Westlake, Los Angeles

Not to be confused with Westlake Village, a city in Ventura County, Califorrnia.
For information dealing primarily with the Los Angeles city park previously known as Westlake Park, see MacArthur Park.
Westlake
Neighborhood of Los Angeles

Alvarado and Sixth Street intersection, 2006

Westlake, as delineated by the Los Angeles Times
Westlake

Location within Los Angeles

Coordinates: 34°03′35″N 118°16′29″W / 34.05972°N 118.27472°W / 34.05972; -118.27472

Westlake is a residential and commercial neighborhood in Central Los Angeles, California. It was developed in the 1920s, but many of its elegant mansions have been turned into apartments, and many new multiple-occupancy buildings have been constructed.

Westlake is a high-density area, with a young and heavily Latino population. It has a score of primary and secondary schools.

Population

The 2000 U.S. census counted 108,839 residents in the 2.72-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 38,214 people per square mile, the second-highest density of any community in Los Angeles County, after Koreatown. In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 117,756.[1][2] It was estimated in 1993 that 85,000 people lived within a mile of the Alvarado/MacArthur Park Red Line station and that the density of this neighborhood rivaled that of Manhattan in New York City.[3] Another report the same year said that at 147 people per acre Westlake had four times the average density of Manhattan and that "The vast majority of units are occupied by more than one family. Firefighters often find babies sleeping in dresser drawers, and children in closets that serve as their bedrooms."[4] Nevertheless, census takers found that the average household size of three people was about the same as the rest of the city. Renters occupied 94.9% of the housing units, and house- or apartment owners just 5.1%[1]

Heavily Latino, Westlake was considered "not especially diverse" ethnically. The breakdown was Latinos, 73.4%; Asians, 16.5%; whites, 4.5%; blacks, 3.9%, and others, 1.7%. Mexico (36.8%) and El Salvador (17.2%) were the most common places of birth for the 67.6% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high compared to the city as a whole. The median age for residents was 27, considered young for both the city and the county.[1]

The median household income in 2008 dollars was $26,757, a low figure for Los Angeles, and a high percentage of households earned $20,000 or less.[1]

The percentages of never-married men and women, 47% and 36.4%, respectively, were among the county's highest. The 2000 census found 5,325 families headed by single parents, a high rate for both the city and the county. There were 2,591 military veterans in 2000, or 3.5%, a low figure for Los Angeles.[1]

These were the ten neighborhoods or cities in Los Angeles County with the highest population densities, according to the 2000 census, with the population per square mile:[5]

Geography

Location

Westlake is flanked by Silver Lake to the north, Echo Park to the northeast and east, Downtown to the southeast, Pico-Union to the south and southwest and Koreatown to the west. Westlake touches East Hollywood on the northwest.[6]

The street boundaries on Mapping L.A. are the Hollywood Freeway on the north, Glendale Boulevard and Second Street on the east, Beaudry Avenue and the Harbor Freeway on the southeast, West Olympic Boulevard on the southeast and south, Westmoreland Avenue, Wilshire Place and Virgil Avenue on the west, and Temple Street and Hoover Street on the northwest.[1][7]

The boundaries of the Westlake Community Plan of Los Angeles City are Temple Street on the northeast, the Harbor Freeway on the southeast, the Santa Monica Freeway on the south, Washington Boulevard on the southwest and an irregular line that includes Hoover Street on the west.[8]

Nearby communities

Relation of Westlake to other communities:[6][7]

 East Hollywood Silver Lake Echo Park
Koreatown Downtown
   Westlake  
Pico-Union Pico-Union Downtown

History

Early development

In 1887, Westlake was referred to as the "southwest quarter" of Los Angeles. The Westlake hills were already "dotted with fine residences, and it is plainly to be seen that the development of this quarter is in its infancy. The Bonnie Brae, Westlake Park and other tracts in the neighborhood have been almost wholly disposed of by the subdividers, and many of the lots have passed into second and third hands, at advancing prices. The Baptist College, now well under way, looms up to the northward."[9]

