Youngstown, Ohio

"Youngstown" redirects here. For other uses, see Youngstown (disambiguation).
Youngstown, Ohio
City

Location of Youngstown in Mahoning County and state of Ohio

Location of Ohio in the United States
Coordinates: 41°6′N 80°39′W / 41.100°N 80.650°W / 41.100; -80.650Coordinates: 41°6′N 80°39′W / 41.100°N 80.650°W / 41.100; -80.650
Country United States
State Ohio
County Mahoning, Trumbull
Founded 1796
Incorporated 1848 (village)
– 1867 (city)
Government
 • Type Mayor-council
 • Mayor John A. McNally
Area
 • City 34.2 sq mi (88.5 km2)
 • Land 33.9 sq mi (87.8 km2)
 • Water 0.3 sq mi (0.77 km2)
Elevation 850 ft (259 m)
Population (2010)[1]
 • City 66,982
 • Estimate (2013)[2] 65,184
 • Density 2,312.9/sq mi (893.0/km2)
 • Urban 387,550 (US: 97th)
 • Metro 555,506 (US: 97th)
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP codes 44501–44507, 44509-44515, 44555
Area code(s) 330
FIPS code 39-88000
GNIS feature ID 1058156[3]
Website youngstownohio.gov

Youngstown is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Mahoning County. It also extends into Trumbull County. The municipality is on the Mahoning River, approximately 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Cleveland and 61 miles (100 km) northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Youngstown has its own metropolitan area, but is often included in commercial and cultural depictions of the Pittsburgh Tri-State area and Greater Cleveland. Youngstown lies 10 miles (16 km) west of the Pennsylvania state line, midway between New York City and Chicago via Interstate 80.

The city was named for John Young, an early settler from Whitestown, New York, who established the community's first sawmill and gristmill. Youngstown is in a region of the United States that is often referred to as the Rust Belt. Traditionally known as a center of steel production, Youngstown was forced to redefine itself when the U.S. steel industry fell into decline in the 1970s, leaving communities throughout the region without major industry. Youngstown also falls within the Appalachian Ohio region, among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The 2010 census showed that Youngstown had a total population of 66,982, making it Ohio's ninth largest city. The city has experienced a decline of over 60% of its population since 1959.

According to the 2010 Census, the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) contains 565,773 people and includes Mahoning and Trumbull counties in Ohio, and Mercer County in Pennsylvania. The Steel Valley area as a whole has 763,207 residents.

History

Early years

Governor David Tod

Youngstown was named for New York native John Young, who surveyed the area in 1796 and settled there soon after.[4] On February 9, 1797, Young purchased the township of 15,560 acres (6,300 ha) from the Western Reserve Land Company for $16,085.[5] The 1797 establishment of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19, 1802.[6]

The area constituting present-day Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, a section of the Northwest Territory reserved for settlers from the state of Connecticut.[7] While many of the area's early settlers came from Connecticut, Youngstown attracted a significant number of Scots-Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania.[8] The first European Americans to settle permanently in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and wife Catherine Dougherty.[9] By 1798, Youngstown was the home of several families who were concentrated near the point where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River.[7] Boardman Township was founded in 1798 by Elijah Boardman who was a member of the Connecticut Land Company. Also founded in 1798 was Austintown by John McCollum who was a settler from New Jersey.[10]

As the Western Reserve's population grew, the need for administrative districts became apparent. In 1800, territorial governor Arthur St. Clair established Trumbull County (named in honor of Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull), and designated the smaller settlement of Warren as its administrative center, or "county seat".[11] In 1813, Trumbull County was divided into townships, with Youngstown Township comprising much of what became Mahoning County.[12] The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848, and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city. It became the county seat in 1876, when the administrative center of Mahoning County was moved from neighboring Canfield.[13] Youngstown has been Mahoning County's county seat to this day.[14]

Industrial age

The discovery of coal by the community in the early 19th century paved the way for the Youngstown area's inclusion on the network of the famed Erie Canal. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835, and the canal was completed in 1840.[15] Local industrialist David Tod, who was later Ohio governor during the Civil War, persuaded Lake Erie steamboat owners that coal mined in the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland. The arrival of the railroad in 1856 smoothed the path for further economic growth.[16]

Youngstown, 1910s: Central Square and Viaduct (view looking south)

