Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome

A characteristic "delta wave" wave seen in a person with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. Note the short PR interval.
Classification and external resources
Specialty Cardiology
ICD-10 I45.6
ICD-9-CM 426.7
OMIM 194200
DiseasesDB 14186
MedlinePlus 000151
eMedicine emerg/644 med/2417
Patient UK Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
MeSH C14.280.067.780.977

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is one of several disorders of the electrical system of the heart that are commonly referred to as pre-excitation syndromes.

WPW is caused by the presence of an abnormal accessory electrical conduction pathway between the atria and the ventricles. Electrical signals traveling down this abnormal pathway (known as the bundle of Kent) may stimulate the ventricles to contract prematurely, resulting in a unique type of supraventricular tachycardia referred to as an atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia.

WPW affects between 0.1% and 0.3% in the population.[1][2][3] Sudden cardiac death in people with WPW is rare (less than 0.6%), and is usually caused by the propagation of an atrial tachydysrhythmia (rapid and abnormal heart rate) to the ventricles by the accessory pathway.[3][4]

Signs and symptoms

People with WPW are usually asymptomatic. However, the individual may experience palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, or syncope (fainting or near fainting) during episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. The telltale "delta wave" may sometimes—but not always—be seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG).

Pathophysiology

Graphic representation of the electrical conduction system of the human heart
Transmission of a cardiac action potential through the conduction system of the normal human heart

Electrical activity in the normal human heart begins when a cardiac action potential arises in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is located in the right atrium. From there, the electrical stimulus is transmitted via internodal pathways to the atrioventricular (AV) node. After a brief delay at the AV node, the stimulus travels through the bundle of His to the left and right bundle branches and then to the Purkinje fibers and the endocardium at the apex of the heart, then finally to the ventricular myocardium.

The AV node serves an important function as a "gatekeeper", limiting the electrical activity that reaches the ventricles. In situations where the atria generate excessively rapid electrical activity (such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter), the AV node limits the number of signals conducted to the ventricles. For example, if the atria are electrically activated at 300 beats per minute, half those electrical impulses may be blocked by the AV node, so that the ventricles are stimulated at only 150 beats per minute—resulting in a pulse of 150 beats per minute. Another important property of the AV node is that it slows down individual electrical impulses. This is manifested on the electrocardiogram as the PR interval (the time from electrical activation of the atria to electrical activation of the ventricles), which is usually shortened to less than 120 milliseconds in duration.

Individuals with WPW have an accessory pathway that communicates between the atria and the ventricles, in addition to the AV node. This accessory pathway is known as the bundle of Kent (see below). This accessory pathway does not share the rate-slowing properties of the AV node, and may conduct electrical activity at a significantly higher rate than the AV node. For instance, in the example above, if an individual had an atrial rate of 300 beats per minute, the accessory bundle may conduct all the electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, causing the ventricles to contract at 300 beats per minute. Extremely rapid heart rates such as this may result in hemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock. In some cases, the combination of an accessory pathway and abnormal heart rhythms can trigger ventricular fibrillation, a leading cause of sudden cardiac death.

WPW may be associated with PRKAG2, a protein kinase enzyme encoded by the PRKAG2 gene.[5]

Bundle of Kent

Graphic representation of the bundle of Kent in Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome

The bundle of Kent is an abnormal extra or accessory conduction pathway between the atria and ventricles that is present in a small percentage (between 0.1% and 0.3%) of the general population.[1][2][3] This pathway may communicate between the left atrium and the left ventricle, in which case it is termed a "type A pre-excitation", or between the right atrium and the right ventricle, in which case it is termed a "type B pre-excitation".[6] Problems arise when this pathway creates an electrical circuit that bypasses the AV node. The AV node is capable of slowing the rate of conduction of electrical impulses to the ventricles, whereas the bundle of Kent lacks this capability. When an aberrant electrical connection is made via the bundle of Kent, tachydysrhythmias may therefore result.

Diagnosis

One beat from a rhythm strip in V2 demonstrating characteristic findings in Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. Note the characteristic delta wave (above the blue bar), the short PR interval (red bar) of 80 ms, and the long QRS complex (blue bar plus green bar) at 120 ms.

