Waco, Texas

"Waco" redirects here. For the 1993 standoff near Waco, Texas, see Waco siege. For the steamship, see City of Waco. For other uses, see Waco (disambiguation).
Waco, Texas
City

Flag
Nickname(s): "Heart of Texas"

Location within McLennan County and Texas
Coordinates: 31°33′5″N 97°9′21″W / 31.55139°N 97.15583°W / 31.55139; -97.15583Coordinates: 31°33′5″N 97°9′21″W / 31.55139°N 97.15583°W / 31.55139; -97.15583
Country  United States
State  Texas
County  McLennan
Government
 • Type Council-manager
 • City Council Mayor Malcolm Duncan, Jr.
Wilbert Austin, Sr.
Alice Rodriguez
John Kinnaird
Dillon Meek
Kyle Deaver
 • City Manager Dale Fisseler, P.E.
Area
 • City 95.5 sq mi (247.4 km2)
 • Land 84.2 sq mi (218.1 km2)
 • Water 11.3 sq mi (29.3 km2)  11.85%
Elevation 470 ft (143.3 m)
Population (2015 Est.)
 • City 130,194
 • Density 1,350/sq mi (521.5/km2)
 • Metro 262,813
Demonym(s) Wacoan
Time zone Central (UTC-6)
 • Summer (DST) Central (UTC-5)
ZIP codes 76700-76799
Area code(s) 254
FIPS code 48-76000[1]
GNIS feature ID 1370701[2]
Website Waco-Texas.com

Waco /ˈweɪkoʊ/ is a city which is the county seat of McLennan County, Texas, United States.[3] It is situated along the Brazos River and I-35, halfway between Dallas and Austin. The city had a 2010 population of 124,805, making it the 22nd-most populous city in the state.[4] The US Census 2014 population estimate is 130,194. The Waco Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of McLennan and Falls Counties, which had a 2010 population of 234,906.[5] Falls County was added to the Waco MSA in 2013. The US Census 2015 population estimate for the Waco MSA is 262,813.

History

1824–1865

Indigenous peoples occupied areas along the river for thousands of years. In historic times, the area of present-day Waco was occupied by the Wichita Native American tribe known as the "Waco" (Spanish: Hueco or Huaco).

In 1824, Thomas M. Duke explored the area and reported to Stephen F. Austin, describing the Waco village:

"This town is situated on the West Bank of the River. They have a spring almost as cold as ice itself. All we want is some Brandy and Sugar to have Ice Toddy. They have about 400 acres (1.6 km2) planted in corn, beans, pumpkins, and melons and that tended in good order. I think they cannot raise more than One Hundred Warriors."

After Austin halted the first attempt to destroy their village in 1825, he made a treaty with them. The Waco eventually moved out of the region, settling north near present-day Fort Worth. In 1872, they joined other Wichita tribes on a reservation in Oklahoma. In 1902, the Waco received allotments of land and became official US citizens.

Neil McLennan settled in an area near the South Bosque River in 1838.[6] Jacob De Cordova bought McLennan's property[7] and hired a former Texas Ranger and surveyor named George B. Erath to inspect the area.[8] In 1849, Erath designed the first block of the city. Property owners wanted to name the city Lamartine, but Erath convinced them to name the area Waco Village, in honor of the Native Americans who had lived there.[9] In March 1849, Shapley Ross built the first house in Waco, a double-log cabin, on a bluff overlooking the springs. His daughter Kate was the first white child to be born in Waco.[10]

1866–1900

Waco in 1886
Suspension Bridge, Waco, Texas

In 1866, Waco's leading citizens embarked on an ambitious project to build the first bridge to span the wide Brazos River. They formed the Waco Bridge Company to build the 475-foot (145 m) brick Waco Suspension Bridge, which was completed in 1870. The company commissioned a firm owned by John Augustus Roebling in Trenton, New Jersey, to supply the cables and steelwork for the bridge, and contracted with Mr. Thomas M. Griffith, a civil engineer based in New York, for the supervisory engineering work on the bridge.[11] The economic effects of the Waco bridge were immediate and large. The cowboys and cattle-herds following the Chisholm Trail north, crossed the Brazos River at Waco. Some chose to pay the Suspension Bridge toll, while others floated their herds down the river. The population of Waco grew rapidly, as immigrants now had a safe crossing for their horse-drawn carriages and wagons. Since 1971, the bridge has been open only to pedestrian traffic and is in the National Register of Historic Places.