The neighborhood was named for Westlake Park, the land for which had been donated by Henricus Wallace Westlake, a Canadian physician who moved to Los Angeles around 1888. He built his house on Burlington Avenue in the district that later bore his name; the residence was the first to rise in the rolling hills west of the more settled and built-up part of the town.[10][11]

Looking southeast along Wilshire from Lafayette Park, 1945

One of the first areas of Los Angeles west of Figueroa Street to see residential development, Westlake came to have a significant Jewish population).[12] Wealthy businessmen commuted to downtown, Wilshire Center (now Koreatown), Hollywood, and the Miracle Mile from the district's Spanish Revival and Art Deco mansions. Around the 1940s the district's northwestern blocks fringed the home of Los Angeles' early working class Filipino population who were shifted from what is today Little Tokyo and Bunker Hill, some of which remain in parts of Westlake and nearby neighborhoods like Echo Park, Silver Lake, and East Hollywood.

Oil exploitation

In 1899 newly drilled oil wells in the area, with their unsightly derricks, were said to cause pollution and runoff in the streets "at every hard rain," and residents of the neighborhood were "indignant that nothing was done for their relief."[13] The city had declared a 1,600-foot zone around Westlake Park where drilling was forbidden (later modified to 1,000 feet), but the legality of that ordinance was under attack by oilmen such as W.E. de Groot. Even City Attorney Walter F. Haas thought the law was invalid, although he had to defend it as part of his duty. Nevertheless, a Superior Court judge, in the case of People v. Richard Green and others, held the city law to be valid. By 1900, however, it was found that oil production in Westlake had been, in effect, "pumped dry,"[14][15][16] and the situation ceased to make news.

Proposed factory district

Residents were alarmed in May 1919 by a petition being circulated by entrepreneur Arthur Evans to build a "high-class," six-story building on the southwest corner of Westlake Avenue and Orange Street "for the manufacture of women's apparel."[17][18]

Supposedly having the backing of 85% of property owners adjoining the site in the affected Lazard tract, the promoters said they wanted to build in the Lakewood District because they could not get the kind of women workers they sought if they built in the city's industrial district, with its associated smoke and dust. They promised the employment of 1,000 workers, mostly women, as well as a school to teach "the finer grades of needlework" and a permanent exhibition space devoted to showing how garments are made.[19] A "mammoth petition of protest" was presented to a City Council committee on June 12 by a throng of opponents and the applicant, identified and the Brownstein-Lewis Company, withdrew the plan[20] and never resubmitted it.

Notable construction

Residential

Sketch of apartment building on the northwest corner of Sixth and Lake, 1915. It later became the Hotel Ansonia

Other

Masonic California Grand Master Benjamin F. Bledsoe (foreground), with the cornerstone for a new lodge building in 1913, as William E. Harvey and Champ S. Vance watch

Change

Economy and lifestyle

In its early years, Westlake was considered one of the most desirable residential areas in the city – "the new gathering place for the city's carriage trade," as one observer recalled in 1997. With time, though, as another put it, "The white gentry fled to Encino and Westwood, leaving their ghost buildings behind them."[32]

In the 1980s the neighborhood was infused with refugees from Central American countries like El Salvador, where a civil war had displaced a million people. In time, young Salvadorans formed a gang called Mara Salvatrucha, meaning, roughly, Gang of the Salvadoran Guy; for short, it was labeled MS-13. In time, the gang had spread to 33 other states and five countries.[33]

