Negativicutes

Negativicutes
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Firmicutes
Class:	Negativicutes Marchandin et al. 2010
Order:	Selenomonadales Marchandin et al. 2010
Families & Genera
Acidaminococcaceae Marchandin et al. 2010 Acidaminococcus Rogosa 1969 emend. Jumas-Bilak et al. 2007 Phascolarctobacterium Del Dot et al. 1994 Succiniclasticum van Gylswyk 1995 Succinispira Janssen and O'Farrell 1999 Veillonellaceae Rogosa 1971 emend. Marchandin et al. 2010 Acetonema Kane and Breznak 1992 Allisonella Garner et al. 2003 Anaeroarcus Strömpl et al. 1999 Anaeroglobus Carlier et al. 2002 Anaeromusa Baena et al. 1999 Anaerosinus Strömpl et al. 1999 Anaerospora ♠ Woo et al. 2005 Anaerovibrio Hungate 1966 Centipeda Lai et al. 1983 Dendrosporobacter Strömpl et al. 2000 Desulfosporomusa ♠ Sass et al. 2004 Dialister (ex Bergey et al. 1923) Moore and Moore 1994 emend. Morotomi et al. 2008 Megamonas Shah and Collins 1983 Megasphaera Rogosa 1971 emend. Marchandin et al. 2003 Mitsuokella Shah and Collins 1983 Negativicoccus Marchandin et al. 2010 Pectinatus Lee et al. 1978 emend. Juvonen and Suihko 2006 Pelosinus Shelobolina et al. 2007 Propionispira Schink et al. 1983 Propionispora Biebl et al. 2001 Psychrosinus ♠ Sattley et al. 2008 Quinella ♪ Krumholz et al. 1993 Schwartzia van Gylswyk et al. 1997 Selenomonas von Prowazek 1913 Sporolituus Ogg and Patel 2009 Sporomusa Möller et al. 1985 Thermosinus Sokolova et al. 2004 Veillonella Prévot 1933 emend. Mays et al. 1982 Zymophilus Schleifer et al. 1990

The Negativicutes is a class of firmicute bacteria, whose members have a peculiar cell wall composition which stains Gram negative, unlike most other members of the Firmicutes. The family Veillonellaceae, formerly known as Acidaminococcaceae,^[1] were once considered members of the class Clostridia. The name Selenobacteria also refers to some members of this group. The description of this family was emended in 2010 and, together with the Acidaminococcaceae (familia nova, i.e. a newly coined taxon), it was placed in the order Selenomonadales (ordo novus) in the class Negativicutes (classis novus) of the phylum Firmicutes.

Members of this family are all obligate anaerobes, and occur in habitats such as rivers, lakes, and the intestines of vertebrates. They range from spherical forms, such as Megasphaera and Veillonella, to curved rods, as typified by the Selenomonads. Selenomonas has a characteristic crescent-shape, with flagella inserted on the concave side, while Sporomusa is similar, but non-motile. Their names refer to this distinctive morphology: selene means moon, and musa means banana.^[2]

Further examination of members of this group suggests that the members of this clade are actually Clostridia.^[3]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) ^[4] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[5] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 by The All-Species Living Tree Project ^[6]

Acidaminococcaceae Succinispira mobilis Janssen and O'Farrell 1999 Acidaminococcus Rogosa 1969 emend. Jumas-Bilak et al. 2007 Phascolarctobacterium faecium Del Dot et al. 1994 (type sp.) Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens Watanabe et al. 2012 Succiniclasticum ruminis van Gylswyk 1995 Veillonellaceae ?Anaerospora hongkongensis ♠ Woo et al. 2005 ?Desulfosporomusa polytropa ♠ Sass et al. 2004 ?Psychrosinus fermentans ♠ Sattley et al. 2008 ?Quinella ovalis ♪ Krumholz et al. 1993 (Quin’s Oval) ?Sporotalea colonica ♠ Ezaki et al. 2008 Sporomusa Möller et al. 1985 Sporolituus thermophilus Ogg and Patel 2009 Thermosinus carboxydivorans Sokolova et al. 2004 Veillonella Prévot 1933 emend. Mays et al. 1982 Megasphaera [incl. Anaeroglobus geminatus] Negativicoccus succinicivorans Marchandin et al. 2010 Dialister [incl. Allisonella histaminiformans] Anaeromusa acidaminophila Baena et al. 1999 Anaeroarcus burkinensis (Ouattara et al. 1992) Strömpl et al. 1999 Acetonema longum Kane and Breznak 1992 Pelosinus Shelobolina et al. 2007 Propionispora Biebl et al. 2001 Dendrosporobacter quercicolus (Stankewich et al. 1971) Strömpl et al. 2000 Anaerosinus glycerini (Schauder and Schink 1996) Strömpl et al. 1999 Propionispira arboris Schink et al. 1983 Zymophilus Schleifer et al. 1990 Megamonas Shah and Collins 1983 Pectinatus Lee et al. 1978 emend. Juvonen and Suihko 2006 Anaerovibrio lipolyticus Hungate 1966 Selenomonas [incl. Schwartzia succinivorans, Centipeda periodontii & Mitsuokella]

Notes:
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages

References

1. Morotomi M, Nagai F, Sakon H (July 2007). "Genus Megamonas should be placed in the lineage of Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; 'Acidaminococcaceae'; Megamonas". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57 (Pt 7): 1673–4. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65150-0. PMID 17625216.
2. Marchandin, H.; Teyssier, C.; Campos, J.; Jean-Pierre, H.; Roger, F.; Gay, B.; Carlier, J. -P.; Jumas-Bilak, E. (2009). "Negativicoccus succinicivorans gen. Nov., sp. Nov., isolated from human clinical samples, emended description of the family Veillonellaceae and description of Negativicutes classis nov., Selenomonadales ord. Nov. And Acidaminococcaceae fam. Nov. In the bacterial phylum Firmicutes". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60 (6): 1271–1279. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.013102-0. PMID 19667386.
3. Yutin N, Galperin MY (2013) A genomic update on Clostridial phylogeny: Gram-negative spore formers and other misplaced Clostridia. Environ Microbiol doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12173
4. J.P. Euzéby. "Negativicutes". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2013-03-20.
5. Sayers; et al. "Negativicutes". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
6. All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.