Arcade game

An arcade game or coin-op is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants, bars and amusement arcades. Most arcade games are video games, pinball machines, electro-mechanical games, redemption games or merchandisers.

While exact dates are debated, the golden age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s and ending sometime in the mid-1980s. Excluding a brief resurgence in the early 1990s, the arcade industry subsequently declined in the Western hemisphere as competing home-based video game consoles increased in capability and decreased in cost.

Arcade action games

The term "arcade game" is also used to refer to an action video game that was designed to play similarly to an arcade game with frantic, addictive gameplay.^[1] The focus of arcade action games is on the user's reflexes, and the games usually feature very little puzzle-solving, complex thinking, or strategy skills. Games with complex thinking are called strategy video games or puzzle video games.

History

The first popular "arcade games" included early amusement-park midway games such as shooting galleries, ball-toss games, and the earliest coin-operated machines, such as those that claimed to tell a person's fortune or that played mechanical music. The old midways of 1920s-era amusement parks (such as Coney Island in New York) provided the inspiration and atmosphere of later arcade games.

In the 1930s the first coin-operated pinball machines emerged. These early amusement machines differed from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood. They lacked plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring-readouts. By around 1977 most pinball machines in production switched to using solid-state electronics both for operation and for scoring.^[2]

Electro-mechanical games

In 1966, Sega introduced an electro-mechanical game called Periscope.^[3] It was an early submarine simulator and light gun shooter,^[4] which used lights and plastic waves to simulate sinking ships from a submarine.^[5] It became an instant success in Japan, Europe, and North America,^[6] where it was the first arcade game to cost a quarter per play,^[3] which would remain the standard price for arcade games for many years to come.^[6] In 1967, Taito released an electro-mechanical arcade game of their own, Crown Soccer Special, a two-player sports game that simulated association football, using various electronic components, including electronic versions of pinball flippers.^[7]

The company Sega later produced gun games which resemble first-person shooter video games, but were in fact electro-mechanical games that used rear image projection in a manner similar to the ancient zoetrope to produce moving animations on a screen.^[8] The first of these was the light gun game Duck Hunt,^[9] which Nintendo released in 1969;^[10] it featured animated moving targets on a screen, printed out the player's score on a ticket, and had sound effects that were volume controllable.^[9] That same year, Sega released an electro-mechanical arcade racing game Grand Prix, which had a first-person view, electronic sound, a dashboard with a racing wheel and accelerator,^[11] and a forward-scrolling road projected on a screen.^[12] Another Sega release that year was Missile, a shooter and vehicle combat simulation that featured electronic sound and a moving film strip to represent the targets on a projection screen. It was also the earliest known arcade game to feature a joystick with a fire button, which was used as part of an early dual-control scheme, where two directional buttons are used to move the player's tank and a two-way joystick is used to shoot and steer the missile onto oncoming planes displayed on the screen; when a plane is hit, an explosion is animated on screen along with an explosion sound.^[13] In 1970,^[14] the game was released in North America as S.A.M.I. by Midway.^[13] That same year, Sega released Jet Rocket, a combat flight simulator featuring cockpit controls that could move the player aircraft around a landscape displayed on a screen and shoot missiles onto targets that explode when hit.^[15]

Throughout the 1970s, electro-mechanical arcade games were gradually replaced by electronic video games, following the release of Pong in 1972.^[16] In 1972, Sega released an electro-mechanical game called Killer Shark, a first-person light gun shooter known for appearing in the 1975 film Jaws.^[8] In 1974, Nintendo released Wild Gunman, a light gun shooter that used full-motion video projection from 16 mm film to display live-action cowboy opponents on the screen.^[17] One of the last successful electro-mechanical arcade games was F-1, a racing game developed by Namco and distributed by Atari in 1976;^[18] the game was shown in the films Dawn of the Dead (1978)^[19] and Midnight Madness (1980), as was Sega's Jet Rocket in the latter film. The 1978 video game Space Invaders, however, dealt a yet more powerful blow to the popularity of electro-mechanical games.^[20]

Arcade video games

In 1971 students at Stanford University set up the Galaxy Game, a coin-operated version of the Spacewar video game. This ranks as the earliest known instance of a coin-operated video game. Later in the same year, Nolan Bushnell created the first mass-manufactured game, Computer Space, for Nutting Associates.

In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the first successful electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular, but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledgling coin-operated video game market.

Golden age

Taito's Space Invaders, in 1978, proved to be the first blockbuster arcade video game.^[21] Its success marked the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games. Video game arcades sprang up in shopping malls, and small "corner arcades" appeared in restaurants, grocery stores, bars and movie theaters all over the United States, Japan and other countries during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Space Invaders (1978), Galaxian (1979), Pac-Man (1980), Battlezone (1980), Defender (1980), and Bosconian (1981) were especially popular. By 1981, the arcade video game industry was worth $8 billion^[22] ($20.8 billion in 2016).

During the late 1970s and 1980s, chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's, Ground Round, Dave and Busters, ShowBiz Pizza Place and Gatti's Pizza combined the traditional restaurant and/or bar environment with arcades.^[23] By the late 1980s, the arcade video game craze was beginning to fade due to advances in home video game console technology. By 1991, US arcade video game revenues had fallen to $2.1 billion.^[24]

Late 1980s

Sega AM2's Hang-On, designed by Yu Suzuki and running on the Sega Space Harrier hardware, was the first of Sega's "Super Scaler" arcade system boards that allowed pseudo-3D sprite-scaling at high frame rates.^[25] The pseudo-3D sprite/tile scaling was handled in a similar manner to textures in later texture-mapped polygonal 3D games of the 1990s.^[26] Designed by Sega AM2's Yu Suzuki, he stated that his "designs were always 3D from the beginning. All the calculations in the system were 3D, even from Hang-On. I calculated the position, scale, and zoom rate in 3D and converted it backwards to 2D. So I was always thinking in 3D."^[27] It was controlled using a video game arcade cabinet resembling a motorbike, which the player moves with their body. This began the "Taikan" trend, the use of motion-controlled hydraulic arcade cabinets in many arcade games of the late 1980s, two decades before motion controls became popular on video game consoles.^[28]

