Women in Cyprus

Women in Cyprus
Gender Inequality Index
Value 0.134 (2012)
Rank 22nd
Maternal mortality (per 100,000) 10 (2010)
Women in parliament 10.7% (2012)
Females over 25 with secondary education 71.0% (2010)
Women in labour force 58.6% (employment rate Eurostat definition, 2014)[1]
Global Gender Gap Index[2]
Value 0.6801 (2013)
Rank 79th out of 136

Cypriot women were greatly affected by changes in the wake of World War II, as they received expanded access to education and increased participation in the national workforce. Cyprus women have made great advancements in their society not just pertaining to education and the workplace, but also more women are beginning to hold political offices as well.

Population

According to World Population Review, in 2014, the population in Cyprus was 1,153,058. Women make up 48.944% of the total population in Cyprus.[3]

History of Cypriot Women

Even at the beginning of the 1990s, Cypriot women were still burdened with the expectation of safeguarding the honor of the family. According to tradition, a woman's duty was to protect herself against all criticism of sexual immodesty.

A study carried out in a farming community in the mid-1970s found that women were still expected to avoid any social contact with men that could be construed to have a sexual context. An expressed desire to participate in male society was seen to reflect poorly on a woman's honor, and virginity was seen by many villagers, both men and women, to be a precondition for marriage. The honor of a family, that is, the sense of dignity of its male members, depended on the sexual modesty and virtue of its women. These traditional attitudes have waned somewhat in recent decades, especially in urban areas, but were still prevalent in the early 1990s. Another indication of the conservative nature of Greek Cypriot society at the beginning of the 1990s was that the feminist movement in Cyprus was often the object of ridicule from both sexes. Nevertheless, women's increasing economic independence was a force for liberation in all sections of the population. Women in Cyprus roles have changes and altered over the years. In the past, Cyprus women's main expectations were to get married and have children. Their schooling was little to none and many women did not work outside their homes. If you ask a women in Cyprus if her social role is different than that of men, many of them will disagree. Today, many Cyprus women have jobs outside of their homes and receive a higher education. Even so, women still continue to keep up with the domestic work that their home life requires of them. Something that hasn't changed in Cyprus is the idea that women should be seen not heard or listen rather than speak. Due to gender socialization, women in Cyprus are known to keep their goals and successes to themselves.[4]

Education

At the beginning of the 20th century, the proportion of girls to boys enrolled in primary education was one to three. By 1943, some 80 percent of Cypriot girls attended primary school. When, in 1960, elementary education was made compulsory, the two sexes were equally enrolled. By the 1980s, girls made up 45 percent of those receiving secondary education. Only after the mid-1960s did women commonly leave Cyprus to receive higher education. In the 1980s, women made up about 32 percent of those studying abroad.

Female employment

The participation of Cyriot women in the workforce has been steadily increasing. In 1976 women's share in the workforce was 30 percent and a rise to 37 percent in 1985. Today women's share in the workforce is 44 percent. 62.1% of women between the ages of 15–64 years old are active in workforce.[5]

Cyprus has long had a high degree of female participation in the workforce. There were great changes in the nature of female employment. Women's share of the urban workforce rose from 22 percent to 41 percent, while their share of the rural workforce fell from 51 percent to 44.4 percent. The decline in rural areas stemmed from the overall shift away from agricultural work, where women's contribution had always been vital, to employment in urban occupations such as manufacturing and services.

The occupational segregation of the sexes was still persistent in Cyprus at the beginning of the 1990s. Even though the participation of women in clerical jobs had more than doubled since the late 1970s, only one woman in fifteen was in an administrative or managerial position in 1985. Women's share of professional jobs increased to 39 percent by the mid-1980s, compared with 36 percent ten years earlier, but these jobs were concentrated in medicine and teaching, where women had traditionally found employment. In fields where men were dominant, women's share of professional positions amounted to only 11 percent, up from 8 percent in 1976. In the fields where women were dominant, men took just under half the professional positions.

Nonetheless, there is still room for improvement pertaining to the gender equality Cyprus women are experiencing in the workforce. Not only do Women represent 14.4% of high posts, women are also paid on average 24% less per hour compared to their male counterparts.[5] The equal pay-equal work principal would help to solve this problem, but the women are generally in lower positions then men resulting in the unequal pay.