In the late 19th century, a red-light district called the "Reservation" grew up in Waco, and prostitution was regulated by the city. The Reservation was suppressed in the early 20th century. In 1885, the soft drink Dr Pepper was invented in Waco at Morrison's Old Corner Drug Store.

In 1845, Baylor University was founded in Independence, Texas, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of Texas. It moved to Waco in 1886 and merged with Waco University, becoming an integral part of the city. The university's Strecker Museum was also the oldest continuously operating museum in the state until it closed in 2003, and the collections were moved to the new Mayborn Museum Complex. In 1873, AddRan College was founded by brothers Addison and Randolph Clark in Fort Worth. The school moved to Waco in 1895, changing its name to Add-Ran Christian University and taking up residence in the empty buildings of Waco Female College. Add-Ran changed its name to Texas Christian University in 1902 and left Waco after the school's main building burned down in 1910. TCU was offered a 50-acre (200,000 m2) campus and $200,000 by the city of Fort Worth to relocate there.

The Dr Pepper Museum is one of Waco's tourist attractions.

In the 1890s, William Cowper Brann published the highly successful Iconoclast newspaper in Waco. One of his targets was Baylor University. Brann revealed that Baylor officials had been importing South American children recruited by missionaries and making house-servants out of them. Brann was shot in the back by Tom Davis, a Baylor supporter. Brann then wheeled, drew his pistol, and killed Davis. Brann was helped home by his friends, and died there of his wounds.

In 1894, the first Cotton Palace fair and exhibition center was built to reflect the dominant contribution of the agricultural cotton industry in the region. Since the end of the Civil War, cotton had been cultivated in the Brazos and Bosque valleys, and Waco had become known nationwide as a top producer. Over the next 23 years, the annual exposition would welcome over eight million attendees. The opulent building which housed the month-long exhibition was destroyed by fire and rebuilt in 1910. In 1931, the exposition fell prey to the Great Depression, and the building was torn down. However, the annual Cotton Palace Pageant continues, hosted in late April in conjunction with the Brazos River Festival.

On September 15, 1896, "The Crash" took place about 15 miles (24 km) north of Waco. "The Crash at Crush" was a publicity stunt done by the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad company (known as M-K-T or "Katy"), featuring two locomotives intentionally set to a head-on collision. Meant to be a family fun event with food, games, and entertainment, the Crash turned deadly when both boilers exploded simultaneously, sending metal flying in the air. Two people died and six were seriously injured.

1901–present

Washington Avenue Bridge (postcard, circa 1908), built in 1902, it was the longest single-span steel bridge in the world.

In 1916, an African American teenager named Jesse Washington was tortured, mutilated, and burned to death in the town square by a mob that seized him from the courthouse, where he had been convicted of murdering a white woman. About 15,000 spectators, mostly citizens of Waco, were present. The commonly named Waco Horror drew international condemnation and became the cause célèbre of the nascent NAACP's antilynching campaign. In 2006, the Waco City Council officially condemned the lynching, which took place without opposition from local political or judicial leaders.

In the 1920s, despite the popularity of the Ku Klux Klan and high numbers of lynchings throughout Texas, Waco's authorities attempted to respond to the NAACP's campaign and institute more protections for African Americans or others threatened with mob violence and lynching.[12] In 1923, Waco's Sheriff Leslie Stegall protected Roy Mitchell, an African American coerced into confessing to multiple murders, from mob lynching. Mitchell was the last Texan to be publicly executed in Texas, and also the last to be hanged before the introduction of the electric chair.[12] In the same year, the Texas Legislature created the Tenth Civil Court of Appeals and placed it in Waco; it is now known as the 10th Court of Appeals.

In 1937, Grover C. Thomsen and R.H. Roark created a soft-drink called "Sun Tang Red Cream Soda". This would later become known as the soft drink Big Red.

On May 5, 1942, Waco Army Air Field opened as a basic pilot training school, and on June 10, 1949, the name was changed to Connally Air Force Base in memory of Col. James T. Connally, a local pilot killed in Japan in 1945. The name changed again in 1951 to the James Connally Air Force Base. The base closed in May 1966 and is now the location of Texas State Technical College, formerly Texas State Technical Institute, since 1965. The airfield is still in operation, now known as TSTC Waco Airport, and was used by Air Force One when former US President George W. Bush visited his Prairie Chapel Ranch, also known as the Western White House, in Crawford, Texas.

