	John Baldwin	Adams	1825	Incumbent re-elected.

Delaware

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Delaware at-large	Louis McLane	Jacksonian	1816	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Louis McLane (J) 54.1% Arnold Naudain (A) 45.9%

Louis McLane (J) resigned before the start of the 20th Congress, having been elected to the Senate and was replaced in a special election by Kensey Johns, Jr. (A)

Georgia

Georgia switched to using districts for this election. Two incumbents, James Meriwether and George Cary, did not run for re-election.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Georgia 1	Edward F. Tattnall Redistricted from the at-large district	Jacksonian	1820	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Edward F. Tattnall (J) 100%
Georgia 2	John Forsyth Redistricted from the at-large district	Jacksonian	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Forsyth (J) 100%
Georgia 3	Wiley Thompson Redistricted from the at-large district	Jacksonian	1820	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Wiley Thompson (J) 60.3% Benjamin Cleveland 39.7%
Georgia 4	None (District created)			New seat Jacksonian gain.	√ Wilson Lumpkin (J) 50.3% Walter T. Colquitt 49.7%
Georgia 5	Charles E. Haynes Redistricted from the at-large district	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Charles E. Haynes (J) 78.7% August B. Longstreet 21.3%
Georgia 6	Alfred Cuthbert Redistricted from the at-large district	Jacksonian	1820	Lost re-election Jacksonian hold.	√ Tomlinson Fort (J) 54.0% Alfred Cuthbert (J) 46.0%
Georgia 7	None (District created)			New seat Jacksonian gain.	√ John Floyd (J) 51.2% A. M. King[Note 10] 48.8%

Edward F. Tattnall (J) of the 1st district resgined in 1827 before the start of the 20th Congress and was replaced in a special election by George R. Gilmer (J).

John Forsyth (J) of the 2nd district resigned November 6, 1827, having been elected Governor of Georgia, and was replaced in a special election by Richard Henry Wilde (J)

Illinois

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Illinois at-large	Daniel P. Cook	Adams	1819	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ Joseph Duncan (J) 49.5% Daniel P. Cook (A) 44.0% James Turney 6.5% Others 0.1%

Indiana

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Indiana 1	Ratliff Boon	Jacksonian	1824	Lost re-election. Adams gain.	√ Thomas H. Blake (A) 43.0% Ratliff Boon (J) 42.8% Lawrence S. Shuler 14.2%
Indiana 2	Jonathan Jennings	Adams	1822 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Jonathan Jennings (A) 100%
Indiana 3	John Test	Adams	1822	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ Oliver H. Smith (J) 55.2% John Test (A) 44.8%

Kentucky

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Kentucky 1	David Trimble	Adams	1816	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ Henry Daniel (J) 52.2% David Trimble (A) 47.8%
Kentucky 2	Thomas Metcalfe	Adams	1818	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Thomas Metcalfe (A) 54.9% James Conn 45.1%
Kentucky 3	James Clark	Adams	1812 1825 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James Clark (A) 57.9% Benjamin Taylor (J) 42.1%
Kentucky 4	Robert P. Letcher	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Robert P. Letcher (A) 53.3% William Rodes (J) 46.7%
Kentucky 5	Robert L. McHatton	Jacksonian	1826 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Robert L. McHatton (J) 52.5% Alfred Sanford 47.5%
Kentucky 6	Joseph Lecompte	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Joseph Lecompte (J) 50.8% Thomas Crittenden (A) 45.6% C.H. Allen[Note 10] (J) 3.6%
Kentucky 7	Thomas P. Moore	Jacksonianian	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Thomas P. Moore (J) 90.5% Thompson[Note 10] 9.5%
Kentucky 8	Richard A. Buckner	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Richard A. Buckner (A) 52.1% William Owens (J) 47.9%
Kentucky 9	Charles A. Wickliffe	Jacksonian	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Charles A. Wickliffe (J) 66.1% Lee White 33.9%
Kentucky 10	Francis Johnson	Adams	1820 (special)	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ Joel Yancey (J) 50.8% Francis Johnson (A) 49.2%
Kentucky 11	William S. Young	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William S. Young (A) 56.0% John Calhoon[Note 11] (A) 44.0%
Kentucky 12	John F. Henry	Adams	1826 (special)	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ Chittenden Lyon (J) 52.3% John F. Henry (A) 31.1% Anthony New (A) 16.6%

Thomas Metcalfe (A) of the 2nd district resigned June 1, 1828 to run for Governor of Kentucky and was replaced in a special election by John Chambers (A).