By 1990 Westlake had become a grim area "where heroin addicts and youthful gang members control the public alleyways and clamber across people's rooftops to elude police." An alley had become a refuge for the homeless, with no toilets, and piles of garbage were accumulating.[34] The neighborhood was replete with sidewalk vendors in 1993, from whom sometimes gang members, called cholos, were demanding "rent" to use the public sidewalks, which were bustling with refugees from Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala and other Latin American couintries. It was said that trepidation, or fear, was "the price of living and working in the Westlake district." People lived on the underground economy, strictly cash, and the district was infested with "some of the city's largest and most menacing street gangs," with police and residents complaining of drug dealing, prostitution, thievery and extortion. Yet there was an air of economic energy and potential, with the vast majority of the residents just wanting to make an honest living.[3]

Just 17 years later, though, crime had dropped and Westlake was on a road to gentrification. As rentals and property values in Downtown Los Angeles and nearby Koreatown rose, artists and other creative people moved into Westlake. "Swanky nightclubs, organic tamale co-ops and art galleries" followed. The change was traced to intensive anti-crime and cleanup efforts in MacArthur Park, particularly since the installation of surveillance cameras in 2004. A business improvement district was formed.[35][36]

In January 2012, the city launched a campaign under a new city ordinance dealing with illegal street vendors throughout Los Angeles, but with principal effect in Westlake and the Venice neighborhood. The ordinance outlawed the sale of items with "utilitarian value," like socks and T-shirts but allowed vendors to sell art objects. A city-sponsored weekend market was set up, which required vendors to undergo training and licensing.[37]

Housing

“ Everyone knows the area suffers from overcrowded housing conditions and absentee landlords. ”
— Roberto Lovato, executive director of the Central American Refugee Center, who paid a visit to the temporary shelter for Burlington Avenue fire victims (below)[38]

Substandard housing has been a problem in Westlake, and government has attempted to remedy the situation.

In 1990 a jury convicted a landlord of 23 counts of having slum conditions at a building he owned at 737 S. Westlake Ave. in Los Angeles. Devanand Sharma failed to provide tenants with heat, did not repair broken windows, fire doors and smoke detectors, and kept walls, ceilings and plumbing in a deteriorated condition.[39] His brother was dubbed the city's "worst slumlord" after a 1987 conviction for slum conditions and had been a fugitive for two years.[39]

In 1993, in the wake of a deadly fire on Burlington Avenue (see Notable fires, below), major reforms proposed to help avert similar tragedies had not been implemented, and serious fire safety violations persisted in the Westlake and Pico-Union areas. Plans for new fees, a fire-inspection task force and a computerized record-keeping system were stalled. But fire officials said that budget constraints and the city bureaucracy thwarted their plans.[40] Nevertheless, in that year an appeals court said that a trial could go ahead against Highland Federal Bank, even though it was not an actual owner; it was accused of operating a network of slum buildings in Los Angeles, for one of which, the Cameo Hotel at 504 South Bonnie Brae Street in Westlake, the owner was listed as "Teluce Black," a Labrador retriever. That decision set a statewide precedent. Authorities alleged the bank knowingly helped finance purchases in Westlake, Echo Park, Hollywood, South-Central, Koreatown and Pico-Union by buyers who had no means and no intention of keeping the structures in repair. Slum conditions were cleaned up after the suit was filed, and, in a 1996 settlement, the bank agreed to pay $1.4 million to tenants, to the city and to public-interest attorneys.[41][42]

In 1999 a judge sentenced another landlord to live in a room on the fifth floor of the man's six-story, 96-unit building at 744 S. Beacon Ave. The owner had to remain there from 7 p.m. until 7 a.m. for 45 consecutive days. During the other hours he was allowed to supervise repairs to the building. The landlord had been found guilty of 12 code violations, including broken fire doors, fire escape drop-ladders that did not work, blocked fire-sprinkler controls, broken windows, broken and missing smoke detectors and exposed live electrical wiring. He had to pay $1,774 in fines and perform 100 hours of community service.[43] Other legal action followed against other slum building owners.