Renaissance

In the early 1990s, the arcades experienced a major resurgence with the 1991 release of Capcom's Street Fighter II,^[29] which popularized competitive fighting games and revived the arcade industry to a level of popularity not seen since the days of Pac-Man,^[30] setting off a renaissance for the arcade game industry in the early 1990s.^[31] Its success led to a wave of other popular games which mostly were in the fighting genre, such as Pit-Fighter (1990) by Atari, Mortal Kombat by Midway Games,^[32] Fatal Fury: King of Fighters (1992) by SNK, Virtua Fighter (1993) by SEGA, Killer Instinct (1994) by Rare, and The King of Fighters (1994–2005) by SNK. In 1993, Electronic Games noted that when "historians look back at the world of coin-op during the early 1990s, one of the defining highlights of the video game art form will undoubtedly focus on fighting/martial arts themes" which it described as "the backbone of the industry" at the time.^[33]

3D polygon graphics were popularized by the Sega Model 1 games Virtua Racing (1992) and Virtua Fighter (1993),^[34] followed by racing games^[30] like the Namco System 22 title Ridge Racer (1993) and Sega Model 2 title Daytona USA, and light gun shooters like Sega's Virtua Cop (1994)^[35] and Mesa Logic's Area 51 (1995), gaining considerable popularity in the arcades.^[30] By 1994, arcade games in the United States were generating revenues of $7 billion^[36] in quarters (equivalent to $11.2 billion in 2016),^[37] in comparison to home console game sales of $6 billion,^[36] with many of the best-selling home video games in the early 1990s often being arcade ports.^[38] Combined, total US arcade and console game revenues of $13 billion in 1994 ($20.8 billion in 2016) was nearly two and a half times the $5 billion revenue grossed by movies in the United States at the time.^[36]

Around the mid-1990s, the fifth-generation home consoles, Sega Saturn, PlayStation, and Nintendo 64, began offering true 3D graphics. By 1995, personal computers followed, with 3D accelerator cards. While arcade systems such as the Sega Model 3 remained considerably more advanced than home systems in the late 1990s,^[39][40] the technological advantage that arcade games had, in their ability to customize and use the latest graphics and sound chips, slowly began narrowing, and the convenience of home games eventually caused a decline in arcade gaming. Sega's sixth generation console, the Dreamcast, could produce 3D graphics comparable to the Sega NAOMI arcade system in 1998, after which Sega produced more powerful arcade systems such as the Sega NAOMI Multiboard and Sega Hikaru in 1999 and the Sega NAOMI 2 in 2000, before Sega eventually stopped manufacturing expensive proprietary arcade system boards, with their subsequent arcade boards being based on more affordable commercial console or PC components.

Decline

Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999,^[41] and reached a low of $866 million in 2004.^[42] Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared,^[43] replacing the venue of head-to-head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades.^[44]

The arcades also lost their status as the forefront of new game releases. Given the choice between playing a game at an arcade three or four times (perhaps 15 minutes of play for a typical arcade game), and renting, at about the same price, exactly the same game—for a video game console—the console became the preferred choice. Fighting games were the most attractive feature for arcades, since they offered the prospect of face-to-face competition and tournaments, which correspondingly led players to practice more (and spend more money in the arcade), but they could not support the business all by themselves.

Recent 20th anniversary arcade machine, combining two classic video games.

To remain viable, arcades added other elements to complement the video games such as redemption games, merchandisers, and food service. Referred to as "fun centers" or "family fun centers",^[45] some of the longstanding chains such as Chuck E. Cheese's and Gatti's Pizza ("GattiTowns")^[46] also changed to this format. Many old video game arcades have long since closed, and classic coin-operated games have become largely the province of dedicated hobbyists.

Today

Today's arcades have found a niche in games that use special controllers largely inaccessible to home users. An alternative interpretation (one that includes fighting games, which continue to thrive and require no special controller) is that the arcade game is now a more socially-oriented hangout, with games that focus on an individual's performance, rather than the game's content, as the primary form of novelty. Examples of today's popular genres are rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution (1998) and DrumMania (1999), and rail shooters such as Virtua Cop (1994), Time Crisis (1995) and House of the Dead (1996).

In the Western world, the arcade video game industry still exists today but in a greatly reduced form. Video arcade game hardware is often based on home game consoles to reduce development costs; there are video arcade versions of Dreamcast (NAOMI, Atomiswave), PlayStation 2 (System 246), Nintendo GameCube (Triforce), and Microsoft Xbox (Chihiro) home consoles and PC (e.g. Taito Type X). Some arcades have survived by expanding into ticket-based prize redemption and more physical games with no home console equivalent, such as skee ball and Whac-A-Mole. Some genres, particularly dancing and rhythm games (such as Konami's Dance Dance Revolution), continue to be popular in arcades.

Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year.^[47] In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country.^[48] The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.^[49]

The relative simplicity yet solid gameplay of many of these early games has inspired a new generation of fans who can play them on mobile phones or with emulators such as MAME. Some classic arcade games are reappearing in commercial settings, such as Namco's Ms. Pac-Man 20 Year Reunion / Galaga Class of 1981 two-in-one game,^[50] or integrated directly into controller hardware (joysticks) with replaceable flash drives storing game ROMs. Arcade classics have also been reappearing as mobile games, with Pac-Man in particular selling over 30 million downloads in the United States by 2010.^[51] Arcade classics have also begun to appear on multi-game arcade machines for home users.^[52]

Japan

In the Japanese gaming industry, arcades have remained popular through to the present day. As of 2009, out of Japan's $20 billion gaming market, $6 billion of that amount is generated from arcades, which represent the largest sector of the Japanese video game market, followed by home console games and mobile games at $3.5 billion and $2 billion, respectively.^[53] In 2005, arcade ownership and operation accounted for a majority of Namco's for example.^[54] With considerable withdrawal from the arcade market from companies such as Capcom, Sega became the strongest player in the arcade market with 60% marketshare in 2006.^[55] However, due to the country's economic recession, the Japanese arcade industry has also been steadily declining, from ¥702.9 billion (US$8.7 billion) in 2007 to ¥504.3 billion ($6.2 billion) in 2010.^[56] In 2013, estimation of revenue is ¥470 billion.^[56]

In the Japanese market, network and card features introduced by Virtua Fighter 4 and World Club Champion Football, and novelty cabinets such as Gundam Pod machines have caused revitalizations in arcade profitability in Japan. The reason for the continued popularity of arcades in comparison to the west, are heavy population density and an infrastructure similar to casino facilities.