William S. Young (A) of the 11th district died on September 20, 1827. Two special elections were subsequently held to fill the resulting vacancy, the first was won by John Calhoon (A). Calhoon resigned two days later to avoid an electoral challenge, and a second election was held which was won by Thomas Chilton (J)

Louisiana

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Louisiana 1	Edward Livingston	Jacksonian	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Edward Livingston (J) 70.3% M. Foucher[Note 10] 29.7%
Louisiana 2	Henry H. Gurley	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Henry H. Gurley (A) 52.5% W. S. Hamilton[Note 10] 46.1% David Bradford 1.4%
Louisiana 3	William L. Brent	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William L. Brent[Note 8] (A) John Brownson Garrigues Fleaujac

Maine

Maine law at the time required a majority vote for election, necessitating additional ballots in the 7th district.

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
					First ballot	Second ballot	Third ballot	Fourth ballot
Maine 1	William Burleigh	Adams	1823	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William Burleigh (A) 60.5% Rufus McIntire[Note 11] (J) 38.1% Others 1.4%
Maine 2	John Anderson	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Anderson (J) 57.9% Stephen Longfellow 41.4% Others 0.7%
Maine 3	Ebenezer Herrick	Adams	1820	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.	√ Joseph F. Wingate (A) 55.2% Daniel Rose 30.1% Edwin Smith 10.4% Others 4.3%
Maine 4	Peleg Sprague	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Peleg Sprague (A) 99.0% Others 1.0%
Maine 5	Previous incumbent Enoch Lincoln (A) resigned in 1826			Jacksonian gain.	√ James W. Ripley[Note 12] (J) 52.6% Levi Whitman (J) 30.6% Samuel Bradbury 15.8% Others 1.0%
Maine 6	Jeremiah O'Brien	Adams	1823	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Jeremiah O'Brien (A) 54.4% Joseph Williamson (J) 20.0% Ralph C. Johnson 15.5% Samuel Whitney 8.1% Others 1.9%
Maine 7	David Kidder	Adams	1823	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.	William D. Williamson 42.8% Jacob McGaw 34.8% Simon Harriman 6.3% Jonathan Farrar 5.1% David Perham 3.5% Others 7.5%	John Wilkins 46.6% Jacob McGaw 35.4% Simeon Stetson 11.4% Jedediah Herrick 1.8% Simon Call 1.7% George Leonard 1.6% Daniel Wilkins 1.6%	William D. Williamson 36.5% Jedediah Herrick 22.7% Joseph Carr 15.9% John Wilkins 8.1% Daniel Wilkins 3.7% David Kidder (A) 2.8% Obed Wilson 2.7% Simon Harriman 1.5% Isaac Hodson 1.5% Jacob McGaw 1.2% Others 3.5%	√ Samuel Butman (A) 53.3% Isaac Hudson 39.5% Asa Wyman 2.7% Others 4.5%

William Burleigh (A) of the 1st district died July 2, 1827 and was replaced in a special election by Rufus McIntire (J)

Maryland

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Maryland 1	Clement Dorsey	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Clement Dorsey (A) 91.2% Others 8.8%
Maryland 2	John C. Weems	Jacksonian	1826 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John C. Weems (J) 51.1% Regin Estep (A) 48.9%
Maryland 3	George Peter	Jacksonian	1816 (special) 1824	Lost re-election. Adams gain.	√ George C. Washington (A) 53.6% George Peter (J) 46.4%
Maryland 4	Thomas C. Worthington	Adams	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ Michael C. Sprigg (J) 43.4% John Lee (J?) 37.7% Thomas Kennedy 9.5% Samuel Hughes 9.4%
Maryland 5 Plural district with 2 seats	John Barney	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Peter Little (A) 39.1% John Barney (A) 38.6% John P. Kennedy (J) 22.3%
	Peter Little	Adams	1810 1816	Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland 6	George E. Mitchell	Jacksonian	1822	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Levin Gale (J) 25.3% Israel DeMaulsby (I) 24.0% James W. Williams (I) 21.2% William C. Miller (I) 18.2% Philip Reed (I) 11.3%
Maryland 7	John Leeds Kerr	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Leeds Kerr (A) 53.0% Philemon B. Harper 47.0%
Maryland 8	Robert N. Martin	Adams	1824	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.	√ Ephraim K. Wilson (A) 97.7% Others 2.3%

