United States House of Representatives elections, 1912

November 5, 1912^{[Note 1]}

All 435 seats to the United States House of Representatives 218 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Leader	Champ Clark	James Mann
Party	Democratic	Republican
Leader's seat	Missouri-9th	Illinois-2nd
Last election	230 seats	163 seats^{[Note 2]}
Seats won	291^[1]^[2]	134^[1]^[2]
Seat change	61	29
Popular vote	8,446,624	6,849,927
Percentage	43.1%	35.0%

	Third party	Fourth party

Party	Progressive	Socialist
Last election	0 seats	1 seat
Seats won	9^[1]^[2]	0
Seat change	9	1
Popular vote	2,609,578	1,259,273
Percentage	13.3%	6.4%

Speaker before election

Champ Clark
Democratic

Elected Speaker

Champ Clark
Democratic

Elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1912 were held for members of the 63rd Congress, coinciding with the election of President Woodrow Wilson.

Wilson's victory was partly due to the division of the opposition Republican Party into conservative and progressive factions. While many progressives stayed within the party framework, they maintained lukewarm relationships with Republican leadership. Others formed a third party known as the Progressives and several switched allegiance to the Democrats. A message of unity was portrayed by the Democrats, allowing this group to present themselves as above the bickering and corruption that had become associated with the Republican internal feud. Many of the new seats that were added after the prior census ended up in Democratic hands. In addition, William Kent, who had been elected to the House as a Republican in 1908, was elected to California's 1st congressional district as an Independent.

The number of representatives was increased for this election to 435, where it currently stands (aside from 1959 when Alaska and Hawaii were admitted as states).

Overall results

Parties		Seats				Popular Vote
Parties		1910	1912	+/–	Strength	Vote	%	Change
	Democratic Party	230	291	61	66.67%	8,446,624	43.14%	3.55%
	Republican Party	163^{[Note 2]}	134	29	30.80%	6,849,927	34.99%	11.59%
	Progressive Party	0	9	9	2.30%	2,609,578	13.33%	New Party
	Socialist Party	1	0	1	0%	1,259,273	6.43%	2.22%
	Prohibition Party	0	0		0%	244,919	1.25%	0.17%
	Others	0	1	1	0.2%	169,064	0.86%	0.24%
Total		394	435	41	100.0%	19,579,385	100.0%	-

Election summaries

In reapportionment following the 1910 census, 41 new seats were added, bringing the House to its modern size. This would be the last time the size of the House changed, except for a temporary addition of two seats in 1959 after the admission of Alaska and Hawaii and subsequent return to 435 in 1963. In the reapportionment, 1 state lost 1 seat, 22 states had no change in apportionment, 16 states gained 1 seat each, 5 states gained 2 seats each, 2 states gained 3 seats, 1 state gained 4 seats, and 1 state gained 6 seats. Twelve states used at-large seats in addition to districts to elect new seats.

