Xuande Emperor

Xuande Emperor
Emperor of the Ming Empire
Reign	27 June 1425 – 31 January 1435
Predecessor	Hongxi Emperor
Successor	Zhengtong Emperor
Born	16 March 1399 Beijing
Died	31 January 1435 (aged 35)
Burial	Jingling, Ming Dynasty Tombs, Beijing
Spouse	Empress Gongrangzhang Empress Xiaogongzhang Empress Dowager Xiaoyi
Issue	Zhengtong Emperor Jingtai Emperor Princess Shunde Princess Yongqing Princess Changde
Full name Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基) Era name and dates Xuande (宣德): 8 February 1426 – 17 January 1436 Posthumous name Emperor Xiantian Chongdao Yingming Shensheng Qinwen Zhaowu Kuanren Chunxiao Zhang 憲天崇道英明神聖欽文昭武寬仁純孝章皇帝 Temple name Ming Xuanzong 明宣宗
House	House of Zhu
Father	Hongxi Emperor
Mother	Empress Chengxiaozhao

Xuande Emperor
Chinese	宣德帝
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xuāndédì Wade–Giles Hsüan^1-te^2 ti^4 IPA [ɕy̯ɛ́ntɤ̌ tî] Gwoyeu Romatzyh Shiuander dih Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Syun^1-dak^1 dai^3 Yale Romanization Syūn-dāk dai Southern Min Tâi-lô Suan-tik tē

Ming dynasty Xuande mark and period (1426–35) imperial blue and white vase. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. 明宣德 景德鎮窯青花貫耳瓶, 纽约大都博物馆

The Xuande Emperor (Chinese: 宣德帝; pinyin: Xuāndédì; 16 March 1399^[1] – 31 January 1435), personal name Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基), was the fifth emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, ruling from 1425 to 1435. His era name "Xuande" means "Proclamation of Virtue".

Life

Zhu Zhanji was the eldest son of the Hongxi Emperor and Empress Chengxiaozhao. He was fond of poetry and literature. Although he continued to refer to Beijing as the secondary capital on all official documents, he maintained it as his residence and continued to rule there in the style of his grandfather, the Yongle Emperor. He permitted Zheng He to lead the seventh and last of his maritime expeditions.

The Xuande Emperor's uncle, Zhu Gaoxu (the Prince of Han), had been a favorite of the Yongle Emperor for his military successes, but he disobeyed imperial instructions and in 1417 had been exiled to the small fief of Le'an in Shandong. When Zhu Gaoxu revolted, the Xuande Emperor took 20,000 soldiers and attacked him at Le'an. Zhu Gaoxu surrendered soon afterward, was reduced to the status of a commoner. Six hundred rebelling officials were executed, and 2,200 were banished. The emperor did not wish to execute his uncle at the start, but later events angered the emperor so much that Zhu Gaoxu was executed through fire torture. All his sons were executed as well. It is very likely that Zhu Gaoxu's arrogance, well detailed in many historic texts, offended the emperor. A theory states that when the emperor went to visit his uncle, Zhu Gaoxu intentionally tripped him.

The Xuande Emperor granted King Hashi of Chūzan the family name Shang (尚, Shō in Japanese), gave him the title of Liuqiu Wang (琉球王, Jap: Ryūkyū-Ō, King of Ryūkyū), and gifted him a red lacquered tablet with Chung Shan (中山, Chūzan in Japanese) inscribed in gold.^[2]

The Xuande Emperor wanted to withdraw his troops from Annam, but some of his advisors disagreed. After Ming garrisons suffered heavy casualties, the emperor sent Liu Sheng with an army. These were badly defeated by the Annamese, losing 70,000 men in 1427. The Ming forces withdrew and the Xuande Emperor eventually recognized the independence of Annam. In the north, the Xuande Emperor was inspecting the border with 3,000 cavalry troops in 1428 and was able to retaliate against a raid by the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty. The Ming government let Arughtai's Eastern Mongols battle with Toghon's Oirat tribes of the west. The Ming imperial court received horses annually from Arughtai, but he was defeated by the Oirats in 1431 and was killed in 1434 when Toghon took over eastern Mongolia. The Ming government then maintained friendly relations with the Oirats. China's diplomatic relations with Japan improved in 1432. Relations with Korea were generally good with the exception of the Koreans resenting having to send virgins occasionally to the Xuande Emperor's imperial harem.

A privy council of eunuchs strengthened centralized power by controlling the Jinyiwei (secret police), and their influence continued to grow. In 1428, the notorious censor Liu Guan was sentenced to penal servitude and was replaced by the incorruptible Gu Zuo (d. 1446), who dismissed 43 members of the Beijing and Nanjing censorates for incompetence. Some censors were demoted, imprisoned, and banished, but none were executed. Replacements were put on probation as the censorate investigated the entire Ming administration including the military. The same year the emperor reformed the rules governing military conscription and the treatment of deserters. Yet the hereditary military continued to be inefficient and to suffer from poor morale. Huge inequalities in tax burdens had caused many farmers in some areas to leave their farms in the past forty years. In 1430, the Xuande Emperor ordered tax reductions on all imperial lands and sent out "touring pacifiers" to coordinate provincial administration, exercising civilian control over the military. They attempted to eliminate the irregularities and the corruption of the revenue collectors. The emperor often ordered retrials that allowed thousands of innocent people to be released.

The Xuande Emperor died of illness in 1435 after ruling for ten years. He ruled over a remarkably peaceful period with no significant external or internal problems. Later historians have considered his reign to be the height of the Ming dynasty's golden age.