Former rivals in the Japanese arcade industry, Konami, Taito, Bandai Namco and Sega, are now working together to keep the arcade industry vibrant. This is evidenced in the sharing of arcade networks, and venues having games from all major companies rather than only games from their own company.^[57]

Technology

Inside of a Neo Geo

Virtually all modern arcade games (other than the very traditional midway-type games at county fairs) make extensive use of solid state electronics and integrated circuits. In the past, coin-operated arcade video games generally used custom per-game hardware often with multiple CPUs, highly specialized sound and graphics chips, and the latest in expensive computer graphics display technology. This allowed arcade system boards to produce more complex graphics and sound than what was then possible on video game consoles or personal computers, which is no longer the case today. Recent arcade game hardware is often based on modified video game console hardware or high-end PC components.

Arcade games frequently have more immersive and realistic game controls than either PC or console games, including specialized ambiance or control accessories: fully enclosed dynamic cabinets with force feedback controls, dedicated lightguns, rear-projection displays, reproductions of automobile or airplane cockpits, motorcycle or horse-shaped controllers, or highly dedicated controllers such as dancing mats and fishing rods. These accessories are usually what set modern video games apart from other games, as they are usually too bulky, expensive, and specialized to be used with typical home PCs and consoles.

Arcade genre

Arcade games often have short levels, simple and intuitive control schemes, and rapidly increasing difficulty. This is due to the environment of the Arcade, where the player is essentially renting the game for as long as their in-game avatar can stay alive (or until they run out of tokens).

Games on consoles or PCs can be referred to as "arcade games" if they share these qualities or are direct ports of arcade titles. Many independent developers are now producing games in the arcade genre that are designed specifically for use on the Internet. These games are usually designed with Flash/Java/DHTML and run directly in web-browsers.

Arcade racing games have a simplified physics engine and do not require much learning time when compared with racing simulators. Cars can turn sharply without braking or understeer, and the AI rivals are sometimes programmed so they are always near the player (rubberband effect).

Arcade flight games also use simplified physics and controls in comparison to flight simulators. These are meant to have an easy learning curve, in order to preserve their action component. Increasing numbers of console flight video games, from Crimson Skies to Ace Combat and Secret Weapons Over Normandy indicate the falling of manual-heavy flight sim popularity in favor of instant arcade flight action.^[58]

Other types of arcade-style games include fighting games (often played with an arcade controller), beat 'em up games (including fast-paced hack and slash games), light gun rail shooters and "bullet hell" shooters (intuitive controls and rapidly increasing difficulty), music games (particularly rhythm games), and mobile/casual games (intuitive controls and often played in short sessions).

Emulation

Emulators such as MAME, which can be run on modern computers and a number of other devices, aim to preserve the games of the past.

Legitimate emulated titles started to appear on the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn, with CD-ROM compilations such as Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 1, and on the PlayStation 2 and GameCube with DVD-ROM titles such as Midway Arcade Treasures.

Arcade games are currently being downloaded and emulated through the Nintendo Wii Virtual Console Service starting in 2009 with Gaplus, Mappy, Space Harrier, Star Force, The Tower of Druaga, Tecmo Bowl, Altered Beast and many more. Other classic arcade games such as Asteroids, Tron, Discs of Tron, Yie Ar Kung-Fu, Pac-Man, Joust, Battlezone, Dig Dug, Robotron: 2084, and Missile Command are emulated on PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Arcade.

Locations

In addition to restaurants and video arcades, arcade games are also found in bowling alleys, college campuses, dormitories, laundromats, movie theaters, supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, ice rinks, corner shops, truck stops, bar/pubs, hotels, and even bakeries. In short, arcade games are popular in places open to the public where people are likely to have free time.

List of highest-grossing arcade video games

For arcade games, success was usually judged by either the number of arcade hardware units sold to operators, or the amount of revenue generated, from the number of coins (such as quarters or 100 yen coins) inserted into machines,^[59] and/or the hardware sales (with arcade hardware prices often ranging from $1000 to $4000 or more). This list only includes arcade games that have either sold more than 1000 hardware units or generated a revenue of more than US$1 million. Most of the games in this list date back to the golden age of arcade video games, though some are also from before and after the golden age.