↓
291	1	9	134
Democratic	I	P	Republican

State	Type	Total seats		Democratic	Republican	Progressive
State	Type	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Alabama	District +at-large^{[Note 3]}	10	1	10	1	0		0
Arizona	At-large	1		1		0		0
Arkansas	District	7		7		0		0
California	District	11^{[Note 4]}	3	3	2	7		0
Colorado	District +2 at-large^{[Note 3]}	4	1	4	1	0		0
Connecticut	District^{[Note 5]}	5		5	4	0	4	0
Delaware	At-large	1		1	1	0	1	0
Florida	District +at-large^{[Note 3]}	4	1	4	1	0		0
Georgia	District	12	1	12	1	0		0
Idaho	At-large	2	1	0		2	1	0
Illinois	District +2 at-large^{[Note 3]}	27	2	20	9	5	9	2	2
Indiana	District	13		13	1	0	1	0
Iowa	District	11		3	2	8	2	0
Kansas	District	8		5	5	3	5	0
Kentucky	District	11		9		2		0
Louisiana	District	8	1	8	1	0		0
Maine^{[Note 6]}	District	4		1	1	3	1	0
Maryland	District	6		6	1	0	1	0
Massachusetts	District	16	2	7	3	9	1	0
Michigan	District +at-large^{[Note 3]}	13	1	2		9	1	2	2
Minnesota	District +at-large^{[Note 3]}	10	1	1		9	1	0
Mississippi	District	8		8		0		0
Missouri	District	16		15	2	1	2	0
Montana	At-large	2	1	2	2	0	1	0
Nebraska	District	6		3		3		0
Nevada	At-large	1		0		1		0
New Hampshire	District	2		2	2	0	2	0
New Jersey	District	12	2	11	4	1	2	0
New Mexico	At-large	1	1	1		0	1	0
New York	District	43	6	31	8	11	3	1	1
North Carolina	District	10		10		0		0
North Dakota	District	3	1	0		3	1	0
Ohio	District +at-large^{[Note 3]}	22	1	19	3	3	2	0
Oklahoma	District +3 at-large^{[Note 3]}	8	3	6	3	2		0
Oregon	District	3	1	0		3	1	0
Pennsylvania	District +4 at-large^{[Note 3]}	36	4	12	4	22	2	2	2
Rhode Island	District	3	1	2	1	1		0
South Carolina	District	7		7		0		0
South Dakota	District^{[Note 7]}	3	1	0		3	1	0
Tennessee	District	10		8		2		0
Texas	District +2 at-large^{[Note 3]}	18	2	18	2	0		0
Utah	At-large	2	1	0		2	1	0
Vermont^{[Note 6]}	District	2		0		2		0
Virginia	District	10		9		1		0
Washington	District +2 at-large^{[Note 3]}	5	2	0		3		2	2
West Virginia	District +at-large^{[Note 3]}	6	1	2	2	4	3	0
Wisconsin	District	11^{[Note 8]}		3	1	8		0
Wyoming	At-large	1		0		1		0
Total		435	41	291 66.9%	61	134 30.8%	29	9 2.1%	9

House seats

Democratic			66.90%
Republican			30.80%
Progressive			2.07%
Independent			0.23%

[[Image:63 us house membership.png|thumb|450px|

House seats by party holding plurality in state
80.1-100% Democratic	80.1-100% Republican
60.1-80% Democratic	60.1-80% Republican
Up to 60% Democratic	Up to 60% Republican

]]

[[Image:63 us house changes.png|thumb|450px|

Net gain in party representation
6+ Democratic gain		6+ Republican gain
3-5 Democratic gain		3-5 Republican gain
1-2 Democratic gain	1-2 Progressive gain	1-2 Republican gain
no net change

]]

Early election dates

Two states, with 6 seats between them, held elections early in 1912:

September 3 Vermont
September 9 Maine

This was the last year that Vermont held early elections.

Complete results

Party abbreviations

California

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1912

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
California 1	William Kent Redistricted from the 2nd district	Republican	1910	Re-elected as an Independent Independent gain	William Kent (I) 37.27% I. G. Zumwalt (D) 34.37% Edward H. Hart (R) 19.40% Joseph Bredsteen (S) 8.96%
California 2	John E. Raker Redistricted from the 1st district	Democratic	1910	Re-elected	John E. Raker (D) 62.64% Frank M. Rutherford (R) 27.17% J. C. Williams (S) 10.19%
California 3	None (District created)			New seat Republican gain	Charles F. Curry (R) 58.85% Gilbert McMillan Ross (D) 28.79% William L. Wilson (S) 12.36%
California 4	Julius Kahn	Republican	1898	Re-elected	Julius Kahn (R) 56.09% Bert Schlesinger (D) 32.72% Norman W. Pendleton (S) 11.19%
California 5	None (District created)			New seat Republican gain	John I. Nolan (R) 52.27% Stephen V. Costello (D) 34.69% E. L. Reguin (S) 13.04%
California 6	Joseph R. Knowland Redistricted from the 3rd district	Republican	1904	Re-elected	Joseph R. Knowland (R) 53.70% J. Stitt Wilson (S) 40.00% Hiram A Luttrell (D) 6.31%
California 7	James C. Needham Redistricted from the 6th district	Republican	1898	Lost re-election Democratic gain	Denver S. Church (D) 44.05% James C. Needham (R) 42.65% J. S. Cato (S) 13.30%
California 8	Everis A. Hayes Redistricted from the 5th district	Republican	1904	Re-elected	Everis A. Hayes (R) 50.95% James B. Holohan (D) 35.18% Robert Whitaker (S) 13.86%
California 9	None (District created)			New seat Progressive gain	Charles W. Bell (Prog) 47.25% Thomas H. Kirk (D) 23.87% Ralph L. Criswell (S) 18.22% George S. Yarnall (Proh) 10.66%
California 10	William Stephens Redistricted from the 7th district	Republican	1910	Re-elected as Progressive	William Stephens (Prog) 53.45% George Ringo (D) 21.91% Fred C. Wheeler (S) 20.98% Emory D. Martindale (Proh) 3.67%
California 11	Sylvester C. Smith Redistricted from the 8th district	Republican	1904	Retired and died before the Congress ended Democratic gain	William Kettner (D) 42.69% Samuel C. Evans (R) 36.85% Noble A. Richardson (S) 12.14% Helen M. Stoddard (Proh) 8.33%