WPW is commonly diagnosed on the basis of the electrocardiogram in an asymptomatic individual. In this case it is manifested as a delta wave, which is a slurred upstroke in the QRS complex that is associated with a short PR interval. The short PR interval and slurring of the QRS complex is actually the impulse making it through to the ventricles prematurely (across the accessory pathway) without the usual delay experienced in the AV node.

If a person with WPW experiences episodes of atrial fibrillation, the ECG shows a rapid polymorphic wide-complex tachycardia (without torsades de pointes). This combination of atrial fibrillation and WPW is considered dangerous, and most antiarrhythmic drugs are contraindicated.

When an individual is in normal sinus rhythm, the ECG characteristics of WPW are a short PR interval (less than 120 milliseconds in duration), widened QRS complex (greater than 120 milliseconds in duration) with slurred upstroke of the QRS complex, and secondary repolarization changes (reflected in ST segment-T wave changes).

In individuals with WPW, electrical activity that is initiated in the SA node travels through the accessory pathway as well as through the AV node to activate the ventricles via both pathways. Since the accessory pathway does not have the impulse slowing properties of the AV node, the electrical impulse first activates the ventricles via the accessory pathway, and immediately afterwards via the AV node. This gives the short PR interval and slurred upstroke of the QRS complex known as the delta wave.

In case of type A pre-excitation (left atrioventricular connections), a positive R wave is seen in V1 ("positive delta") on the precordial leads of the electrocardiogram, while in type B pre-excitation (right atrioventricular connections), a predominantly negative delta wave is seen in lead V1 ("negative delta").[6]

People with WPW may have more than one accessory pathway—in some cases, as many as eight abnormal pathways have been found. This has been seen in individuals with Ebstein's anomaly.

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome is sometimes associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a form of mitochondrial disease.[7]

Risk stratification

12 lead electrocardiogram of an individual with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome

Treatment is based on risk stratification of the individual. Risk stratification is performed to determine which individuals with WPW are at risk for Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD).

A good history should be taken to determine whether an individual has factors suggestive of a previous episode of unexplained syncope (fainting) or palpitations (sudden awareness of one's own, usually irregular, heartbeat). These may be due to earlier episodes of a tachycardia associated with the accessory pathway.

Individuals with WPW in whom the delta waves disappear with increases in the heart rate are considered at lower risk of SCD. This is because the loss of the delta wave shows that the accessory pathway cannot conduct electrical impulses at a high rate (in the anterograde direction). These individuals typically don't have fast conduction down the accessory pathway during episodes of atrial fibrillation.

Risk stratification is best performed via programmed electrical stimulation (PES) in the cardiac electrophysiology laboratory. This is an invasive but generally low risk procedure during which the atria are stimulated to try to induce tachycardia. If a tachycardia involving the accessory pathway can be triggered, the cardiologist can then assess how rapidly the accessory pathway is able to conduct. The faster it can conduct (aka "refractory period", see next paragraph), the higher the likelihood the accessory pathway can conduct fast enough to trigger a lethal tachycardia.

High risk features that may be present during PES include an effective refractory period of the accessory pathway less than 250ms, multiple pathways, septal location of pathway, and inducibility of supraventricular tachycardia (AVRT, atrial fibrillation). Individuals with any of these high risk features are generally considered at increased risk for SCD or symptomatic tachycardia, and should be treated accordingly (i.e.: catheter ablation).[8]

It is unclear whether invasive risk stratification (with programmed electrical stimulation) is necessary in the asymptomatic individual.[9] While some groups advocate PES for risk stratification in all individuals under 35 years old, others only offer it to individuals who have history suggestive of a tachydysrhythmia, since the incidence of sudden cardiac death is so low (less than 0.6 percent in some reports).[3][4][10]

Treatment

People with WPW who are experiencing tachydysrhythmias may require synchronized electrical cardioversion if they are demonstrating severe signs or symptoms (for example, low blood pressure or lethargy with altered mental status). If they are relatively stable, pharmacologic treatment may be used.