Transportation

Station sign for Metro underground, 2015

Public transportation in Westlake was first proposed in 1887 by railroad entrepreneurs Herman Silver and J.F.Crank as a double-track street cable railroad with the western terminus at Seventh and Alvarado streets and the eastern at "the proposed union depot of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company near the western extremity of the First Street Bridge," later amended to continue the road along First Street to Aliso Avenue and Chicago Street. In return for the franchise, the two men offered to donate $10,000 to the city.[44] The railway ran to the southeastern corner of Westlake Park.[9] There is now a Westlake/MacArthur Park station of the Los Angeles County Metro Rail System whose entrance is across Alvarado Street from MacArthur Park.

Emergency services

Police

Division headquarters

Rampart Division, LAPD, 2008

Westlake is patrolled by the Rampart Division of the Los Angeles Police Department, 1401 West 6th Street at Valencia Street, within the Westlake neighborhood.[45][46]

Notable crimes

1906. On August 16, 1906, Annie Sanderson, 45, was slashed to death by her husband, Edward H. Sanderson, president of the California Truck Company, in their residence at 1336 Westlake Avenue. He then committed suicide by cutting his throat with the same knife.[47]

Westlake crime: front page of Los Angeles Herald for August 14, 1908

1908. Wielding a sharpened ax, Henry J. Dufty, 56, slew his sleeping 24-year-old son, Fred Dufty, a machinist, in the son's bungalow at 247 North Mountain View Avenue on August 13, then walked uphill to nearby 453 North Westlake Avenue, where he used the same instrument to decapitate his pregnant daughter, Zaidah La Com. He returned to his home, where he cut his own throat, attempting suicide. He had previously purchased gravestones for himself and his two children, which had already been laid at Evergreen Cemetery.[48] A jury trial resulted in a verdict of insanity.[49]

1922. On February 2, the body of motion picture director William Desmond Taylor was found on the floor of the living room of his bungalow at 404 Alvarado Street. He had been shot. The killer was never found.[50]

1948. Joyce Corbley or Corbly, age given as either 22 or 38, died after shooting herself in the head on June 26 when she played a game of Russian roulette in a room at the Ansonia Apartments, 2205 West Sixth Street.[51][52]

1996. On March 29, Linda Morimoto, a noted physician of the Japanese American community, was found bludgeoned to death on the floor of her ransacked home in the 400 block of Lafayette Park Place. No arrests were made.[53][54]

2010. Two nights of violent protests troubled the Westlake neighborhood after a policeman fatally shot Manuel Jaminez, a Guatemalan construction worker who spoke no English and very little Spanish, at Sixth Street and Union Avenue on September 5. Police said Jaminez had threatened a woman with a knife, which he refused to drop.[55][56]

2010. The mummified remains of a still-born baby and an infant, brother and sister, were discovered in August, wrapped in newspapers from the 1930s and hidden inside a trunk in the basement of an apartment building near MacArthur Park. They were identified as the children of Janet Mann Barrie, who had lived in the building and who died in Canada at age 97 in 1994.[57][58][59]

2012. Pedro Martinez, a 26-year-old gang member, was sentenced to 100 years to life in prison for killing Andres Ordonez, 25, a church deacon who was trying to stop a woman from spray-painting, or tagging, an outside wall at Iglesia Principe de Paz Church on Beverly Boulevard. Ordonez was slain on November 4, 2012, when he and a fellow parishioner exited the church to stop the woman's vandalism; Martinez stepped from a nearby vehicle and opened fire, killing one and wounding the other. Nearby residents said that gang members had threatened violence against those who complained about or painted over graffiti The woman was arrested and faces trial.[60][61]

Fire service

Engine company

LAFD Rescue 11 on Alvarado Street, with sidewalk merchants in the background, 2015
LAFD Engine 11, with the Westlake Theatre in the background, 2015

Los Angeles Fire Department Station 11 serves the area.[62] In 1993 it was said to be one of the busiest fire stations in the country.[4]

Notable fires

Hotel Coronado, 1905. An early-morning fire destroyed the massive and popular Hotel Coronado at 667 Coronado Street on December 4, 1905, after a delay in communicating by telephone with the fire department. The blaze spread rapidly, and more than eighty guests had to flee, some in their nightclothes. Sarah and Helen Mathewson were lessees of the hotel, which was owned by M.N. Russ Avery and Superior Judge Walter Bordwell. The tourist hotel was one of the most expensive in the city, "being patronized by wealthy persons to whom the cost was not a consideration."