Florida

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, 1912

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
Florida 1	Stephen M. Sparkman	Democratic	1894	Re-elected	Stephen M. Sparkman (D) 78.5% C. C. Allen (S) 12.0% George W. Beall (R) 4.9% J. D. Hazzard (Prog) 3.0% George C. Kelley (Proh) 1.6%
Florida 2	Frank Clark	Democratic	1904	Re-elected	Frank Clark (D) 81.1% J. J. Collins (S) 7.3% John W. Howell (R) 6.7% C. E. Speir (Prog) 4.9%
Florida 3	Dannite H. Mays	Democratic	1908	Lost primary Democratic hold	Emmett Wilson (D) 86.4% W. M. Lamberry (S) 6.3% Thomas F. McGourin (R) 4.7% John T. Poder (Prog) 2.7%
Florida at-large	None (District created)			Democratic win	Claude L'Engle (D) 77.4% A. N. Jackson (S) 8.2% George W. Allen (R) 6.6% E. R. Gunby (Prog) 6.0% Frances P. Coffin (Proh) 1.8%

New Mexico

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
New Mexico at-large	George Curry	Republican	1911	Retired Democratic gain	Harvey B. Fergusson (D) 45.6% Nathan Jaffa (R) 36.9% Andrew J. Eggum (S) 12.1% Marcos DeBaca (Prog) 5.5%
New Mexico at-large	Harvey B. Fergusson	Democratic	1911	Re-elected

South Carolina

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1912

District	Incumbent	Party	First elected	Result	Candidates
South Carolina 1	George Swinton Legaré	Democratic	1902	Re-elected	George Swinton Legaré (D) 97.2% Aaron P. Prioleau (R) 1.8% William Eberhard (S) 1.0%
South Carolina 2	James F. Byrnes	Democratic	1910	Re-elected	James F. Byrnes (D) 100%
South Carolina 3	Wyatt Aiken	Democratic	1902	Re-elected	Wyatt Aiken (D) 100%
South Carolina 4	Joseph T. Johnson	Democratic	1900	Re-elected	Joseph T. Johnson (D) 100%
South Carolina 5	David E. Finley	Democratic	1898	Re-elected	David E. Finley (D) 100%
South Carolina 6	J. Edwin Ellerbe	Democratic	1904	Lost primary Democratic hold	J. Willard Ragsdale (D) 100%
South Carolina 7	Asbury F. Lever	Democratic	1901 (special)	Re-elected	Asbury F. Lever (D) 98.4% A. D. Dantzler (R) 1.6%

Notes

↑ Maine and Vermont held elections early, in September 1912.
1 2 Included one Progressive Republican.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Additional seat or seats elected at-large due to State not redistricting.
↑ One Independent, William Kent, was elected to CA-01.
↑ At-large seat eliminated in redistricting.
1 2 Elections held early.
↑ Changed from at-large.
↑ Previous election had 1 Socialist.

References

1 2 3 "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
1 2 3 Martis, pp. 166–167.

Bibliography

Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

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