People with atrial fibrillation and rapid ventricular response are often treated with amiodarone[11] or procainamide[12] to stabilize their heart rate. Procainamide and cardioversion are now accepted treatments for conversion of tachycardia found with WPW.[13] Amiodarone was previously thought to be safe in atrial fibrillation with WPW, but after several cases of ventricular fibrillation it is no longer recommended in this clinical scenario.[14]

AV node blockers should be avoided in atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter with WPW or history of it; this includes adenosine, diltiazem, verapamil, other calcium channel blockers and beta blockers.[15] They can exacerbate the syndrome by blocking the heart's normal electrical pathway (therefore favoring 1:1 atrial to ventricle conduction through the pre-excitation pathway, potentially leading to unstable ventricular arrhythmias).

The definitive treatment of WPW is a destruction of the abnormal electrical pathway by radiofrequency catheter ablation. This procedure is performed by cardiac electrophysiologists. Radiofrequency catheter ablation is not performed in all individuals with WPW because there are inherent risks involved in the procedure. When performed by an experienced electrophysiologist, radiofrequency ablation has a high success rate.[16] Findings from 1994 indicate success rates of as high as 95% in people treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation for WPW.[17] If radiofrequency catheter ablation is successfully performed, the condition is generally considered cured. Recurrence rates are typically less than 5% after a successful ablation.[16] The one caveat is that individuals with underlying Ebstein's anomaly may develop additional accessory pathways during progression of their disease.

History

The bundle of Kent is eponymously named for British physiologist Albert Frank Stanley Kent (1863 – 1958), who described lateral branches in the atrioventricular groove of the monkey heart (erroneously believing these constituted the normal atrioventricular conduction system).[18][19]

In 1915, Frank Norman Wilson (1890 – 1952) became the first to describe the condition later called Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome.[20] Alfred M. Wedd (1887 – 1967) was the next to describe the condition in 1921.[21] Cardiologists Louis Wolff (1898 – 1972), John Parkinson (1885 – 1976) and Paul Dudley White (1886 – 1973) are credited with the definitive description of the disorder in 1930.[22]