Youngstown's industrial development changed the face of the Mahoning Valley. The community's burgeoning coal industry drew hundreds of immigrants from Wales, Germany, and Ireland. With the establishment of steel mills in the late 19th century, Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from Eastern Europe, Italy, and Greece.[17] In the early 20th century, the community saw an influx of immigrants from non-European countries including what is modern day Lebanon, Palestine/Israel, and Syria. By the 1920s, this dramatic demographic shift produced a nativist backlash, and the Mahoning Valley became a center of Ku Klux Klan activity.[18] The situation reached a climax in 1924, when street clashes between Klan members and Italian and Irish Americans in neighboring Niles led Ohio Governor A. Victor Donahey to declare martial law.[19] By 1928 the Klan was in steep decline; and three years later, the organization sold its Canfield, Ohio, meeting area, Kountry Klub Field.[20]

The growth of industry attracted people from within the borders of the United States, and from Latin America. By the late 19th century, African Americans were well represented in Youngstown, and the first local congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church was established in 1871.[21] In the 1880s, local attorney William R. Stewart was the second African American elected to the Ohio House of Representatives.[22] A large influx of African Americans in the early 20th century owed much to developments in the industrial sector. During the national Steel Strike of 1919, local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the South, many of whom were Black.[23] This move inflamed racist sentiment among local Whites, and for decades, African-American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace.[24][25] Migration from the South rose dramatically in the 1940s, when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the exploitative sharecropping system, leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs.[26]

The city's population became more diverse after the end of World War II, when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers.[27] In the 1950s, the Latino population grew significantly; and by the 1970s, St. Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church and the First Spanish Baptist Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish-speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area.[21] While diversity is among the community's enduring characteristics, the industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s. In response to subsequent challenges, the city has taken well-publicized steps to diversify economically, while building on some traditional strengths.[28]

Redevelopment

The George Voinovich Center (left) and Mahoning County Children's Services Center (right)

Downtown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new construction. Recent additions include the George Voinovich Government Center and state and federal courthouses: the Seventh District Court of Appeals and the Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse. The latter features an award-winning design by the architectural firm, Robert A. M. Stern Architects.[29]

In 2005, Federal Street, a major downtown thoroughfare that was closed off to create a pedestrian-oriented plaza, was reopened to through traffic. The downtown area has seen the razing of structurally unsound buildings and the expansion or restoration of others.[30]

The re-opened Federal Street

In 2004, construction began on a 60-home upscale development called Arlington Heights, and a grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development allowed for the demolition of Westlake Terrace, a sprawling and dilapidated public housing project. Today, the site features a blend of senior housing, rental townhouses and for-sale single-family homes. Low real-estate prices and the efforts of the Youngstown Central Area Improvement Corporation (CIC) have contributed to the purchase of several long-abandoned downtown buildings (many by out-of-town investors) and their restoration and conversion into specialty shops, restaurants, and eventually condominiums. Further, a nonprofit organization called Wick Neighbors is planning a $250 million New Urbanist revitalization of Smoky Hollow, a former ethnic neighborhood that borders the downtown and university campus. The neighborhood will eventually comprise about 400 residential units, university student housing, retail space, and a central park.[31] Construction for the project began in 2006.

New construction has dovetailed with efforts to cultivate business growth. One of the area's more successful business ventures in recent years has been the Youngstown Business Incubator. This nonprofit organization, based in a former downtown department store building, fosters the growth of fledgling technology-based companies. The incubator, which boasts more than a dozen business tenants, has recently completed construction on the Taft Technology Center, where some of its largest tenants will locate their offices.[32]

In line with these efforts to change the community's image, the city government, in partnership with Youngstown State University, has organized an ambitious urban renewal plan known as Youngstown 2010. The stated goals of Youngstown 2010 include the creation of a "cleaner, greener, and better planned and organized Youngstown". In January 2005, the organization unveiled a master plan prepared by Urban Strategies Inc. of Toronto, which had taken shape during an extensive process of public consultation and meetings that gathered input from citizens.[33] The plan, which included platforms such as the acceptance of a reduced population and an improved image and quality of life, received national attention and is consistent with efforts in other metropolitan areas to address the phenomenon of urban depopulation.[28] Youngstown 2010 received an award for public outreach from the American Planning Association in 2007.[34]

Geography and climate

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 34.60 square miles (89.61 km2), of which 33.96 square miles (87.96 km2) is land and 0.64 square miles (1.66 km2) is water.[35]

Located in the Cleveland tri-state area,[36] Youngstown is in the Mahoning Valley on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau. At the end of the last Ice Age, the glaciers left behind a uniform plain with valleys eroded by the Mahoning River crossing the plain.[37] Lakes created by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained, leaving behind fertile terrain.[37]