Massachusetts

District[Note 13]	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
					First trial	Second trial	Third trial
Massachusetts 1 Known as the Suffolk district	Daniel Webster	Adams	1812[Note 14] 1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Daniel Webster (A) 100%
Massachusetts 2 Known as the Essex South district	Benjamin W. Crowninshield	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Benjamin W. Crowninshield (A) 58.9% Stephen White 9.8% Others 31.2%
Massachusetts 3 Known as the Essex North district	John Varnum	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Varnum (A) 63.2% Caleb Cushing 32.7% John Merrill 4.1%
Massachusetts 4 Known as the Middlesex district	Edward Everett	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Edward Everett (A) 100%
Massachusetts 5 Known as the Worcester South district	John Davis	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Davis (A) 92.3% Jonas Sibley (A?) 7.7%
Massachusetts 6 Known as the Worcester North district	John Locke	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Locke (A) 56.6% Joseph G. Kendall (A) 34.4% Luther Lawrence 9.0%
Massachusetts 7 Known as the Franklin district	Samuel C. Allen	Adams	1816	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Samuel C. Allen (A) 59.8% George Grennell, Jr. (A) 40.2%
Massachusetts 8 Known as the Hampden district	Samuel Lathrop	Adams	1818	Lost re-election. Adams hold.	Isaac C. Bates (A) 42.1% Samuel Lathrop (A) 40.4% James Fowler 6.5% Thomas Shepherd 5.5% Others 5.5%	Isaac C. Bates (A) 49.2% Samuel Lathrop (A) 35.1% James Fowler 12.6% Others 3.1%	√ Isaac C. Bates (A) 57.1% Samuel Lathrop (A) 34.8% James Fowler 8.1%
Massachusetts 9 Known as the Berkshire district	Henry W. Dwight	Adams	1820	Incumbent re-elected.	Jonathan Allen 34.5% Henry Hubbard 23.4% Robert F. Barnard 12.1% George Hull (A) 11.8% Henry W. Dwight (A) 6.6% Others 11.6%	√ Henry W. Dwight (A) 61.2% Nathan Willis 25.5% Jonathan Allen 13.2%
Massachusetts 10 Known as the Norfolk district	John Bailey	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Bailey (A) 60.0% William Ellis 23.2% Others 16.8%
Massachusetts 11 Known as the Plymouth district	Aaron Hobart	Adams	1820	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.	√ Joseph Richardson (A) 63.9% Thomas P. Beall 36.1%
Massachusetts 12 Known as the Bristol district	Francis Baylies	Jacksonian	1820	Lost re-election. Adams gain.	James L. Hodges (A) 34.4% James Arnold 30.4% Hercules Cushman 26.8% Rufus Bacon 8.5%	James L. Hodges (A) 40.8% Hercules Cushman 30.5% James Arnold 24.6% Francis Baylies (J) 4.2%	√ James L. Hodges (A) 57.5% Hercules Cushman 26.6% Francis Baylies (J) 15.9%
Massachusetts 13 Known as the Barnstable district	John Reed, Jr.	Adams	1812 1820	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Reed, Jr. (A) 83.2% Walter Folger 16.8%

Daniel Webster (A) of the 1st district resigned May 30, 1827, after being elected to the Senate and was replaced in a special election by Benjamin Gorham (A)

Mississippi

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Mississippi at-large	William Haile	Jacksonian	1826 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William Haile (J) 33.9% Beverly R. Grayson (I) 24.1% John H. Norton (I) 17.7% Adam L. Bingaman (A) 15.2% Richard Stockton (I) 9.1%

Haile subsequently resigned September 12, 1828 and was replaced in a special election by Thomas Hinds (J)

Missouri

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Missouri at-large	John Scott	Adams	1820	Lost re-election. Adams hold.	√ Edward Bates (A) 61.5% John Scott (A) 38.5%

New Hampshire

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New Hampshire at-large 6 seats on a general ticket	Ichabod Bartlett	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Ichabod Bartlett (A) 17.3% √ Titus Brown (A) 17.1% √ Joseph Healy (A) 16.4% √ Jonathan Harvey (J) 16.0% √ David Barker, Jr. (A) 11.0% √ Thomas Whipple, Jr. (A) 9.3% Nehemiah Eastman (A) 5.3% Samuel Cortland 5.2% Samuel Webster 1.2% Ezekiel Webster 1.2%
	Jonathan Harvey	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.
	Titus Brown	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.
	Nehemiah Eastman	Adams	1824	Lost re-election. Adams hold.
	Thomas Whipple, Jr.	Adams	1820	Incumbent re-elected.
	Joseph Healy	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.

New Jersey

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New Jersey at-large 6 seats on a general ticket	Lewis Condict	Adams	1820	Incumbent re-elected.	√ George Holcombe (J) 16.5% √ Lewis Condict (A) 10.5% √ Samuel Swan (A) 9.9% √ Isaac Pierson (A) 9.9% √ Hedge Thompson (A) 9.8% √ Ebenezer Tucker (A) 9.7% Daniel Garrison (J) 6.9% George Cassedy (J) 6.7% Isaac G. Farlee (J) 6.4% William Kennedy (J) 6.3% James Parker 0.4% Ephraim Bateman 0.2% Peter D. Vroom 0.1% Caleb Newbold 0.1%
	George Holcombe	Jacksonian	1820	Incumbent re-elected.
	George Cassedy	Jacksonian	1820	Lost re-election. Adams gain.
	Daniel Garrison	Jacksonian	1822	Lost re-election. Adams gain.
	Samuel Swan	Adams	1820	Incumbent re-elected.
	Ebenezer Tucker	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.