Notable cases

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Rosner MH, Brady WJ Jr, Kefer MP, Martin ML (1999). "Electrocardiography in the patient with the Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome: diagnostic and initial therapeutic issues". American Journal of Emergency Medicine 17 (7): 705–14. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90167-5. PMID 10597097.
  2. 1 2 Sorbo MD, Buja GF, Miorelli M, Nistri S, Perrone C, Manca S, Grasso F, Giordano GM, Nava A. (1995). "The prevalence of the Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in a population of 116,542 young males". Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia (in Italian) 25 (6): 681–7. PMID 7649416.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Munger TM, Packer DL, Hammill SC, Feldman BJ, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ, Holmes DR Jr, Gersh BJ. (1993). "A population study of the natural history of Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953–1989". Circulation. 87 (3): 866–73. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.87.3.866. PMID 8443907.
  4. 1 2 Fitzsimmons PJ, McWhirter PD, Peterson DW, Kruyer WB (2001). "The natural history of Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in 228 military aviators: a long-term follow-up of 22 years". American Heart Journal 142 (3): 530–6. doi:10.1067/mhj.2001.117779. PMID 11526369.
  5. ↑ Gollob MH (January 2008). "Modulating phenotypic expression of the PRKAG2 cardiac syndrome". Circulation 117 (2): 134–5. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.747345. PMID 18195183.
  6. 1 2 americanheart.org Atrial and Ventricular Depolarization Changes Last updated 11/24/2008.
  7. ↑ Mashima Y, Kigasawa K, Hasegawa H, Tani M, Oguchi Y (1996). "High incidence of pre-excitation syndrome in Japanese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy". Clinical Genetics 50 (6): 535–7. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02732.x. PMID 9147893.
  8. ↑ Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, Augello G, Santinelli O, Vicedomini G, Gulletta S, Mazzone P, Tortoriello V, Pappone A, Dicandia C, Rosanio S (2003). "A randomized study of prophylactic catheter ablation in asymptomatic patients with the Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome". New England Journal of Medicine 349 (19): 1803–11. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035345. PMID 14602878.
  9. ↑ Campbell RM, Strieper MJ, Frias PA, Collins KK, Van Hare GF, Dubin AM (2003). "Survey of current practice of pediatric electrophysiologists for asymptomatic Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome". Pediatrics 111 (3): e245–7. doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.e245. PMID 12612279.
  10. ↑ John Kenyon. Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death. Doctors Lounge Website. Available at: http://www.doctorslounge.com/index.php/blogs/page/14613.
  11. ↑ "Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome". 8 Dec 2009.
  12. ↑ Fengler BT, Brady WJ, Plautz CU (June 2007). "Atrial fibrillation in the Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome: ECG recognition and treatment in the ED". Am J Emerg Med 25 (5): 576–83. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2006.10.017. PMID 17543664.
  13. ↑ Ritchie JV, Juliano ML, Thurman RJ. "23: ECG Abnormalities". In Knoop KJ, Stack LB, Storrow AB, Thurman RJ. The Atlas of Emergency Medicine, 3e.
  14. ↑ 1. Tijunelis M, Herbert M. Myth: Intravenous amiodarone is safe in patients with atrial fibrillation and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the emergency department. CJEM. 2005;7(4):262-255.
  15. ↑ Wald DA (2009). "Resuscitation". In Lex J. Emergency Medicine Q&A (3rd ed.). McGraw–Hill. p. 4. ISBN 0-7216-5944-6.
  16. 1 2 Pappone C, Lamberti F, Santomauro M, Stabile G, De Simone A, Turco P, Pannain S, Loricchio ML, Rotunno R, Chiariello M (1993). "Ablation of paroxysmal tachycardia in Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome". Cardiologia (in Italian) 38 (12 Suppl 1): 189–97. PMID 8020017.
  17. ↑ Thakur RK, Klein GJ, Yee R (September 1994). "Radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome". CMAJ 151 (6): 771–6. PMC 1337132. PMID 8087753.
  18. ↑ Kent AFS (1893). "Researches on the structure and function of the mammalian heart". Journal of Physiology 14 (4–5): 233–54. PMC 1514401. PMID 16992052.
  19. ↑ Kent AFS (1914). "A conducting path between the right auricle and the external wall of the right ventricle in the heart of the mammal". Journal of Physiology 48: 57.
  20. ↑ Wilson FN (1915). "A case in which the vagus influenced the form of the ventricular complex of the electrocardiogram". Archives of Internal Medicine 16 (6): 1008–27. doi:10.1001/archinte.1915.00080060120009.
  21. ↑ Wedd AM (1921). "Paroxysmal tachycardia, with reference to nomotropic tachycardia and the role of the extrinsic cardiac nerves". Archives of Internal Medicine 27 (5): 571–90. doi:10.1001/archinte.1921.00100110056003.
  22. ↑ Wolff L, Parkinson J, White PD (1930). "Bundle-branch block with short P-R interval in healthy young people prone to paroxysmal tachyardia". American Heart Journal 5 (6): 685–704. doi:10.1016/S0002-8703(30)90086-5.
  23. ↑ Associated Press (2007-04-10). "Aldridge out with Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
  24. ↑ Hedegaard, Erik (19 August 2010). "Michael Cera: Nerdchild in the Promised Land". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  25. ↑ Landsberger S (April 17, 2008). "Courageous dog all heart". Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  26. 1 2 "By The Way, in conversation with Jeff Garlin podcast episode #5".
  27. ↑ John Joe O'Regan (2013-03-22). "Dan Hardy "has wolf heart"". Fighters Only.
  28. ↑ "Jessie J Shares Battle With Heart Disease". International Business Times. November 21, 2014.
  29. ↑ http://www.livinghealthy360.com/index.php/wolff-parkinson-white-cardiac-ailment-33063/[]
  30. ↑ "Meat Loaf recalls stage collapse". BBC News. 2003-11-28. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  31. ↑ Chere R (2008-09-25). "New Jersey Devils' Rupp has been in teammate Tallackson's shoes". NJ.com. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  32. ↑ "MVP Interview". IGN. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  33. ↑ http://archive.aggiesports.com/football/news/100804monty.htm

External links

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