The emperor as an artist

"Gibbons at play", painting by the Xuande Emperor (1427)

A porcelain ding vessel from the Xuande era of the Ming dynasty.

The Xuande Emperor was known as an accomplished painter, particularly skilled at painting animals. Some of his art work is preserved in the National Palace Museum, Taipei and Arthur M. Sackler Museum (a division of Harvard Art Museum) in Cambridge. Robert D. Mowry, the curator of Chinese art at the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, described him as "the only Ming emperor who displayed genuine artistic talent and interest."^[3]

Personal information

• Father
  • Hongxi Emperor
• Mother
  • Empress Chengxiaozhao

Consorts

• Empress Gongrangzhang (恭讓章皇后), personal name Hu Shanxiang (胡善祥) (died 1443), married the Xuande Emperor in 1417 but was deposed in 1428, mother of Princess Shunde
• Empress Xiaogongzhang (孝恭章皇后), family name Sun (孫) (died September/October 1462), daughter of Sun Zouzhong (孫鄒忠), initially created an Imperial Concubine (嬪) in 1417, elevated to the rank of Noble Consort (貴妃) upon the Xuande Emperor's accession in 1425, created empress in 1428 after the deposition of Hu Shanxiang, became Empress Dowager (皇太后) upon the accession of her son, created Empress Dowager Shangsheng (上聖皇太后) in December 1449, created Empress Dowager Shengliecishou (聖烈慈壽皇太后), mother of the Zhengtong Emperor and Princess Changde
• Empress Dowager Xiaoyi (孝翼太后), family name Wu (吳) (died December 1461), daughter of Wu An (吳安), granddaughter of Wu Yanming (吳彥名), created Consort Xian (賢妃) in 1428, initially given the posthumous name Consort Rongsixian (榮思賢妃), posthumously honored as Empress Dowager Xiaoyi by the Chongzhen Emperor, mother of the Jingtai Emperor
• Imperial Concubine Guo Ai (嬪郭愛), personal name Guo Ai (郭愛), courtesy name Shanli (善理) (died 1435), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Noble Consort Duanjing (端靜貴妃), family name He (何), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Chun Jingxian (純靜賢妃), family name Zhao (趙), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Zhenshunhui (貞順惠妃), family name Wu (吳), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Zhuangjingshu (莊靜淑妃), family name Jiao (焦), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Zhuangshunjing (莊順敬妃), family name Cao (曹), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Zhenhuishun (貞惠順妃), family name Xu (徐), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Gongdingli (恭定麗妃), family name Yuan (袁), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Zhenjingshu (貞靜淑妃), family name Zhu (諸), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Gongshunchong (恭順充妃), family name Li (李), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Suxicheng (肅僖成妃), family name He (何), was buried with the Xuande Emperor after his death
• Consort Gongyihui (恭懿惠妃), family name Zhao (趙)
• Consort Shu (淑妃), family name Liu (劉)

Sons

Number	Name	Formal Title	Born	Died	Mother	Spouse	Issue	Notes
1	Zhu Qizhen 朱祁鎮	The Zhengtong Emperor (7 February 1435 – 1 September 1449) The Tianshun Emperor (11 February 1457 – 23 February 1464)	29 November 1427	23 February 1464	Empress Xiaogongzhang	Empress Xiaozhuangrui Empress Xiaosu 19 concubines	Princess Chongqing Zhu Jianshen, the Chenghua Emperor Zhu Jianlin, Prince Zhuang of De Zhu Jianshi Zhu Jianchun, Prince Dao of Xu Zhu Jianshu, Prince Huai of Xiu Zhu Jianze, Prince Jian of Chong Zhu Jianjun, Prince Jian of Ji Zhu Jianzhi, Prince Mu of Xin Zhu Jianpei, Prince Zhuang of Hui Princess Jiashan Princess Chun'an Princess Chongde Princess Guangde Princess Yixing Princess Longqing Princess Jiaxiang two unnamed daughters
2	Zhu Qiyu 朱祁鈺	The Jingtai Emperor	21 September 1428	14 March 1457 Xiyuan	Empress Dowager Xiaoyi	Empress Xiaoyuanjing Empress Suxiao 2 concubines	Zhu Jianji, Crown Prince Huaixian Princess Gu'an unnamed daughter

Daughters

Number	Title	Name	Born	Died	Date Married	Spouse	Mother	Notes
1	Princess Shunde 順德公主	Family name: Zhu (朱) (personal name unknown)	1420	1443	1437	Shi Jing 石璟	Hu Shanxiang
2	Princess Yongqing 永清公主	Family name: Zhu (朱) (personal name unknown)	?	1433				Died before getting married
3	Princess Changde 常德公主	Family name: Zhu (朱) (personal name unknown)	1424	1470	1440	Xue Huan 薛桓	Empress Xiaogongzhang

Footnotes

1. 《宣宗章皇帝實錄》. “仁宗昭皇帝嫡長子，母今太皇太后，以己卯歲二月九日生上於北京。” (Chinese)
2. Kerr, George. Okinawa: History of an Island People. 1958, Tokyo, Charles E. Tuttle Company. Page 90.
3. "Imperial Salukis: Speedy hounds, portrayed by a Chinese emperor". Harvard Magazine, May–June 2007.

References

For details on the Xuande Emperor see The Cambridge History of China Vol 7, pages 285 to 304. This article is essentially a summary of those pages.

Further reading

• "Early Ming China" by Edward Dreyer (1982).
• "Chinese Government in Ming Times" by Charles Hucker (1969).