Alamo Plaza Courts, tourist apartments, Waco circa 1939

On May 11, 1953, a tornado hit downtown Waco, killing 114.[13] As of 2011, it remains the 11th-deadliest tornado in U.S. history and tied for the deadliest in Texas state history.[14] It was the first tornado tracked by radar and helped spur the creation of a nationwide storm surveillance system. A granite monument featuring the names of those killed was placed downtown in 2004.[15]

In 1964, the Texas Department of Public Safety designated Waco as the site for the state-designated official museum of the legendary Texas Rangers law enforcement agency founded in 1823. In 1976, it was further designated the official Hall of Fame for the Rangers and renamed the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum. Renovations by the Waco government earned this building green status, the first Waco government-led project of its nature. The construction project has fallen under scrutiny for expanding the building over unmarked human graves.

In 1978, bones were discovered emerging from the mud at the confluence of the Brazos and Bosque Rivers. Subsequent excavations revealed that the bones were 68,000 years old and belonged to a species of mammoth. Eventually, the remains of at least 24 mammoths, one camel, and one large cat were found at the site, making it one of the largest findings of its kind. Scholars have puzzled over why such a large herd had been killed all at once. The site is currently being looked at by the National Park Service for possible inclusion into the National Park system. They are conducting a special resource study to be presented to Congress. The bones are currently on display at the Waco Mammoth National Monument, part of the National Park Service.

On February 28, 1993, a shootout occurred in which six Branch Davidians and four agents of the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms died. After 50 days, on April 19, 1993, a standoff between FBI agents and Branch Davidians ended in a fire that destroyed their compound, referred to as Mt. Carmel, near Waco. Seventy-four people, including leader David Koresh, died in the blaze. This event became known as the Waco siege.

In 1999, a charter school called the Emma L. Harrison Charter School was closed by the Texas Education Agency; the school was the first school of its kind to have its charter revoked in Texas.[16]

During the presidency of George W. Bush, Waco was the home to the White House Press Center. The press center provided briefing and office facilities for the press corps whenever Bush visited his "Western White House" Prairie Chapel Ranch near Crawford, about 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Waco.

On May 17, 2015, a violent dispute among rival biker gangs broke out at Twin Peaks restaurant. The Waco police intervened, with nine dead and 18 injured in the incident. More than 170 were arrested.[17] No bystanders, Twin Peak employees, or officers were killed in the process. This was the most high-profile criminal incident since the aforementioned Waco siege, and the deadliest shootout in the city's history.

Geography

Waco is located at 31°33'5" North, 97°9'21" West (31.551516, -97.155930).[18]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 95.5 square miles (247 km2). 84.2 square miles (218 km2) of it is land and 11.3 square miles (29 km2) of it is covered by water. The total area is 11.85% water.

Climate

Waco experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), characterized by hot summers and generally mild winters. Some 90 °F (32 °C) temperatures have been observed in every month of the year. The record low temperature is −5 °F (−21 °C), set on January 31, 1949; the record high temperature is 112 °F (44 °C), set on August 11, 1969.[19]