George Holcombe (J) and Hedge Thompson (A) died on, respectively, January 14, 1828 and July 23, 1828 and were replaced in a special election by James F. Randolph (A) and Thomas Sinnickson (A)

New York

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New York 1	Silas Wood	Adams	1818	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Silas Wood (A) 97.9% Tredwell Scudder 2.1%
New York 2	Joshua Sands	Adams	1802 1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ John J. Wood (J) 54.7% John T. Smith (A) 45.3%
New York 3 Plural district with 3 seats	Churchill C. Cambreleng	Jacksonian	1821	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Churchill C. Cambreleng (J) 33.0% Gulian Verplanck (J) 20.7% Jeromus Johnson 19.4% Pierre C. Van Wyck (A) 13.8% Elisha W. King (A) 13.1%
	Gulian Verplanck	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.
	Jeromus Johnson	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.
New York 4	Aaron Ward	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Aaron Ward (A) 59.6% John Haff (J) 40.4%
New York 5	Bartow White	Adams	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ Thomas J. Oakley (J) 50.8% Edmund H. Pendleton (A) 49.2%
New York 6	John Hallock, Jr.	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Hallock, Jr. (J) 56.8% Hector Craig (J) 43.2%
New York 7	Abraham B. Hasbrouck	Adams	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ George O. Belden (J) 50.7% Lemuel Jenkins (J) 49.3%
New York 8	James Strong	Adams	1818 1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James Strong (A) 59.8% Walter Patterson (A?) 40.2%
New York 9	William McManus	Adams	1824	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.	√ John D. Dickinson (A) 51.9% James L. Hogeboom (J) 48.1%
New York 10	Stephen Van Rensselaer	Adams	1822 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Stephen Van Rensselaer (A) 100%
New York 11	Henry Ashley	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Selah R. Hobbie (J) 58.9% Isaac Burr (A) 41.1%
New York 12	William Dietz	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ John I. De Graff (J) 100%
New York 13	William G. Angel	Adams	1824	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.	√ Samuel Chase (A) 50.9% George Morell (J) 46.4% Isaac Hayes (I) 2.7%
New York 14	Henry R. Storrs	Adams	1816 1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Henry R. Storrs (A) 69.8% Ezekiel Bacon (J) 30.2%
New York 15	Michael Hoffman	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Michael Hoffman (J) 59.5% Daniel Van Horn (A) 40.5%
New York 16	Henry Markell	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Henry Markell (A) 51.6% Aaron Haring (J) 48.4%
New York 17	John W. Taylor	Adams	1812	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John W. Taylor (A) 57.5% Alpheus Goodrich (J) 42.5%
New York 18	Henry C. Martindale	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Henry C. Martindale (A) 51.1% John Willard (J) 48.9%
New York 19	Henry Ross	Adams	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ Richard Keese (J) 52.4% Asa Hascall (A) 47.6%
New York 20 Plural district with 2 seats	Nicoll Fosdick	Adams	1824	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ Silas Wright, Jr. (J) 26.1% Rudolph Bunner (J) 26.0% Nicoll Fosdick (A) 24.0% Elisha Camp (A) 23.9%
	Daniel Hugunin, Jr.	Adams	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.
New York 21	Elias Whitmore	Adams	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ John C. Clark (J) 52.6% Robert Monell (J) 47.4%
New York 22	John Miller	Adams	1824	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ John G. Stower (J) 52.0% John Miller (A) 48.0%
New York 23	Luther Badger	Adams	1824	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ Jonas Earll, Jr. (J) 51.8% Luther Badger (A) 48.2%
New York 24	Charles Kellogg	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Nathaniel Garrow (J) 54.1% Elijah Miller (A) 45.9%
New York 25	Charles Humphrey	Adams	1824	Lost re-election. Adams hold.	√ David Woodcock (A) 52.3% Charles Humphrey (A) 47.7%
New York 26 Plural district with 2 seats	Dudley Marvin	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Dudley Marvin (A) 40.6% John Maynard (A) 27.9% Nathaniel Allen (J) 20.9% John Knox (J?) 10.6%
	Robert S. Rose	Adams	1822	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.
New York 27	Moses Hayden	Adams	1822	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.	√ Daniel D. Barnard (A) 52.3% Enos Pomeroy 47.7%
New York 28	Timothy Porter	Adams	1824	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ John Magee (J) 40.8% Timothy Porter (A) 28.9% William Woods (A) 15.4% Philip Church (I) 14.9%
New York 29	Parmenio Adams	Adams	1822	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ David E. Evans (J) 54.2% Simeon Cumings (A) 45.8%
New York 30	Daniel G. Garnsey	Adams	1824	Re-elected as Jacksonian	√ Daniel G. Garnsey (J) 55.1% Phineas L. Tracy[Note 11] (A) 44.9%