By the time firefighters led by Chief Walter Lips arrived about an hour after the blaze was discovered, the hotel was already in ruins, and the men turned their efforts to saving nearby buildings. Close by were "scores of mansions, some of them among the finest in the city. Sparks dropping on the dry roofs . . . caused small blazes in many places. The occupants of the buildings in danger succeeded in extinguishing the blazing embers . . . . The costly furnishings of a number of fine houses were removed to places of safety outside the zone of danger," and neighbors gave shelter to hotel guests who had fled. The Mathewson sisters were overcome by smoke, but they survived; their pet dog died.[63][64] Helen Mathewson later asserted charges of negligence against Chief Lips, which he denied.[65]

Hotel Californian, 1961–1994. Flames engulfed the upper two floors of the five-story Hotel Californian at 1907 West Sixth Street on August 2, 1961. Firemen were threatened with injury when a water hydrant burst and a hose flailed about viciously before water was turned off. Scores of television aerials on the roof of the hotel hampered the men before the flames were brought under control.[66] The hotel reopened, but became "a classic slum building where a changing cast of owners suck out profits, fail to make repairs and leve tenants in miserable conditions. City officials closed its entrances with plywood and metal bars, but homeless people broke through and made it their home. On November 21, 1994, it took 186 firefighters from three companies to quell a massive blaze that all but destroyed the place.[67] Finally, the City Council ordered the old hotel razed as an irreparable hazard.[68]

Burlington Avenue, 1993. Nine people, mostly immigrants from Latin America, and two fetuses died as a result of a fire that ravaged an apartment building at 330 Burlington Avenue on May 5. More than forty were injured. Some residents escaped by jumping from or, in the case of children, being thrown from upper floors into the arms of rescuers, but others died when they were trapped on stairways. Members of the 18th Street Gang joined in the rescue effort. More than a hundred shocked survivors were given emergency shelter in the Belmont High School gymnasium. It was the fourth-deadliest fire in the city's history. Fire officials said the owners failed to correct a faulty alarm system, amid other fire code violations.[38][69] Some fire doors had been illegally propped open.[4]

Church of the Immaculate Conception in Westlake

Four hundred mourners were at a special eulogy at the Church of the Immaculate Conception on Ninth Street (later James M. Wood Boulevard) in Westlake, where Cardinal Roger M. Mahony called upon city authorities to work toward improving apartment safety. Among the mourners were elementary school classmates of two of the dead children and a Fire Department honor guard of about two dozen firefighters, dressed in formal black uniforms. In all, the caskets at the funeral Mass contained the remains of 11, including three mothers (two of them pregnant), two fetuses and six children. The two fetuses were placed with their mothers in the caskets. A 15-month-old child of Guatemalan parents was buried earlier in Calvary Cemetery. The other remains were returned to Mexico and Guatemala.[69]

McKinley House, 1994. After years of neglect and controversy, this boarded-up historic monument at Third Street and LaFayette Park Place finally succumbed when flames took the remains of what had been an elegant Italian Renaissance-style home overlooking Rampart Boulevard. Two transients were found dead when firemen were able to inspect the ruins. The 20-room house was built in 1915 by an Ohio millionaire who lived in it during the winter. Other families had it, too, until mortuary owner Maytor McKinley bought it in 1945. He died in 1970, and his widow, Vari Komp McKinley, lived there until her death in the mid-1980s. In 1987 developers purchased it with the intent of raising a 118-unit apartment complex on it. At the prodding of the Los Angeles Conservancy, the city declared it to be a cultural-historic monument. Rod and Sherry Daniels, intrigued by the idea of owning the beautiful old structure, bought it for $1 with the intention of moving it to Chatsworth in the San Fernando Valley. Over six years those plans stagnated and the property kept deteriorating until the 1994 blaze put an end to the Daniels' dream and the house as a historic structure.[70][71]

Neighborhood residents launched a drive to turn the rubble-strewn lot into a neighborhood park;[72] today the site is home to a privately owned school called the Lafayette Park Primary Center.