Climate data for Waco, Texas (1981–2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 90
(32)		 96
(36)		 100
(38)		 101
(38)		 102
(39)		 109
(43)		 109
(43)		 112
(44)		 111
(44)		 101
(38)		 92
(33)		 91
(33)		 112
(44)
Average high °F (°C) 58.7
(14.8)		 62.3
(16.8)		 69.8
(21)		 78.1
(25.6)		 85.5
(29.7)		 92.2
(33.4)		 96.8
(36)		 97.3
(36.3)		 90.3
(32.4)		 80.4
(26.9)		 69.0
(20.6)		 59.5
(15.3)		 78.32
(25.73)
Average low °F (°C) 36.4
(2.4)		 40.0
(4.4)		 47.4
(8.6)		 54.9
(12.7)		 64.1
(17.8)		 71.1
(21.7)		 74.4
(23.6)		 74.1
(23.4)		 66.7
(19.3)		 56.9
(13.8)		 46.8
(8.2)		 37.7
(3.2)		 55.88
(13.26)
Record low °F (°C) −5
(−21)		 4
(−16)		 15
(−9)		 26
(−3)		 35
(2)		 52
(11)		 58
(14)		 53
(12)		 39
(4)		 25
(−4)		 17
(−8)		 −4
(−20)		 −5
(−21)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.12
(53.8)		 2.63
(66.8)		 3.15
(80)		 2.69
(68.3)		 4.29
(109)		 3.43
(87.1)		 1.79
(45.5)		 2.05
(52.1)		 3.04
(77.2)		 3.90
(99.1)		 2.82
(71.6)		 2.75
(69.9)		 34.66
(880.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.1 6.8 8.3 6.3 8.1 7.5 5.3 5.0 5.8 7.2 7.3 7.1 81.8
Source: NOAA[20]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18703,008—
18807,295142.5%
189014,44598.0%
190020,68643.2%
191026,42527.7%
192038,50045.7%
193052,84837.3%
194055,9825.9%
195084,70651.3%
196097,80815.5%
197095,326−2.5%
1980101,2616.2%
1990103,5902.3%
2000113,7269.8%
2010124,8059.7%
Est. 2014130,194[21]4.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[22]
Lake Waco - southern half of the lake with Twin Bridges in view

As of the census[1] of 2010, 124,805 people resided in the city, organized into 51,452 households and 27,115 families. The population density was recorded as 1,350.6 people per square mile (521.5/km2), with 45,819 housing units at an average density of 544.2 per square mile (210.1/km2). The 2000 racial makeup of the city was 60.78% White, 22.65% African American, 1.38% Asian, 0.51% Native American, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 12.38% from other races, and 2.26% from two or more races. About 23.6% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. Non-Hispanic Whites were 45.8% of the population in 2010,[23] down from 66.6% in 1980.[24]

In 2000, the census recorded 42,279 households, of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together, 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.4% were not families. Around 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone at 65 years of age or older. The average household size was calculated as 2.49 and the average family size 3.19.

In 2000, 25.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 20.3% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 28 years. For every 100 females, there are 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,264, and for a family was $33,919. Males had a median income of $26,902 versus $21,159 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,584. About 26.3% of the population and 19.3% of families lived below the poverty line. Of the total population, 30.9% of those under the age of 18 and 13.0% of those 65 and older lived below the poverty line.

Government

McLennan County Courthouse

Waco has a council-manager form of government. Citizens are represented on the City Council by six elected members; five from single-member districts and a mayor who is elected at-large.[25] The city offers a full line of city services typical of an American city this size, including: police, fire, Waco Transit buses, electric utilities, water and wastewater, solid waste, and the Waco Convention and Visitors Bureau.

The Heart of Texas Council of Governments is headquartered in Waco on South New Road. This regional agency is a voluntary association of cities, counties, and special districts in the Central Texas area.

The Texas Tenth Court of Appeals is located in the McLennan County Courthouse in Waco.[26]

The Waco Fire Department operates 15 fire stations throughout the city.[27]

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Waco Parole Office in Waco.[28]

The United States Postal Service operates the Waco Main Post Office along Texas State Highway 6.[29] In addition, it operates other post offices throughout Waco.

Economy

Aerial view of downtown Waco; Brazos River to the left and campus of Baylor University in the upper right

According to the Greater Waco Chamber of Commerce, the top employers in the city as of July 2015 are:[30]

# Employer Employees
1 Baylor University 2,675
2 Waco Independent School District 2,500
3 Providence Health Center 2,397
4 L-3 Communications 2,300
5 Baylor Scott & White Health (Hillcrest) 1,800
6 Walmart 1,656
7 City of Waco 1,506
8 H-E-B 1,500
9 Midway Independent School District 1,067
10 Sanderson Farms, Inc. 1,041

Downtown

Waco's 22-story ALICO building

The town of Waco was built around the Waco Suspension Bridge, which was a crucial crossing of the Brazos River upon completion in 1870. Today, downtown Waco is relatively small when compared to other larger Texas cities, such as Houston, Dallas, San Antonio, or even Fort Worth, El Paso, or Austin. However, each day, nearly 20,000 people commute to and from work in downtown. It is also the location of the McLennan County Courthouse.

In May 1953, the worst tornado in Texas history struck downtown Waco, killing 114 and injuring hundreds. It caused millions of dollars in damage and dented Waco's economy for years after. Downtown Waco is home to the ALICO Building, which was completed in 1910, and was once the tallest structure in the Southwest. Downtown Waco, where Dr Pepper soda was invented, is also the location of the famous Dr Pepper Museum.