Game	Release year	Hardware units sold	Estimated gross revenue (US$ without inflation)	Estimated gross revenue (US$ with 2016 inflation)[37]
Space Invaders	1978	360,000 (up to 1980)[60]	$2.702 billion (up to 1982)[n 1]	$9.8 billion
Pac-Man	1980	400,000 (up to 1982)[61]	$2.5 billion (up to 1999)[n 2]	$7.18 billion
Street Fighter II	1991	200,000 (up to 1992) (The World Warrior: 60,000 Champion Edition: 140,000)[n 3]	$2.312 billion (up to 1995) (The World Warrior Champion Edition)[64]	$4.02 billion (The World Warrior Champion Edition)
Donkey Kong	1981	132,000 (up to 1982)[n 4]	$280 million (up to 1982) (US hardware sales)[66]	$729 million (US hardware sales)
Ms. Pac-Man	1981	125,000 (up to 1988)[67][68]
Asteroids	1979	100,000 (up to 2001)[68][69]	$800 million (up to 1991)[70][71]	$1.39 billion
Defender	1981	60,000 (up to 2002)[72][73]	$1 billion (up to 2002)[74][75]	$1.32 billion
Galaxian	1979	40,000 (in the US up to 1982)[76][77]
Donkey Kong Jr.	1982	30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[n 4]
Mr. Do!	1982	30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[78]
Popeye	1982	20,000 (in the US up to 1982)[65]
Out Run	1986	20,000 (up to 1987)[79]
Pump It Up	1999	20,000 (up to 2005)[80]
NBA Jam	1993	20,000 (up to 2013)[81]	$1 billion (up to 2010)[82]	$1.09 billion
Gun Fight	1975	8,000 (up to 1976)[83][84]
Sega Network Mahjong MJ3	2005	7,608 (up to 2006)[85]
Hang-On	1985	7,500 (up to 1985)[86]
Dinosaur King	2005	7,000 (up to 2006)[87]
Wheels (Speed Race)	1974	7,000 (up to 1975)[88][89]
Sega Network Mahjong MJ2	2003	5,486 (up to 2005)[n 5]
Donkey Kong 3	1983	5,000 (in the US up to 1982)[n 4]
Sangokushi Taisen 2	2006	4,041 (up to 2007)[n 6]
Initial D Arcade Stage 4	2007	3,904 (up to 2007)[n 7]
Mario Bros.	1983	3,800 (in the US up to 1983)[94]
Dance Dance Revolution	1998	3,500 (in Japan as of 1999)[95]
Zoo Keeper	1982	3,000 (in the US up to 1983)[96]
Initial D Arcade Stage	2001	2,534 (up to 2004)[97]
World Club Champion Football	2002	2,479 (up to 2009)[n 8]	$706.014 million (up to 2012)[n 10]	$929 million
Mortal Kombat	1992	24,000 (up to 2002)[32]	$570 million (up to 2002)[32]	$750 million
Jungle Hunt	1982	18,000 (in the US up to 1983)[96]
Scramble	1981	15,136 (up to 1981)[102]
Mushiking: King of the Beetles	2003	13,500 (up to 2005)[103]	$530 million (up to 2007)[n 12]	$682 million
Mahjong Fight Club 3	2004	13,000 (up to 2004)[104]
Super Cobra	1981	12,337 (up to 1981)[102]
Oshare Majo: Love and Berry	2004	10,300 (up to 2006)[105][106]	$302.68 million (up to 2007)[n 13]	$379 million
Centipede	1981	55,988 (up to 1991)[107]	$115.65 million (up to 1991)[107]	$201 million
Shining Force Cross	2009	2,389 (up to 2009)[108]
Pengo	1982	2,000 (in the US up to 1983)[96]
Sangokushi Taisen	2005	1,942 (up to 2006)[n 14]
World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs	2008	1,689 (up to 2009)[n 9]	$150.1 million (up to 2012)[n 11]	$165 million
Dragon's Lair	1983	16,000 (up to 1983)[110][111]	$68.8 million (up to 1983)[110][112]	$163 million
Mortal Kombat II	1993	27,000 (up to 2002)[32]	$100 million (up to 1994)[113]	$160 million
Pole Position	1982	21,000 (in the US up to 1983)[94]	$60.933 million (up to 1983)[94][107] (US hardware sales)	$149 million (US hardware sales)
StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins	2011		$132.18 million (up to 2012)[n 15]	$139 million
Border Break	2009	2,998 (up to 2009)[108]	$107 million (up to 2012)[n 16]	$118 million
Dig Dug	1982	22,228[107] (in the US up to 1983)[96]	$46.3 million (up to 1983)[107] (US hardware sales)	$114 million (US hardware sales)
Tempest	1981	29,000 (up to 1983)[94]	$62.408 million (up to 1991)[107]	$108 million
TV Basketball (Basketball)	1974	1,400 (up to 1974)[114]
The House of the Dead 4	2005	1,008 (up to 2005)[115]
Radar Scope	1980	1,000 (in the US up to 1980)[116]
Tron	1982	800 (in the US up to 1982)[117]	$45 million (up to 1983)[118]	$102 million
Sengoku Taisen	2010		$94.04 million (up to 2012)[n 17]	$102 million
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road	2007		$78.2 million (up to 2008)[n 18]	$89.2 million
StarHorse2	2005	38,614 (up to 2009)[n 19]	$59.321 million (up to 2011) (Fifth Expansion)[n 20]	$71.9 million (Fifth Expansion)
Q*bert	1982	25,000 (up to 2001)[122]
Robotron: 2084	1982	23,000 (up to 1983)[94]
Samba de Amigo	1999	3,000 (up to 2000)[123]	$47.11 million (up to 2000)[n 21]	$66.9 million
Asteroids Deluxe	1981	22,399 (up to 1999)[124]	$46.1 million (up to 1999)[124]	$65.5 million
Missile Command	1980	19,999 (up to 2010)[125]	$36.8 million (up to 1991)[124]	$63.9 million
Berzerk	1980	15,780 (up to 1981)[102]
Sangokushi Taisen 3	2007		$54.4 million (up to 2011)[n 22]	$62.1 million
Pong	1972	8,500–19,000[126][127]	$11 million (up to 1973)[128]	$58.6 million
Lord of Vermilion	2008		$50.443 million (up to 2008)[n 23]	$55.4 million
Sega Network Mahjong MJ4	2008	12,892 (up to 2009)[n 24]	$47 million (up to 2010)[n 25]	$51.7 million