Existing historic places

Victorian house at 826 South Coronado Street, 2012
Mary Andrews Clark Memorial Home, 2008
Westlake Theatre building, 2014
Young's Market Company Building, 2008

Built as residences

Other

Notable businesses

The first Original Tommy's hamburgers on the corner of Beverly and Rampart
Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn, 1916

Education

Esperanza Elementary School
Camino Nuevo Charter School

One-eighth of Westlake residents aged 25 and older had a four-year degree in 2000, a low rate for both the city and the county. The percentage of residents with less than a high school diploma was high for the county.[1]

Schools operating within the Westlake borders are:[80]

Notable residents

Edward Falles Spence, about 1892

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westlake, Los Angeles.

References

Access to some of the links may require the use of a library card.

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Westlake," Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
  2. ↑ "Population Density," Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
  3. 1 2 3 Scott Harris, "Working the Edge of Fear: Peril Is Part of Life for Entrepreneurs in Westlake District," Los Angeles Times, March 31, 1993, page 1
  4. 1 2 3 Josh Meyer and Robert Lopez, "L.A. Buildings Plagued by Fire Safety Violations," Los Angeles Times May 24, 1993, page 1
  5. ↑ "Population Density," Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
  6. 1 2 "Central L.A.," Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
  7. 1 2 The Thomas Guide, 2006, pages 594 and 634
  8. ↑ City of Los Angeles, Westlake Community Plan
  9. 1 2 "The Southwest Park: A Tract of Land Which the City Should Improve," Los Angeles Times, April 18, 1887, page 8
  10. ↑ "Dr. Westlake Is No More," Los Angeles Times, page II-1
  11. ↑ "Death Ends Career of Able Physician," Los Angeles Herald, May 14, 1905
  12. ↑ Denise Hamilton, "Heart in the Rye Place: In Its 50 Years, Langer's Has Mastered Deli-Cate Art of Survival," Los Angeles Times, June 18, 1997, page D-1 and D-2
  13. ↑ "To Protect Westlake: City Attorney to Suggest Plan to Stop Oil," Los Angeles Times, January 22, 1899, page B-1
  14. ↑ "Test the Ordinance," Los Angeles Times, March 15, 1899, page 8
  15. ↑ "City Oil Ordinance Valid," Los Angeles Times, July 7, 1900, page I-10
  16. ↑ "Oil Borers Versus Property Owners," Los Angeles Times, April 28, 1900, page I-6
  17. ↑ "Propose Factories for Westlake Sites," Los Angeles Times, May 24, 1919, page II-1
  18. ↑ "No Factories for Westlake," Los Angeles Times, June 3, 1919, page II-5
  19. ↑ "Westlake May Have Factory," Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1919, page V-1
  20. ↑ "Westlake Wins; Factory Quits," Los Angeles Times, June 13, 1919, page II-5
  21. ↑ "Mammmoth Hotel to Be Built Near Westlake Park This Summer," Los Angeles Times, May 5, 1901, page B-6
  22. ↑ "Another Fine Hotel for the Westlake District," Los Angeles Times, June 28, 1902, page 5
  23. ↑ "Metropolitan Improvemente for Westlake District," Los Angeles Times, October 10, 1915, page V-1
  24. ↑ "Apartment on Wilshire Announced," Los Angeles Times, January 11, 1927, page A-8
  25. ↑ "Fifield Group Buys Arcady Apartments," Los Angeles Times, January 11, 1953, page 26
