Wu River (Yangtze tributary)

Wu River (Wu Jiang)
Sancha, Yachi
River
Wu River
Name origin: Named for 12 peaks of Wu Mountain

Country	China
State	Guizhou
Municipality	Chongqing

Part of	Yangtze River system
Tributaries
- left	Furong River, Liuchong River
- right	Nanming River, Yu River (Hubei), Ya River
Cities	Wushan, Badong, Zigui


Source	Sancha
Mouth	Yangtze River
- location	Fuling, Eastern Chongqing Municipality

Length	1,150 km (715 mi)
Basin	80,300 km² (31,004 sq mi)
Discharge	for Gongtan
- average	1,108 m³/s (39,129 cu ft/s) ^[1]
- max	3,340 m³/s (117,951 cu ft/s)
- min	272 m³/s (9,606 cu ft/s)

Wujiang drainage basin

The Wu River (Chinese: 乌江; pinyin: Wū Jiāng) is the largest southern tributary of the Yangtze River. Nearly its entire length of 1,150 kilometres (710 mi) runs within the isolated, mountainous and ethnically diverse province of Guizhou. The river takes drainage from a 80,300-square-kilometre (31,000 sq mi) watershed.

The river flows through the Liupanshui, Anshun, Guiyang (the capital), Qiannan, and Zunyi Districts of Guizhou. All nine regions of the province have at least partial drainage to the river.

Course

The river begins as the Sancha in western Guizhou and flows eastwards about 350 km (220 mi). It then bends north, west and south in a 300 km (190 mi) reach called the Yachi, and receives the Nanming River from the right. After the Yachi reach, the Wu makes a broad arc northeast through central Guizhou, picking up fifteen major tributaries including the Yu, Furong and Ya Rivers and flowing through several large hydroelectric dams. It then crosses the border into the provincial-level municipality of Chongqing, flows past Wushan, Badong and Zigui, and empties into the Yangtze River at Fuling, some 50 miles (80 km) east-northeast of Chongqing City, in the Wu Gorge of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze. Part of the lower course of the river is flooded by the reservoir of Three Gorges Dam.^[2]

History

Many small river towns along the Wu, such as Gongtan, date back to as early as 200 A.D. Fuling is regarded as the first major town to be built on the river. The city was the capital of the ancient Ba state in the Sichuan area. During the Qin Dynasty, the region was brought under Chinese control.

The Wu Gorge is also known as "Golden Helmet and Silver Armor Gorge". The name originates from a helmet-shaped rock formation above the river and a silver-colored cliff of slate. Another name for Wu Gorge is "Iron Coffin Gorge".

River modifications

The Wu River has been extensively developed for hydroelectricity generation. As of 2010, dams along the river had a combined capacity of 8,500 megawatts (MW).^[3] Much of this development is extremely recent, as power generation in 2010 was over four times of that in 2005. Most dams on the river were constructed and owned by the Wujiang Hydropower Corporation. The largest dam, the 232-metre (761 ft) Goupitan Dam, was completed in 2011.^[4] Aside from producing power, dams on the Wu River also provide flood control and hydraulic head for irrigation operations.^[5]

The lower reaches of the river are heavily polluted because of poor sewage systems and dumping of agricultural waste – so much that it is not even considered suitable for irrigation and industrial purposes.^[6]

About 40 kilometres (25 mi) of the river's lower course forms an arm of the Wu Gorge (Big Gorge or Second Gorge) of the Three Gorges, now submerged in up to 30 metres (100 ft) of water from Three Gorges Reservoir. In late 2008, geological instabilities caused landslides with volumes of 20,000 and 50,000 cubic metres (26,000 and 65,000 cu yd). It is speculated that the former slide is part of a larger unstable slope with as much as 100,000 cubic metres (130,000 cu yd). The latter slide caused a wave that swamped boats up to 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away.^[7]

The 10 dams on the river that are either completed, under construction or planned, as of March 2014, are listed below from downstream to upstream.^[8]^[9]

Daxikou Dam – Cancelled, 1,200 MW
Baimato Dam – Programmed, 350 MW
Yinpan Dam – Completed, 600 MW
Pengshui Dam – Completed, 1,750 MW
Shatuo Dam – Completed, 1,120 MW
Silin Dam – Completed, 1,050 MW
Goupitan Dam – Completed, 3,000 MW
Wujiangdu Dam – Completed, 1,250 MW
Suofengying Dam – Completed, 600 MW
Dongfeng Dam – Completed, 695 MW

Navigation

In the 1950s, local governments began an ambitious project to increase the navigability of the Wu River. The lower 480 kilometres (300 mi) of the river were dredged of sediment and hundreds of sets of rapids were destroyed by explosive charges. Navigation on the upper river, in contrast, reflects the difficulty of traversing the Yangtze in the Three Gorges region before the construction of Three Gorges Dam. With the creation of the reservoir behind this dam, navigation on the lower reaches of the Wu has increased significantly.

Bridges

The Zunyi Bridge over the Wu River

There are many spectacular bridges along the course of the Wu River. These include:

References

↑ "Wujiang discharge at Gongtan". Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment. River Discharge Database. 1980–1982. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
↑ "Wu River system (river system, China)". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
↑ "Hydropower development on Wu River to reach over 8.5 mln kW of installed capacity by 2010". China Business News. 2006-01-12. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ "Wu River dammed at Goupitan Hydropower Station". China Business News. 2004-11-17. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ "Goupitan Hydropower Project" (PDF). Chinese National Committee on Large Dams. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
↑ "Chongqing Wastewater Project, Three Gorges Dam, China". water-technology.net. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
↑ "Major landslides hit Three Gorges region". Xinhuanet (PROBE international). 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
↑ Dong, Luan. "INTERACTIVE: Mapping China’s “Dam Rush”". Wilson Center. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
↑ "The Last Report on China's Rivers". China's Rivers Report. March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.

Major rivers of China

Yangtze River system	Yalong River Min River Dadu River Qingyi River Tuo River Jialing River Fu River Qu River Wu River Hanshui River Qing River Chishui River Xiao River Xiang River Zi River Yuan River Lishui River Gan River Fu River Xin River Qingyi Jiang Qinhuai River Huangpu River

Yellow River system	Black River Daxia River Tao River Qingshui River Wuding River Fen River Wei River Jing River Luo River (Henan) Luo River (Shaanxi) Qin River

Pearl River system	North River East River Han River Mei River Ting River West River Yujiang River Yong River Xun River Qian River Hongshui River Nanpan River Beipan River Rong River Gui River

Heilong River system	Songhua River 2nd Songhua River Nen River Mudan River Ussuri River Argun River

Huai River system	Guo River Ying River Shiguan River

Other major rivers	Hai River Chaobai River Yongding River Hutuo River Liao River Tarim River Karatash River Ili River Shule River Tumen River Yalu River Luan River Red River Minjiang River Longjiang River Lancang River Beilun River Nu River Lion Spring River Elephant Spring River Yarlung Tsangpo River (Horse Spring River) Nyang River Subansiri River Irtysh River

Major canals	Grand Canal of China Lingqu Canal North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal

Coordinates: 29°43′00″N 107°24′00″E / 29.7167°N 107.4000°E / 29.7167; 107.4000

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