Kangaroo	1982	9,803[107] (up to 1983)[96]	$20.58 million (up to 1983) (US hardware sales)[107]	$50.5 million (US hardware sales)
Battlezone	1980	15,122 (up to 1999)[124]	$31.2 million (up to 1999)[124]	$44.3 million
Stargate	1983	15,000 (up to 1983)[94]
Space Duel	1982	12,038 (up to 1991)[107]
Big Buck Hunter Pro	2006	10,000 (up to 2009)[130][131]
Snake Pit	1983	9,000 (up to 1983)[132]
Bagman	1983	5,000 (in the US up to 1983)[96]
Big Buck Safari	2008	5,500 (up to 2009)[130]
Hard Drivin'	1989	3,318 (up to 1989)[107]	$22.9 million (up to 1989)[107]	$43.7 million
Gauntlet	1985	7,848 (up to 1985)[107]	$18.01 million (up to 1985)[107]	$39.6 million
Sega Network Mahjong MJ5	2011		$34.87 million (up to 2012)[n 26]	$36.7 million
Millipede	1982	9,990 (up to 1991)[107]	$20.669 million (up to 1991)[107]	$35.9 million
Race Drivin'	1990	3,525 (up to 1991)[107]	$20.03 million (up to 1991)[107]	$34.8 million
Time Traveler	1991		$18 million (up to 1991)[112]	$31.3 million
Space Ace	1984		$13 million (up to 1984)[112]	$29.6 million
Xevious	1982	5,295 (in the US up to 1983)[107]	$11.1 million (up to 1983)[107] (US hardware sales)	$27.2 million (US hardware sales)
Big Buck Hunter Pro: Open Season	2009	3,000 (up to 2010)[134]
Silver Strike Live	2010	3,000 (up to 2010)[135]
H2Overdrive	2009	2,000 (up to 2010)[136]
Atari Football	1978	11,306 (up to 1999)[124]	$17.266 million (up to 1999)[124]	$24.5 million
Final Lap	1987	1,150 (in the US up to 1988)[107]	$9.5 million (up to 1988)[107] (US hardware sales)	$19.8 million (US hardware sales)
Paperboy	1984	3,442 (up to 1991)[107]	$8.6 million (up to 1991)[107]	$14.9 million
Star Wars	1983	12,695 (up to 1991)[107]	$7.595 million (up to 1991)[107]	$13.2 million
Beatmania	1997	25,000 (up to 2000)[137]	$12.4 million (up to 1998) (Japan hardware sales)[n 27]	$18.3 million (Japan hardware sales)
Sprint 2	1976	8,200 (up to 1999)[124]	$12.669 million (up to 1999)[124]	$18 million
Championship Sprint	1986	3,595 (up to 1991)[107]	$8.26 million (up to 1991)[107]	$14.4 million
Pole Position II	1983	2,400 (in the US up to 1983)[107]	$7.43 million (up to 1983)[107] (US hardware sales)	$17.7 million (US hardware sales)
Breakout	1976	11,000 (up to 1999)[124]	$12.045 million (up to 1999)[124]	$17.1 million
Sea Wolf	1976	10,000 (up to 2000)[138]
Lunar Lander	1979	4,830 (up to 1999)[124]	$8.19 million (up to 1999)[124]	$11.6 million
Super Sprint	1986	2,232 (up to 1999)[124]	$7.8 million (up to 1999)[124]	$11.1 million
Marble Madness	1984	4,000 (up to 1985)[139]	$6.3 million (up to 1991)[107]	$10.9 million
Sea Wolf II	1978	4,000 (up to 2000)[140]
Rolling Thunder	1986	2,406 (in the US up to 1987)[107]	$4.8 million (up to 1987)[107] (US hardware sales)	$10.4 million (US hardware sales)
Tetris	1989	5,771 (in the US up to 1991)[107]	$5.2 million (up to 1991)[107] (US hardware sales)	$9.03 million (US hardware sales)
Arabian	1983	1,950 (in the US up to 1983)[96]	$3.9 million (up to 1983)[107] (US hardware sales)	$9.27 million (US hardware sales)
Terminator Salvation	2010	1,000 (up to 2010)[141]	$8 million (up to 2010)[141]	$8.68 million
Blasteroids	1987	2,000 (up to 1991)[107]	$4.69 million (up to 1991)[107]	$8.15 million
Super Breakout	1978	4,805 (up to 1999)[124]	$5.7 million (up to 1999)[124]	$8.1 million
Pac-Mania	1987	1,412 (in the US up to 1987)[107]	$2.82 million (up to 1987)[107] (US hardware sales)	$5.87 million (US hardware sales)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom	1985	2,825 (up to 1991)[107]	$3.2 million (up to 1991)[107]	$5.56 million
Four Trax	1989	205 (in the US & EU as of 1989)[107]	$2.9 million (up to 1989)[107] (US & EU hardware sales)	$5.54 million (US & EU hardware sales)
Assault	1988	1,079 (in the US up to 1988)[107]	$2.5 million (up to 1988)[107] (US hardware sales)	$5 million (US hardware sales)
Gauntlet II	1986	3,520 (up to 1991)[107]	$2.4 million (up to 1991)[107]	$4.17 million
Guitar Hero Arcade	2009	2,000 (up to 2009)[142]
Drag Race	1977	1,900 (up to 1999)[124]	$2.8 million (up to 1999)[124]	$3.98 million
Night Driver	1976	2,100 (up to 1999)[124]	$2.4675 million (up to 1999)[124]	$3.51 million
I, Robot	1984	750-1,000[107][143]	$1.5 million (up to 1984)[107]	$3.42 million
R.B.I. Baseball	1987	3,945 (in the US up to 1987)[107]	$1.6 million (up to 1987)[107] (US hardware sales)	$3.33 million (US hardware sales)
Computer Space	1971	1,500–2,000 (up to 1984)[144][145]
Death Race	1976	1,000 (up to 1976)[84]
Dunk Shot	1986	556 (in the US up to 1987)[107]	$1.4 million (up to 1987)[107] (US hardware sales)	$3.02 million (US hardware sales)
Star Wars: Return of the Jedi	1984	800 (up to 1991)[107]	$1.68 million (up to 1991)[107]	$2.92 million
Dragon Spirit	1987	600 (in the US up to 1987)[107]	$1.2 million (up to 1987)[107] (US hardware sales)	$2.5 million (US hardware sales)
Triple Hunt	1977	865 (up to 1999)[124]	$1.2 million (up to 1999)[124]	$1.7 million