Thomas J. Oakley (J) of the 5th district resigned May 9, 1828 to become a judge of the superior court of New York City and was replaced in a special election by Thomas Taber II (J)

Silas Wright (J) of the 20th district resigned February 16, 1829. His seat remained vacant for the remainder of the 20th Congress (which ended March 3, 1829)

David E. Evans (J) of the 29th district resigned May 27, 1827, before the 20th Congress' first meeting, and was replaced in a special election by Phineas L. Tracy (A)

North Carolina

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
North Carolina 1	Lemuel Sawyer	Jacksonian	1807 1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Lemuel Sawyer (J) 65.1% William B. Shepard (A) 34.9%
North Carolina 2	Willis Alston	Jacksonian	1798 1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Willis Alston (J) 100%
North Carolina 3	Richard Hines	Jacksonian	1825	Lost re-election. Jacksonian hold.	√ Thomas H. Hall (J) 53.1% Richard Hines (J) 46.9%
North Carolina 4	John H. Bryan	Adams	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John H. Bryan[Note 8] (A)
North Carolina 5	Gabriel Holmes	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Gabriel Holmes[Note 8] (J)
North Carolina 6	Weldon N. Edwards	Jacksonian	1816 (special)	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Daniel Turner (J) 28.5% Charles A. Hill (J) 26.8% Willis Boddick (J) 20.0% William M. Sneed (J) 15.8% Joseph M. Bryan (J) 8.8%
North Carolina 7	Archibald McNeill	Jacksonian	1821 1825	Incumbent retired. Adams gain.	√ John Culpepper (A) 41.2% John A. Cameron (A) 34.5% John Gilchrist 24.1% Thomas Davis 0.2%
North Carolina 8	Daniel L. Barringer	Jacksonian	1826 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Daniel L. Barringer (J) 53.3% Archibald Murphey (A) 46.7%
North Carolina 9	Romulus M. Saunders	Jacksonian	1821	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Augustine H. Shepperd (J) 64.6% Bedford Brown (J) 35.4%
North Carolina 10	John Long	Adams	1821	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Long (A) 88.0% Asa Eubank (I) 10.9% Others 1.1%
North Carolina 11	Henry W. Connor	Jacksonian	1821	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Henry W. Connor (J) 81.9% Samuel Henderson (A) 18.1%
North Carolina 12	Samuel P. Carson	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Samuel P. Carson (J) 63.4% Robert B. Vance (A) 26.6%
North Carolina 13	Lewis Williams	Adams	1815	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Lewis Williams (A) 65.4% John Mushat 34.6%

Soon after the election, Samuel P. Carson (J), the winner of the race in the 12th district, challenged his opponent, Robert B. Vance (A) to a duel over a comment made during the campaign about Carson's father. Vance was mortally wounded in the duel. Carson left immediately afterwards to go to Washington. His behavior in leaving immediately was widely criticized.

Ohio

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Ohio 1	James Findlay	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James Findlay (J) 44.7% David Morris (A) 36.7% Thomas Morris (J) 18.6%
Ohio 2	John Woods	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Woods (A) 60.6% Thomas J. Ross (J) 37.5% Robert Anderson 1.9%
Ohio 3	William McLean	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William McLean (A) 61.2% George B. Holt 33.2% Eastin Morris 5.6%
Ohio 4	Joseph Vance	Adams	1820	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Joseph Vance (A) 89.6% Johnson[Note 10] 10.4%
Ohio 5	John W. Campbell	Adams	1816	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ William Russell (J) 35.4% Richard Collins 24.3% Isaiah Morris 21.0% Abraham Shepherd 19.3%
Ohio 6	John Thomson	Jacksonian	1824	Lost re-election. Adams gain.	√ William Creighton, Jr. (A) 63.5% John Thomson (J) 36.5%
Ohio 7	Samuel F. Vinton	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Samuel F. Vinton (A) 68.9% William Kendall 26.9% Daniel H. Buell 4.2%
Ohio 8	William Wilson	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William Wilson (A) 34.2% Lyne Starling 27.3% Daniel S. Norton 26.9% James Kilbourne 11.5%
Ohio 9	Philemon Beecher	Adams	1816 1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Philemon Beecher (A) 55.0% John Mathews (J) 34.2% Robert McConnell 10.8%
Ohio 10	Previous incumbent David Jennings (A) resigned May 25, 1826			Adams hold.	√ John Davenport (A) 53.6% James Caldwell 31.2% John Patterson (A) 9.4% James Barnes 5.7%
Ohio 11	John C. Wright	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John C. Wright (A) 35.5% Walter Bebee (A) 32.4% John M. Goodenow (J) 32.1%
Ohio 12	John Sloan	Adams	1818	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Sloan (A) 50.7% John Thompson (J) 49.3%
Ohio 13	Elisha Whittlesey	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Elisha Whittlesey (A) 100%
Ohio 14	Mordecai Bartley	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Mordecai Bartley (A) 53.9% Eleutheros Cooke (A) 46.1%