A scenic riverwalk along the east and west banks of the Brazos River stretches from the Baylor campus to Cameron Park Zoo, about seven miles in all. This multiuse walking and jogging, lighted trail passes underneath the Waco Suspension Bridge and captures the peaceful charm of the river.[31]

Education

Pat Neff Hall Administration Building, Baylor University
Rufus Columbus Burleson statue in front of Burleson Quadrangle at Baylor University

Waco Independent School District serves most of the city of Waco. Portions of the city also lie in the boundaries of Midway Independent School District, Bosqueville ISD, China Spring ISD, Connally ISD, and La Vega ISD. Three large public high schools are in the Waco city limits: Waco High School (Waco ISD), University High School (Waco ISD), and Midway High School (Midway ISD). The schools are all rivals in sports, academics, and pride. Former high schools in Waco ISD were A.J. Moore High School, G.W. Carver High School, Richfield High School, Jefferson-Moore High School, and a magnet school known as A.J. Moore Academy.

Charter high schools in Waco include Harmony Science Academy, Methodist Children's Home, Premier High School of Waco, Rapoport Academy Public School, and Waco Charter School (EOAC). Local private and parochial schools include Live Oak Classical School, Parkview Christian Academy, Reicher Catholic High School, Texas Christian Academy, and Vanguard College Preparatory School.

The three institutions of higher learning in Waco are:

In the past, several other higher education institutions were located in Waco:[32]

Local media

The major daily newspaper is the Waco Tribune-Herald. Other publications include The Waco Citizen, The Anchor News, The Baylor Lariat, Tiempo, Wacoan, and Waco Today Magazine.

The Waco television market (shared with the Killeen/Temple and Bryan/College Station areas) is the 89th-largest television market in the US and includes these stations:[33]

The Waco radio market is the 200th-largest radio market in the US and includes:

Transportation

Downtown Waco as seen from Interstate 35

Interstate 35 is the major north-south highway for Waco. It directly connects the city with Dallas (I-35E), Fort Worth (I-35W), Austin, and San Antonio. Texas State Highway 6 runs northwest-southeast and connects Waco to Bryan/College Station and Houston. US Highway 84 is the major east-west thoroughfare in the area. It is also known as Waco Drive, Bellmead Drive (as it passes through the city of Bellmead), Woodway Drive or the George W. Bush Parkway. Loop 340 bypasses the city to the east and south. State Highway 31 splits off of US 84 just east of Waco and connects the city to Tyler, Longview, and Shreveport, Louisiana.

The Waco area is home to three airports. Waco Regional Airport (ACT) serves the city with daily flights to Dallas/Fort Worth International via American Eagle. TSTC Waco Airport (CNW) is the site of the former James Connally AFB and was the primary fly-in point for former President George W. Bush when he was visiting his ranch in Crawford. It is also a hub airport for L3 and several other aviation companies. McGregor Executive Airport (PWG) is a general-aviation facility located west of Waco.

Local transportation is provided by the Waco Transit System, which offers bus service Monday-Saturday to most of the city. Multiple taxicab companies operate in the city. Nearby passenger train service is offered via Amtrak. The Texas Eagle route includes daily stops in McGregor, located 20 miles west of the city.

Attractions

The Waco Suspension Bridge

Major Waco attractions include:

Professional sports

Extraco Events Center in Waco (formerly the Heart O' Texas Coliseum)

The American Basketball Association had a franchise for part of the 2006 season, the Waco Wranglers. The team played at Reicher Catholic High School and practiced at Texas State Technical College.

Previous professional sports franchises in Waco have proven unsuccessful. The Waco Marshals of the National Indoor Football League lasted less than two months amidst a midseason ownership change in 2004. (The team became the beleaguered Cincinnati Marshals the following year.) The Waco Wizards of the now-defunct Western Professional Hockey League fared better, lasting into a fourth season before folding in 2000. Both teams played at the Heart O' Texas Coliseum, one of Waco's largest entertainment and sports venues.

The Southern Indoor Football League announced that Waco was an expansion market for the 2010 season. It was rumored that they would play in the Heart O' Texas Coliseum. However, the league broke up into three separate leagues, and subsequently a team did not come to Waco in any of the new leagues.