Best-selling arcade video game franchises

These are the combined hardware sales of at least two or more arcade games that are part of the same franchise. This list only includes franchises that have sold at least 5,000 hardware units or grossed at least $10 million revenues.

Franchise	Original release year	Total hardware units sold	Gross revenue (US$ without inflation)	Gross revenue (US$ with 2016 inflation)[37]
Pac-Man	1980	526,412 (up to 1988)[n 28]	$3.853 billion (up to 1999)[n 29]	$11.1 billion
Street Fighter	1987	500,000 (up to 2002)[146][147]	$2.312 billion (up to 1993) (Street Fighter II: The World Warrior Street Fighter II′: Champion Edition)[64]	$4.82 billion (Street Fighter II: The World Warrior Street Fighter II': Champion Edition)
Space Invaders	1978	360,000 (up to 1980)[60]	$2.702 billion (up to 1982)[n 1]	$9.8 billion
Pac-Man Clones	1980	300,000 (up to 2002)[148]
Mario	1981	170,800 (up to 1983)[n 30]	$280 million (up to 1982) (US hardware sales)[66]	$729 million (US hardware sales)
Donkey Kong	1981	167,000 (up to 1983)[n 4]	$280 million (up to 1982) (US hardware sales)[66]	$729 million (US hardware sales)
Asteroids	1979	136,437 (up to 1999)[n 31]	$850.79 million (up to 1999)[n 32]	$1.21 billion
Golden Tee Golf	1989	100,000 (up to 2011)[149]
Defender	1981	75,000 (up to 2002)[n 33]	$1 billion (up to 2002)[74]	$1.32 billion
Centipede	1981	65,978 (up to 1991)[n 34]	$136.3 million (up to 1991)[n 35]	$237 million
Mortal Kombat	1992	51,000 (up to 2002)[32]	$1 billion (up to 1995)[150]	$1.32 billion
Galaxian	1979	40,986 (in the US up to 1988)[n 36]
Starhorse	2000	38,734 (up to 2009)[n 37]	$191.501 million (up to 2012)[n 38]	$263 million
Big Buck	2000	33,500 (up to 2010)[n 39]
Mr. Do!	1982	30,000 (in the US up to 1982)[78]
Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road	2007		$78.2 million (up to 2008)[n 18]	$89.2 million
Lord of Vermilion	2008		$50.443 million (up to 2008)[n 23]	$55.4 million
Bemani	1997	28,500 (up to 2000)[n 40]	$12.4 million (up to 1998) (Japan hardware sales)[n 27]	$18.3 million (Japan hardware sales)
Scramble	1981	27,473 (up to 1981)[102]
Sega Network Mahjong	2000	25,986 (up to 2006)[n 41]	$81.87 million (up to 2012)[n 42]	$112 million
Pole Position	1982	24,550 (in the US up to 1983)[n 43]	$77.9 million (up to 1988) (US hardware sales)[n 44]	$191 million (US hardware sales)
Dig Dug	1982	22,228[107] (in the US up to 1983)[96]	$46.3 million (up to 1983)[107] (US hardware sales)	$114 million (US hardware sales)
Pump It Up	1999	20,000 (up to 2005)[80]
Breakout	1976	15,805 (up to 1999)[124]	$17.745 million (up to 1999)[124]	$25.2 million
Star Wars	1983	14,039 (up to 1991)[107]	$9.275 million (up to 1983)[107]	$16.1 million
Sprint	1976	14,027 (up to 1999)[124]	$28.729 million (up to 1999)[124]	$40.8 million
Mushiking	2003	13,500 (up to 2005)[103]	$530 million (up to 2007)[n 12]	$682 million
Sea Wolf	1976	14,000 (up to 2000)[138]
Mahjong Fight Club	2002	13,000 (up to 2004)[104]
Gauntlet	1985	11,368 (up to 1991)[107]	$20.41 million (up to 1991)[107]	$35.5 million
Love and Berry	2004	10,300 (up to 2006)[105]	$302.68 million (up to 2007)[n 13]	$379 million
Sangokushi Taisen	2005	9,929 (up to 2008)[n 45]	$148.44 million (up to 2012)[n 46]	$180 million
Pong	1972	8500–19,000[126][127]	$11 million (up to 1973)[128]	$58.6 million
Hang-On	1985	7,500 (up to 1985)[86]
Initial D Arcade Stage	2001	7,111 (up to 2005)[n 47]
Dinosaur King	2005	7,000 (up to 2006)[87]
Hard Drivin'	1989	6,843 (up to 1991)[107]	$42.93 million (up to 1991)[107]	$75.48 million
Xevious	1982	5,295 (in the US up to 1983)[107]
Samba de Amigo	1999	3,000 (up to 2000)[123]	$47.11 million (up to 2000)[n 21]	$66.9 million
Border Break	2009	2,998 (up to 2009)[108]	$107 million (up to 2012)[n 16]	$118 million
World Club Champion Football	2002	2,479 (up to 2009)[n 8]	$706.014 million (up to 2012)[n 10]	$929 million

See also

Arcade cabinet Arcade system board Claw crane Money booth Golden age of arcade video games Score Medal game JAMMA

Killer List of Videogames List of arcade video games Neo-Geo Pinball Recycle It, Don't Trash It! Skee ball Winners Don't Use Drugs