  26. ↑ Roger Vincent, "Wilshire Royale to Be Renovated," Los Angeles Times, August 7, 2015, page C-3
  27. ↑ MacArthur Park Apartment Project Will Also Clean Up the Streets Dakota Smith, "MacArthur Park Apartment Project Will Also Clean Up the Streets," Curbed LA, April 9, 2010
  28. ↑ "Westlake Lodge Contract Let," Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1914, page II-2
  29. ↑ "Westlake Masons to Build Lodge," Los Angeles Times, July 26, 1914, page V-1
  30. ↑ "Masons Lay Corner-Stone: Grand Officers Dedicate the New Temple," Los Angeles Times, November 15, 1914, page II-11
  31. ↑ "Monumental Edifice in Westlake Park District to House Los Angeles Elks Organization," Los Angeles Times, March 9, 1924
  32. ↑ Robert A. Jones, "Tempus Fugit," Los Angeles Times, March 26, 1997, page 2
  33. ↑ Chris Kraul, Robert J. Lopez and Rich Connell, "L.A. Violence Crosses the Line: A Brutal Band Born Near MacArthur Park Has Spread to 33 Other States and Five Countries," Los Angeles Times, May 15, 2005, page a-1
  34. ↑ Jill Stewart, "Landlord Fights Back: He Has Tenants on His Side in Battling Anti-Slum Charges," Los Angeles Times, March 28, 1990, page 1
  35. 1 2 3 August Brown and Jessica Gelt, "With Crime Down and Gentrification Seemingly Inevitable, the Westlake/MacArthur Park Area Balances Its History With Its Future," Los Angeles Times, June 7, 2007, page E-26
  36. ↑ Roger Vincent, Wilshire Royale to Be Renovated," Los Angeles Times, August 7, 2015, page C-3
  37. ↑ Jennifer Medina, The New York Times, January 9, 2012
  38. 1 2 Patrick McDonnell, "Fire Survivors Face Second Crisis: How to Rebuild Lives," Los Angeles Times, May 5, 1993, page 16
  39. 1 2 "Landlord Convicted on 23 Slum Charges," Los Angeles Times, June 27, 1990, page 2
  40. ↑ Josh Meyer and Robert J. Lopez, "Reforms Ignited by Deadly Fire Still Not Implemented," Los Angeles Times, May 26, 1994, page 1
  41. ↑ Penelope McMillan, "Lender Faces Trial in Slum Case," Los Angeles Times, January 29, 1993, page 3
  42. ↑ Larry Gordon, "Bank Will Pay 1.4 Million to Settle Lawsuit Over Slum Housing Buildings," Los Angeles Times, May 20, 1995, page 1
  43. ↑ Jake Doherty, "Apartment Landlord Under House Arrest," Los Angeles Times, August 22, 1993, page 6
  44. ↑ "Across-Town Cable:The Latest and Greatest Cable-Road Project," Los Angeles Times, April 9, 1887, page 1
  45. ↑ Los Angeles Police Department
  46. ↑ Mapping L.A.
  47. ↑ "Maniac Kills Wife in Horrible Manner and Commits Suicide," Los Angeles Herald, August 17, 1906, page 1
  48. ↑ "Maniac Kills Daughter and Son With Ax: Wounds Wife and Tries to Commit Suicide," Los Angeles Herald, August 14, 1908, pages 1 and 2
  49. ↑ "Jury Declares Dufty Insane: Takes Only Five Minutes in Reaching Verdict," Los Angele Herald, December 22, 1908, page 7
  50. ↑ "The Butler Didn't Do It," Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1990, page 2
  51. ↑ "Woman Fatally Shot, Russian Roulette Blamed," Los Angeles Times,June 27, 1948, page 15
  52. ↑ "Fighter Held After Inquiry Into Shooting," Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1949, page B-11
  53. ↑ "Physician Found Bludgeoned to Death in Her Bedroom," Los Angeles Times, March 30, 1996, page 2