William Creighton, Jr. (A) of the 6th district resigned November 1, 1828 after receiving a recess appointment by John Quincy Adams to a seat on the Federal bench in the United States District Court for the District of Ohio and was replaced in a special election by Francis S. Muhlenberg (A)

William Wilson (A) of the 8th district died June 6, 1827, and was replaced in a special election by William Stanbery (J)

Pennsylvania

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates[1]
Pennsylvania 1	John Wurts	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Joel B. Sutherland (J) 55.8% Samuel Breck (A) 26.7% William J. Duane (J) 17.5%
Pennsylvania 2	Previous incumbent Joseph Hemphill (J) resigned sometime in 1826			No election[Note 15]	John Sergeant[Note 11] (A) 34.8% Henry Horn (J) 34.8% Thomas Kittera[Note 12] (A) 30.3%
Pennsylvania 3	Daniel H. Miller	Jacksonian	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Daniel H. Miller (J) 72.1% John Harrison 25.4% Jacob Sommert 2.5%
Pennsylvania 4 Plural district with 3 seats	James Buchanan	Jacksonian	1820	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James Buchanan (J) 18.5% Samuel Anderson (A) 17.8% Charles Miner (A) 17.6% Joshua Evans, Jr. (J) 15.5% John McCamant (J) 15.3% George G. Leiper (J) 15.2%
	Samuel Edwards	Jacksonian	1818	Incumbent retired. Adams gain.
	Charles Miner	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 5	Philip S. Markley	Adams	1822	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ John B. Sterigere (J) 55.0% Philip S. Markley (A) 45.0%
Pennsylvania 6	Robert Harris	Jacksonian	1822	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Innis Green (J) 62.2% John M. Forster 37.8%
Pennsylvania 7 Plural district with 2 seats	Previous incumbent Henry Wilson (J) died August 14, 1826			Jacksonian hold.	√ William Addams (J) 31.9% Joseph Fry, Jr. (J) 29.0% Henry W. Conrad 21.2% James Dongan 17.9%
	William Addams	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 8 Plural district with 2 seats	George Wolf	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ George Wolf (J) 50.4% Samuel D. Ingham (J) 49.6%
	Samuel D. Ingham	Jacksonian	1812 1822 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 9 Plural district with 3 seats	George Kremer	Jacksonian	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Samuel McKean (J) 33.8% Espy Van Horne (J) 33.5% George Kremer (J) 32.6%
	Espy Van Horne	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.
	Samuel McKean	Jacksonian	1822	Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 10	James S. Mitchell	Jacksonian	1820	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Adam King (J) 54.6% John Garnder (Ind. Rep.) 45.4%
Pennsylvania 11 Plural district with 2 seats	James Wilson	Adams	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James Wilson (A) 34.7% William Ramsey (J) 28.0% James Dunlop 23.7% Samuel Alexander 13.6%
	John Findlay	Jacksonian	1821 (special)	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.
Pennsylvania 12	John Mitchell	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Mitchell (J) 45.4% Robert Allison 30.0% John Brown (J) 24.7%
Pennsylvania 13	Previous incumbent Alexander Thomson (J) resigned May 1, 1826			Jacksonian hold.	√ Chauncey Forward[Note 12] (J) 65.3% William Piper 34.7%
Pennsylvania 14	Andrew Stewart	Jacksonian	1820	Re-elected as Adams Party	√ Andrew Stewart (A) 75.2% Joshua Hart 24.8%
Pennsylvania 15	Joseph Lawrence	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Joseph Lawrence (A) 100%
Pennsylvania 16 Plural district with 2 seats	Robert Orr, Jr.	Jacksonian	1825 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Robert Orr, Jr. (J) 50.3% James S. Stevenson (J) 49.7%
	James S. Stevenson	Jacksonian	1824	Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 17	George Plumer	Jacksonian	1820	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Richard Coulter (J) 59.4% James Clarke (J) 40.6%
Pennsylvania 18	Thomas H. Sill	Adams	1826 (special	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ Stephen Barlow (J) 57.8% Thomas H. Sill (A) 36.6% John Findley 5.5%

In the 2nd district, a tie vote occurred, with both Sergent and Horn receiving 1,597 votes. A subsequent special election was held which elected John Sergeant.