According to the 2006 Population Census, the unemployment rate for women was 19%, whereas for men it was 6%. In 2010, the unemployment rate was 17.5% for women a and 8.9% for men. Even though the unemployment rate for women is decreasing, the rate is still twice as high compared to men.[6]

Welfare

Cypriot women enjoy the same rights to social welfare as men in such matters as social security payments, unemployment compensation, vacation time, and other common social provisions. In addition, after 1985 women benefited from special protective legislation that provided them with marriage and maternity grants that paid them 75 percent of their insurable earnings. Still, a large number of women, including the self-employed and unpaid family workers on farms, were not covered by the Social Insurance Scheme. These women constituted 28 percent of the economically active female population.

In 1985, the Republic of Cyprus ratified the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. Despite ratification of this agreement, as of late 1990 there was no legislation in the Republic of Cyprus that guaranteed the right to equal pay for work of equal value, nor the right of women to the same employment opportunities.

Politics

Women are present in very few political positions in Cyprus, but the following are some of the women who have held or currently hold a political position:

Notable Women

Violence Against Women in Cyprus

Studies show that socioeconomic patterns play a big role in violence against women in Cyprus, specifically domestic violence. Women who possess characteristics such as having little to no education, reside in Urban areas, are of older age, and struggle financially are said to be prone to domestic violence. Due to there not being a national survey conducted focusing on domestic violence against women in Cyprus, statistics and findings can only be discovered through the police or through Association of the Prevention and Handling of Violence in the Family. The reports to the police have drastically been increasing each year. In 2002, 538 cases were reported, whereas in 2008 that number almost doubled with 969 cases being reported. During the years between 2002-2008, 71.18 percent of the victims were women. During the years between 2004-2009, the number of cases triples and 80 percent of victims are women, whereas 8.6% of victims are men. Of these cases, 79 percent involved physical violence, 18.5 percent involved psychological violence, and 2.4 percent involved sexual violence. The annual report from Association of the Prevention and Handling of Violence in the Family reveals that that out of a total of 1051 incidents, 815 of them include women between the ages of 41-50 who were abused. Furthermore. 96.1 percent of these incidents involve psychological violence and 78 percent reside with their attacker.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Employment_rates_for_selected_population_groups,_2004%E2%80%9314_%28%25%29_YB16.png
  2. ↑ "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.
  3. ↑ "Cyprus Population 2014 - World Population Review". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  4. ↑ "Cypriot People & Culture - Cyprus.com". Cyprus.com. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  5. 1 2 "Women in Cyprus". Anastasia. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  6. ↑ "http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.ohiou.edu/Legacy/Views/static/html/Error.htm?aspxerrorpath=/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer". eds.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.library.ohiou.edu. Retrieved 2015-04-21. External link in |title= (help)
  7. ↑ "Praxoula Antoniadou". hellenicaworld.com. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  8. ↑ "http://www.economistinsights.com/speaker/2075". www.economistinsights.com. Retrieved 2015-04-21. External link in |title= (help)
  9. ↑ "Eleni Mavrou - Phantis". wiki.phantis.com. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  10. ↑ "Antigoni PAPADOPOULOU". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  11. ↑ Turkish Cyprus to see first female prime minister, Hürriyet Daily News, 12 June 2013 "Sibel SIBER" Check |url= value (help).
  12. ↑ = 2016-02-25 "http://www.northcyprusdaily.com/news/Politics/Mrs-Siber-elected-as-the-President-of-the-Assembly-1641705.asp" Check |url= value (help). External link in |title= (help)
  13. ↑ "Great Women in Successful Literacy & Notable Education Reforms -exemplary woman Suzan Ari". www.orhanseyfiari.com. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  14. ↑ "FAMOUS CYPRIOTS". Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  15. ↑ "http://journals.ohiolink.edu.proxy.library.ohiou.edu/ejc/article.cgi?issn=03623319&issue=v51i0002&article=295_rfftpodvawic&redir=bad_tracker". journals.ohiolink.edu.proxy.library.ohiou.edu. Retrieved 2015-04-21. External link in |title= (help)

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