Professional baseball first came to Waco in 1889 with the formation of the Waco Tigers, a member of the Texas League. The Tigers were renamed the Navigators in 1905, and later the Steers. In 1920, the team was sold to Wichita Falls. In 1923, a new franchise called the Indians was formed and became a member of the Class D Texas Association. In 1925, Waco rejoined the Texas League with the formation of the Waco Cubs.

On June 20, 1930, the first night game in Texas League history was played at Katy Park in Waco. The lights were donated by Waco resident Charles Redding Turner, who owned a local farm team for recruits to the Chicago Cubs.

On the night of August 6, 1930, baseball history was made at Katy Park: in the eighth inning of a night game against Beaumont, Waco left fielder Gene Rye became the only player in the history of professional baseball to hit three home runs in one inning.

The last year Waco had a team in the Texas League was 1930, but fielded some strong semipro teams in the 1930s and early 1940s. During the World War II years of 1943-45, the powerful Waco Army Air Field team was probably the best in the state; many major leaguers played for the team, and it was managed by big-league catcher Birdie Tebbetts.

In 1947, the Class B Big State League was organized with Waco as a member called the Waco Dons.

In 1948, A.H. Kirksey, owner of Katy Park, persuaded the Pittsburgh Pirates club to take over the Waco operation, and the nickname was changed to Pirates. The Pirates vaulted into third place in 1948. They dropped a notch to fourth in 1949, but prevailed in the playoffs to win the league championship. The Pirates then tumbled into the second division, bottoming out with a dreadful 29-118, 0.197 club in 1952. This mark ranks as one of the 10 worst marks of any 20th-century full-season team. When the tornado struck in 1953, it destroyed the park. The team relocated to Longview to finish the season and finished a respectable third with a 77-68 record.

Notable people

Sports

Pro baseball players from Waco

Movies and television

Music

Politics

Other

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  2. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  3. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  4. ↑ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  5. ↑ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  6. ↑ TSHA Online - Neil McLennan
  7. ↑ TSHA Online - Jacob Raphael de Cordova
  8. ↑ Erath, Lucy (1923). The Memoirs of Major George B. Erath. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association.
  9. ↑ Kelley, Dayton (1966). Waco, & McLennan County, Texas: 1876. Waco, Texas: Texian Press. p. 12.
  10. ↑ Davis, Joe Tom (1989). Legendary Texians, Vol. 4. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. p. 151. ISBN 0-89015-669-7.
  11. ↑ Roger, Conger (1992). The Waco Suspension Bridge. Friends of the Texas Ranger Library. p. 224.
  12. 1 2 Bernstein, Patricia (2005). The First Waco Horror. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 185–91.
  13. ↑ Pohlen, Jerome (1 February 2006). Oddball Texas: A Guide to Some Really Strange Places. Chicago Review Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-56976-472-5.
  14. ↑ Top Ten US Killer Tornadoes Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ↑ "Twister Memorial to be Displayed". The Victoria Advocate. June 27, 2004.
  16. ↑ An F for Effort: Texas Monthly December 1999
  17. ↑ "9 Dead, 192 Charged in Waco Biker Gang Shooting". Retrieved 2015-05-18.
  18. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  19. ↑ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  20. ↑ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  21. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  23. ↑ "Waco (city), Texas". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  24. ↑ "Texas - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  25. ↑ "City Council - City of Waco, Texas". waco-texas.com.
  26. ↑ "Contact Information." Texas Tenth Court of Appeals. Retrieved on March 10, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Waco Fire Stations". waco-texas.com. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Directory - Region and District Parole Offices". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. May 28, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Find Locations: WACO". United States Postal Service. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
  30. ↑ http://wacochamber.com/customized-reports-print/?WCRBAction=Load&WCRBSections=BAI05
  31. ↑ "Suspension Bridge & Riverwalk - Parks & Recreation - City of Waco, Texas". waco-texas.com.
  32. ↑ "The Waco Horror" (PDF). The Crisis. June 1916. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
  33. ↑ "Local Television Market Universe Estimates" (PDF). The Nielsen Company. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  34. ↑ srftx.org
  35. ↑ "Kwame Cavil". Pro-Football Reference.com. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  36. ↑ "Perrish Cox". Pro-Football Reference.com. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  37. ↑ "Zach Duke". BASEBALL REFERENCE. COM. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
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