  54. ↑ $25,000 Reward Offered in Killing of Little Tokyo Doctor," Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1996
  55. ↑ Ann Facio Contreras, "Anger Flares in L.A. After Fatal Police Shooting," The New York Times, September 8, 2010
  56. ↑ Associated Press, The New York Times, September 11, 2010
  57. ↑ Rebecca Cathcart, "Mystery of Tiny Bodies From 1930s Will Linger," The New York Times, November 17, 2010
  58. ↑ Kate Linthicum, "Police Identify Woman in Basement Babies Case," Los Angeles Times, September 3, 2010
  59. ↑ Kate Linthicum and Andrew Blankstein, "In an Old Trunk, Two Tiny Bodies," Los Angeles Times, August 19, 2010, page A-1
  60. ↑ Hector Becerra and Jessica Garrison, "At Prince of Peace, Worshiper Dies Trying to Stop Tagger," Los Angeles Times, November 5, 2012
  61. ↑ Jerome Campbell, "Gang Member Sentenced to 100 Years to Life in 2012 Killing of Church Deacon," Los Angeles Times, March 20, 2015
  62. ↑ "Find Your Station". Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  63. ↑ "Conflagration in Westlake District," Los Angeles Times, December 4, 1905, page I-1
  64. ↑ "Coronado Hotel Is Burned to the Ground," Los Angeles Herald, December 4, 1905, page 1
  65. ↑ "Chief Lips Asks an Investigation," Los Angeles Herald, December 21, 1905, page 1
  66. ↑ "200 Flee in Hotel Blaze in Westlake District," Los Angeles Times, August 3, 1961, page 1
  67. ↑ Robert J. Lopez and John Schwada, "Third Fire in 5 Months Hits Closed Hotel," Los Angeles Times, November 22, 1994, page 1
  68. ↑ Leslie Berestein, "Westlake: City Demolishing Landmark Hotel," Los Angeles Times, December 18, 1994
  69. 1 2 Patrick J. McDonnell, "Fire Victims Eulogized as Martyrs," Los Angeles Times May 8, 1993, page 1
  70. ↑ Eric Malnic, "2 Found Dead in Fire at McKinley Mansion," Los Angeles Times, May 23, 1994
  71. ↑ "Maytor McKinley Sr.; Founder of Mortuaries," Los Angeles Times, May 6, 1970, page A-4
  72. ↑ Leslie Berestein, "Westlake: Dreams May Spring From Rubble," Los Angeles Times, September 18, 1994
  73. ↑ Leslie Berestein, "Old YWCA Home is Reincarnated," Los Angeles Times, February 5, 1995, page 8
  74. ↑ John M. Wilson, "Vagabond Theatre Fades Out," Los Angeles Times, November 28, 1985
  75. ↑ Office of Historic Resources Newsletter, October 2008.
  76. ↑ Ashraf Khalil, "Mark of a Great Deli and Man," Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2008, page B-4
  77. ↑ Gould, Lark Ellen (2005-04-01). Los Angeles: Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places. Globe Pequot. p. 34. ISBN 9780762735235. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  78. ↑ Bartholomew, Dana (May 16, 2006). "Tommy Built it; They Came". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved 6 February 2013 – via Highbeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  79. ↑ Ed Meagher, "Ruth St. Denis, Who Pioneered Modern Dance, Dies Here at 88," Los Angeles Times, July 22, 1968, page 3
  80. ↑ "Westlake Schools," Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
  81. ↑ Barbara Tone, "Flying High on the Airwaves," Los Angeles Times, Ventura edition, page 8
  82. ↑ Andrew Khouri, "Northern Edge of Westlake Finally Getting Developers' Attention," Los Angeles Times, December 3, 2014

External links

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