Rhode Island

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Rhode Island at-large 2 seats on a general ticket	Tristam Burges	Adams	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Tristam Burges (A) 50.9% √ Dutee J. Pearce (A) 48.5% Others 0.7%
	Dutee J. Pearce	Adams	1825	Incumbent re-elected.

South Carolina

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
South Carolina 1	William Drayton	Jacksonian	1825 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William Drayton[Note 8] (J)
South Carolina 2	James Hamilton, Jr.	Jacksonian	1822 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James Hamilton, Jr. (J) 100%[Note 16]
South Carolina 3	Thomas R. Mitchell	Jacksonian	1820 1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Thomas R. Mitchell (J) 76.9%[Note 16] Robert B. Campbell (A) 23.1%
South Carolina 4	Andrew R. Govan	Jacksonian	1822 (special)	Lost re-election. Jacksonian hold.	√ William D. Martin (J) 60.9%[Note 16] Andrew R. Govan (J) 39.1%
South Carolina 5	George McDuffie	Jacksonian	1820	Incumbent re-elected.	√ George McDuffie[Note 8] (J)
South Carolina 6	John Wilson	Jacksonian	1820	Lost re-election. Jacksonian hold.	√ Warren R. Davis (J) 50.3% John Wilson (J) 49.7%
South Carolina 7	Joseph Gist	Jacksonian	1820	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ William T. Nuckolls (J) 46.9%[Note 16] Samuel McCreary 38.6% James McKibbin 14.5%
South Carolina 8	John Carter	Jacksonian	1822 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Carter (J) 100%[Note 16]
South Carolina 9	Starling Tucker	Jacksonian	1816	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Starling Tucker[Note 8] (J)

Tennessee

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Tennessee 1	John Blair	Jacksonian	1823	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Blair (J) 55.8% John Tipton 42.4% John Rhea 1.8%
Tennessee 2	John Cocke	Jacksonian	1819	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Pryor Lea (J) 40.1% Thomas D. Arnold (A) 36.0% William B. Reese 23.9%
Tennessee 3	James C. Mitchell	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James C. Mitchell (J) 55.7% James I. Standifer (J) 44.3%
Tennessee 4	Jacob C. Isacks	Jacksonian	1823	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Jacob C. Isacks (J) 100%
Tennessee 5	Robert Allen	Jacksonian	1819	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ Robert Desha (J) 61.1% John Hall 21.4% William Trousdale (J) 17.5%
Tennessee 6	James K. Polk	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James K. Polk (J) 56.6% Lunsford M. Bramlett (A) 43.4%
Tennessee 7	Sam Houston	Jacksonian	1823	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ John Bell (J) 55.7% Felix Grundy (J) 44.3%
Tennessee 8	John H. Marable	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John H. Marable[Note 8] (J) James B. Reynolds (J)
Tennessee 9	Adam R. Alexander	Jacksonian	1823	Lost re-election. Jacksonian hold.	√ Davy Crockett (J) 49.1% Adam R. Alexander (J) 30.5% William Arnold 20.3%

Vermont

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
					First trial	Second trial	Third trial
Vermont 1	William C. Bradley	Adams	1812 1822	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.	Richard Skinner 25.2% Jonathan Hunt (A) 24.2% Orsamus C. Merrill (A) 12.5% Calvin Sheldon 12.5% John Phelps 9.8% Samuel Elliott 8.3% John S. Pettibone 4.0% Phineas White 3.6%	Jonathan Hunt (A) 40.5% Orsamus C. Merrill (A) 25.5% Samuel Elliott 18.0% Calvin Sheldon 8.1% John Phelps 7.9%	√ Jonathan Hunt (A) 52.6% Orsamus C. Merrill (A) 47.4%
Vermont 2	Rollin C. Mallary	Adams	1818	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Rollin C. Mallary (A) 100%
Vermont 3	George E. Wales	Adams	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ George E. Wales (A) 100%
Vermont 4	Ezra Meech	Jacksonian	1818 1824	Incumbent retired. Adams gain.	Heman Allen (A) 47.9% Benjamin Swift (A) 46.3% Ira H. Allen 3.5% Samuel C. Crafts (A) 2.4%	Heman Allen (A) 49.5% Benjamin Swift (A) 47.4% Others 3.1%	√ Benjamin Swift (A) 51.8% Heman Allen (A) 48.2%
Vermont 5	John Mattocks	Adams	1820 1824	Incumbent retired. Adams hold.	√ Daniel A. A. Buck (A) 74.0% James Bell 26.0%