Footnotes

1. Space Invaders:
   • $2 billion (4 billion quarters) by 1982: "Making millions, 25 cents at a time". The Fifth Estate (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). 23 November 1982. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
   • $1 billion (8 billion quarters) by 1981: Glinert, Ephraim P. (1990), Visual Programming Environments: Applications and Issues, IEEE Computer Society Press, p. 321, ISBN 0-8186-8974-9, retrieved 10 April 2011, As of mid-1981, according to Steve Bloom, author of Video Invaders, more than four billion quarters had been dropped into Space Invaders games around the world
   • $600 million Japan cabinet sales in 1978: "Can Asteroids Conquer Space Invaders?" (PDF). Electronic Games 1 (1): 30–33 [31]. Winter 1981. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
   • $102 million US cabinet sales by 1979.^[32]
2. Pac-Man:
   • Estimated 10 billion quarters ($2.5 billion) by 1999:
     • Chris Morris (10 May 2005). "Pac Man turns 25: A pizza dinner yields a cultural phenomenon – and millions of dollars in quarters". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011. In the late 1990s, Twin Galaxies, which tracks video game world record scores, visited used game auctions and counted how many times the average Pac Man machine had been played. Based on those findings and the total number of machines that were manufactured, the organization said it believed the game had been played more than 10 billion times in the 20th century.
     • Mark J. P. Wolf (2008), The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond, ABC-CLIO, p. 73, ISBN 0-313-33868-X, retrieved 10 April 2011, It would go on to become arguably the most famous video game of all time, with the arcade game alone taking in more than a billion dollars, and one study estimated that it had been played more than 10 billion times during the twentieth century.
   • Estimated 7 billion coins (7 billion quarters / $1.75 billion) by 1982.^[61]
   • $1 billion cabinet sales by 1982:
     • Marlene Targ Brill (2009). America in the 1980s. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 120. ISBN 0-8225-7602-3. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
   • $1 billion revenue in 1980:
     • Kline, Stephen; Nick Dyer-Witheford; Greig de Peuter (2003). Digital play: the interaction of technology, culture, and marketing (Reprint ed.). Montréal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-7735-2591-2. Retrieved 25 February 2012. The game produced one billion dollars in 1980 alone
3. Street Fighter II:
   • Street Fighter II′: Champion Edition: 140,000^[62]
   • Street Fighter II: The World Warrior: 60,000^[63]
4. Donkey Kong:
   • Japan: 65,000 of Donkey Kong
     • Brian Ashcraft ; with Jean Snow. ; forewords by Kevin Williams; Crecente, Brian (2008). "sixty-five+thousand" Arcade Mania: The Turbo-charged World of Japan's Game Centers (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 4-7700-3078-9. Retrieved 12 February 2012. Jumpman hopped over barrels, climbed ladders, and jumped from suspended platform to suspended platform as he tried to rescue a damsel from his pissed-off pet gorilla. The game was a smash, and sixty-five thousand cabinets were sold in Japan, propping up the then-struggling Nintendo and laying the groundwork for Nintendo and Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto to dominate gaming throughout the 1980s and beyond.
   • United States: 67,000 of Donkey Kong
     • Bienaimé, Pierre (13 January 2012). "Square Roots: Donkey Kong (NES)". Nintendojo. Retrieved 8 April 2012. Donkey Kong sold some 67,000 arcade cabinets in two years, making two of its American distributors sudden millionaires thanks to paid commission. As a barometer of success, know that Pac-Man and Ms. Pac-Man are the only arcade games to have sold over 100,000 units in the United States.
   • United States: 30,000 of Donkey Kong Jr. and 5000 of Donkey Kong 3.^[65]
5. Sega Network Mahjong MJ2:
   • April 2004 to March 2005: 4,984^[90]
   • April 2005 to June 2005: 502^[91]
6. Sangokushi Taisen 2:
   • 3,211 units during April–September 2006.^[87]
   • 830 units during April–September 2007.^[92]
7. Initial D Arcade Stage 4:
   • 3,056 units in fiscal year ending March 2007.^[93]
   • 848 units during April–September 2007.^[92]
8. World Club Champion Football series, unit sales:
   • World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 - 514 units in fiscal year ending March 2006^[85]
   • World Club Champion Football: European Clubs 2004–2005 Ver. 2 - 276 units during April–September 2006 (240 satellite units during April–June 2006,^[98] and 36 body units during April–September 2006)^[87]
   • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 1,689 units from June 2008 to December 2009^{[n 9]}
9. World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
   • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2006-2007 - 831 units from June 2008 to March 2009^[109]
   • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs 2008–2009 - 858 units from April 2009 to December 2009^[108]
10. World Club Champion Football series, revenue:
    • Series revenues up until March 2009 - $552.3 million
      • 480 million player cards sold. Prices could range from ¥300 for a single card from an arcade machine to ¥1000 for a starter pack.^[99] A ¥1000 starter pack consists of 11 player cards, equivalent to ¥90.91 each.^[100] Total revenues from player card sales thus range from ¥43.64 billion (at ¥90.91 per card) to ¥144 billion (at ¥300 per card). In US dollars, this is equivalent to a range of $552.3 million to $1.82244 billion.^[101] The lowest value of $552.3 million will be assumed.
    • World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs revenues from April 2009 to June 2012 - $150.1 million^{[n 11]}
11. World Club Champion Football: Intercontinental Clubs
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥4.2 billion^[129]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥3.8 billion^[151]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥3.6 billion^[133][156]
    • 1st Quarter Ended 30 June 2012: ¥0.5 billion^[152]
    • Currency conversion:^[101]
      • ¥4.2 billion = $51.9159 million
      • ¥3.8 billion = $46.9716 million
      • ¥3.6 billion = $44.8253 million
      • ¥0.5 billion = $6.3784 million
12. Mushiking:
    • 420 million^[153] 100 yen coins^[154] = ¥42 billion
    • Currency conversion: $530 million^[101]
13. Love and Berry:
    • 240 million^[153] 100 yen coins^[154] = ¥24 billion
    • Currency conversion: $302.68 million^[101]
14. Sangokushi Taisen:
    • As of March 2005: 421^[90]
    • April 2005 to March 2006: 1,521^[85]