Virginia

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Virginia 1	Thomas Newton, Jr.	Adams	1801	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Thomas Newton, Jr. (A) 64.3% George Loyall (J) 35.7%
Virginia 2	James Trezvant	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ James Trezvant (J) 100%
Virginia 3	William S. Archer	Jacksonian	1820 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William S. Archer (J) 100%
Virginia 4	Mark Alexander	Jacksonian	1819	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Mark Alexander (J) 100%
Virginia 5	George W. Crump	Jacksonian	1826 (special)	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ John Randolph (J) 100%
Virginia 6	Thomas Davenport	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Thomas Davenport (J) 100%
Virginia 7	Nathaniel H. Claiborne	Jacksonian	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Nathaniel H. Claiborne (J) 67.7% William Campbell 32.3%
Virginia 8	Burwell Bassett	Jacksonian	1805 1821	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Burwell Bassett (J) 100%
Virginia 9	Andrew Stevenson	Jacksonian	1821	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Andrew Stevenson (J) 100%
Virginia 10	William C. Rives	Jacksonian	1823	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William C. Rives (J) 100%
Virginia 11	Robert Taylor	Adams	1825	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ Philip P. Barbour (J) 100%
Virginia 12	Robert S. Garnett	Jacksonian	1817	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian hold.	√ John Roane (J) 100%
Virginia 13	John Taliaferro	Adams	1824 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Taliaferro (A) 76.5% John Hungerford 20.8% Augustin Neal 2.7%
Virginia 14	Charles F. Mercer	Adams	1817	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Charles F. Mercer (A) 63.0% Robert Thompson 37.0%
Virginia 15	John S. Barbour	Jacksonian	1823	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John S. Barbour (J) 65.0% William E. Hunton 35.0%
Virginia 16	William Armstrong	Adams	1825	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William Armstrong (A) 78.0% John Peters 22.0%
Virginia 17	Alfred H. Powell	Adams	1825	Lost re-election. Jacksonian gain.	√ Robert Allen (J) 51.3% Alfred H. Powell (A) 45.1% Samuel Kerceval (J) 3.6%
Virginia 18	Joseph Johnson	Jacksonian	1823	Lost re-election. Adams gain.	√ Isaac Leffler (A) 54.4% Joseph Johnson (J) 42.3% Thomas Haymond (A) 3.3%
Virginia 19	William McCoy	Jacksonian	1811	Incumbent re-elected.	√ William McCoy[Note 8] (J)
Virginia 20	John Floyd	Jacksonian	1817	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John Floyd (J) 87.2% Edward Watts 12.8%
Virginia 21	William Smith	Jacksonian	1821	Incumbent retired. Adams gain.	√ Lewis Maxwell (A) 47.2% Joseph Lovell (A) 44.9% Ballard Smith (J) 7.9%
Virginia 22	Benjamin Estil	Adams	1825	Incumbent retired. Jacksonian gain.	√ Alexander Smyth (J) 72.4 Sharp[Note 10] 27.6%

Non-voting delegates

District	Incumbent	First elected	Result	Candidates
Arkansas Territory at-large	Henry Conway	1822	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Henry Conway[Note 8]
Florida Territory at-large	Joseph M. White	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Joseph M. White[Note 8]
Michigan Territory at-large	Austin E. Wing	1824	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Austin E. Wing[Note 8]

Henry Conway of Arkansas Territory died November 9, 1827 from a duel and was replaced in a special election by Ambrose H. Sevier

See also

• List of United States House of Representatives elections, 1824–54
• United States Senate elections, 1826
• 20th United States Congress

Notes

1. Changed from at-large
2. Majority required for election, which was not met in the 7th district, requiring additional elections December 18, 1826, April 2, and September 27, 1827
3. Includes 1 plural district
4. Majority required for election, which was not met on the first vote in 3 districts requiring additional elections held March 5 and May 14, 1827
5. Includes 3 plural districts
6. Includes 6 plural districts
7. Majority required for election, which was not met on the first vote in 2 districts requiring additional elections held December 4, 1826 and February 5, 1827
8. Source does not give numbers of votes or has incomplete data
9. Unclear whether Tomlinson actually ran or if the votes for him were unsolicited
10. Source does not give full name
11. Won subsequent special election
12. Won special election to 19th Congress
13. District numbers vary between sources
14. In New Hampshire
15. Tie vote between the top two candidates
16. Based on incomplete returns

References

1. Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project

Bibliography

• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)