16. Border Break:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.3 billion^[129]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.5 billion^[151]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥2.3 billion^[133][155]
    • 1st Quarter Ended 30 June 2012: ¥0.5 billion^[152]
    • Currency conversion:^[101]
      • ¥3.3 billion = $40.7317 million
      • ¥2.5 billion = $30.8542 million
      • ¥2.3 billion = $28.6371 million
      • ¥0.5 billion = $6.3784 million
18. Dragon Quest: Monster Battle Road
    • ¥4.5 billion from June 2007 to March 2008^[119]
      • Currency conversion: $56.731 million^[101]
    • ¥1.7 billion from April 2008 to September 2008^[120]
      • Currency conversion: $21.4317 million^[101]
19. StarHorse2:
    • From April 2005 to March 2007: 18,079 units
      • StarHorse2: New Generation – 7,819 units from April 2005 to June 2006 (6,020 units in fiscal year ended March 2006,^[85] and 1,799 units during April–June 2006)^[87]
      • StarHorse2: Second Fusion - 10,260 units from April 2006 to March 2007 (8,105 conversion kits during April–December 2006,^[105] and 2,155 body and satellite units in fiscal year ending March 2007)^[93]
    • From April 2007 to March 2008: 10,275 units (756 body and satellite units of StarHorse2: Second Fusion during April–September 2007,^[92] and 9,519 conversion kits in fiscal year ended March 2008)^[121]
    • From April 2009 to December 2009: 10,657 units of StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion^[108]
20. StarHorse2: Fifth Expansion:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥2.8 billion^[129]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2 billion^[151]
    • Currency conversion:^[101]
      • ¥2.8 billion = $34.6039 million
      • ¥2 billion = $24.7171 million
    </ref>
    • StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins – $132.18 million<ref group='n' name='StarHorse3'>StarHorse3 Season I: A New Legend Begins
    • Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥10.1 billion^[133]
    • 1st Quarter Ended 30 June 2012: ¥0.5 billion^[152]
    • Currency conversion:^[101]
      • ¥10.1 billion = $125.8 million
      • ¥0.5 billion = $6.3784 million
21. Samba de Amigo: ¥3.84 billion
    • Currency conversion: $47.11 million^[101]
22. Sangokushi Taisen 3:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥1.8 billion^[129]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥2.6 billion^[151]
    • Currency conversion:^[101]
      • ¥1.8 billion = $22.2401 million
      • ¥2.6 billion = $32.1248 million
    </ref>
    • Sengoku Taisen: $94.04 million<ref group='n' name='Sengoku'>Sengoku Taisen:
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2011: ¥6.4 billion^[151]
    • Fiscal year ended 31 March 2012: ¥1.2 billion^[133]
    Currency conversion:^[101]
    • ¥6.4 billion = $79.1 million
    • ¥1.2 billion = $14.94 million
23. Lord of Vermilion: ¥4 billion^[120]
    • Currency conversion: $50.443 million^[101]
24. Sega Network Mahjong MJ4:
    • Fiscal year ended March 2008: 10,427^[121]
    • Fiscal year ended March 2009: 2,465^[109]
25. Fiscal year ended 31 March 2010: ¥3.8 billion^[129]
    • Currency conversion: $47 million^[101]
26. Fiscal year ended March 2012: ¥2.8 billion^[133]
    • Currency conversion: $34.87 million^[101]
27. Beatmania:
    • ¥1 billion in May 1998^[95]
    • Yen-Dollar currency conversion: $12.4 million^[101]
28. Pac-Man series:
    • Pac-Man: 400,000^[61]
    • Ms. Pac-Man: 125,000^[67]
    • Pac-Mania: 1,412^[107]
29. Pac-Man series:
    • Pac-Man: $3.5 billion in 1999^{[n 2]}
    • Pac-Mania: $2.82 million in the US in 1987^[107]
30. Mario series:
    • Donkey Kong series: 167,000^{[n 4]}
    • Mario Bros.: 3,800^[94]
31. Asteroids series:
    • Asteroids: 100,000^[69]
    • Asteroids sequels:^[124]
      • Asteroids Deluxe: 22,399
      • Space Duel: 12,038
      • Blasteroids: 2,000
32. Asteroids series:
    • Asteroids: $800 million in 1991^[70]
    • Asteroids sequels:
      • Asteroids Deluxe: $46.1 million in 1999^[124]
      • Blasteroids: $4.69 million in 1991^[107]
33. Defender series:
    • Defender: 60,000^[72]
    • Stargate: 15,000^[94]
34. Centipede series:^[94][107]
    • Centipede: 55,988
    Millipede: 9,990
35. Centipede series:^[107]
    • Centipede: $115.65 million
    Millipede: $20.669 million
36. Galaxian series:
    • Galaxian: 40,000 in the US^[76][77]
    • Galaga '88: 986 in the US^[107]
37. StarHorse series:
    • Starhorse Progress – 120 in fiscal year ended March 2005^[90]
    • StarHorse2 – 38,614 up to 2009^{[n 19]}
38. Starhorse series, 2009–2011:
    • Starhorse2 – $59.321 million^{[n 20]}
39. Big Buck series:
    • Big Buck Hunter series sales up until April 2007: 22,500 units, including 7,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units.^[131]
    • Series sales after April 2007 until September 2009: additional 2,500 Big Buck Hunter Pro units and 5,500 Big Buck Safari units.^[130]
    • Big Buck Hunter Pro: Open Season sales from September 2009 to January 2010: 3,000 units^[134]
40. Bemani series, sales:
    • Beatmania as of 2000: 25,000^[137]
    • Dance Dance Revolution in Japan as of May 1999: 3,500^[95]
41. Sega Network Mahjong MJ series:
    • Sega Network Mahjong MJ2 from April 2004 to June 2005: 5,486 units^{[n 5]}
42. Sega Network Mahjong MJ series, 2009–2012:
    • Sega Network Mahjong MJ4: $47 million in fiscal year 2010^{[n 25]}
43. Pole Position series US sales:
    • Pole Position: 21,000^[94]
    • Pole Position sequels:^[107]
      • Pole Position II: 2,400
      • Final Lap: 1,150
44. Pole Position series US sales:^[94][107]
    • Pole Position: $60.933 million in 1983
    • Pole Position II: $7.43 million in 1983
    • Final Lap: $9.5 million in 1988
45. Sangokushi Taisen series:
    • Sales from January 2005 to September 2006: 5,153 units
      • Sangokushi Taisen from January 2005 to March 2006: 1,942 units^{[n 14]}
      • Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April–September 2006: 3,211 units^[87]
    • Sales from April 2007 to March 2008: 4,776
      • 166 body units of Sangokushi Taisen 2 during April–September 2007^[92]
      • 4,610 satellite units of Sangokushi Taisen from April 2007 to March 2008^[121]
46. Sangokushi Taisen series, 2009–2011:
    • Sangokushi Taisen 3: $54.4 million^{[n 22]}
47. Initial D series:
    • Initial D Arcade Stage: 2,534 units from April 2004 to September 2004^[97]
    • Initial D Arcade Stage Ver. 3: 673 units from April 2004 to March 2005^[90]
    • Initial D Arcade Stage 4: 3,904 units from April 2006 to September 2007^{[n 7]}

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External links

• The Video Arcade Preservation Society
• Online collection of Automatic Age trade journals, 1925-1945
• System 16 – The Arcade Museum
• Arcade History (Coin-Op Database)
• The Museum of Soviet Arcade Games (blog article)