Climate

Youngstown has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), typical of the Midwest, with four distinct seasons, and lies in USDA hardiness zone 6a.[38] Winters are cold and dry but typically bring a mix of rain, sleet, and snow with occasional heavy snowfall and icing. January is the coldest month with an average mean temperature of 25.8 °F (−3.4 °C),[39] with temperatures on average dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.1 days and staying at or below freezing on 43 days per year.[39] Snowfall averages 62.7 inches (159 cm) per season, significantly less than the snowbelt areas closer to Lake Erie.[39] The snowiest month on record was 53.1 inches (135 cm) in December 2010, while winter snowfall amounts have ranged from 118.7 in (301 cm) in 2010–11 to 25.2 in (64 cm) in 1948–49.[39] Springs generally see a transition to fewer weather systems that produce heavier rainfall. Summers are typically very warm and humid with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 7.7 days per year on average; the annual count has been as high as 40 days in 1943, while the most recent year to not reach that mark is 2014.[39] July is the warmest month with an average mean temperature of 70.5 °F (21 °C).[39] Autumn is relatively dry with many clear warm days and cool nights.

The all-time record high temperature in Youngstown of 103 °F (39 °C) was established on July 10, 1936, which occurred during the Dust Bowl, and the all-time record low temperature of −22 °F (−30 °C) was set on January 19, 1994.[39] The first and last freezes of the season on average fall on October 10 and May 6, respectively, allowing a growing season of 156 days; freezing temperatures have been observed in every month except July.[39] The normal annual mean temperature is 49.0 °F (9.4 °C).[39] Normal yearly precipitation based on the 30-year average from 1981–2010 is 38.91 inches (988 mm), falling on an average 160 days.[39] Monthly precipitation has ranged from 10.66 in (271 mm) in June 1986 to 0.16 in (4.1 mm) in October 1924, while for annual precipitation the historical range is 54.01 in (1,372 mm) in 2011 to 23.79 in (604 mm) in 1963.[39]

Climate data for Youngstown, Ohio (Youngstown–Warren Regional Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1897–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22)		 73
(23)		 82
(28)		 90
(32)		 95
(35)		 99
(37)		 103
(39)		 100
(38)		 99
(37)		 88
(31)		 80
(27)		 76
(24)		 103
(39)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 56.1
(13.4)		 59.0
(15)		 72.7
(22.6)		 80.7
(27.1)		 84.2
(29)		 89.8
(32.1)		 91.2
(32.9)		 90.1
(32.3)		 85.8
(29.9)		 77.9
(25.5)		 69.1
(20.6)		 58.0
(14.4)		 92.4
(33.6)
Average high °F (°C) 32.5
(0.3)		 36.1
(2.3)		 45.8
(7.7)		 59.0
(15)		 68.9
(20.5)		 77.4
(25.2)		 81.4
(27.4)		 79.9
(26.6)		 72.4
(22.4)		 60.6
(15.9)		 48.9
(9.4)		 36.5
(2.5)		 58.3
(14.6)
Average low °F (°C) 19.0
(−7.2)		 20.7
(−6.3)		 27.7
(−2.4)		 38.0
(3.3)		 46.7
(8.2)		 55.4
(13)		 59.7
(15.4)		 58.3
(14.6)		 51.4
(10.8)		 41.5
(5.3)		 33.9
(1.1)		 24.0
(−4.4)		 39.7
(4.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −2.1
(−18.9)		 1.2
(−17.1)		 8.4
(−13.1)		 22.5
(−5.3)		 31.6
(−0.2)		 40.6
(4.8)		 46.8
(8.2)		 44.5
(6.9)		 36.8
(2.7)		 27.6
(−2.4)		 18.7
(−7.4)		 5.5
(−14.7)		 −5.3
(−20.7)
Record low °F (°C) −22
(−30)		 −16
(−27)		 −10
(−23)		 11
(−12)		 24
(−4)		 30
(−1)		 40
(4)		 32
(0)		 27
(−3)		 20
(−7)		 1
(−17)		 −12
(−24)		 −22
(−30)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.55
(64.8)		 2.15
(54.6)		 2.94
(74.7)		 3.36
(85.3)		 3.79
(96.3)		 3.88
(98.6)		 4.31
(109.5)		 3.24
(82.3)		 3.75
(95.3)		 2.77
(70.4)		 3.18
(80.8)		 2.99
(75.9)		 38.91
(988.5)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 16.6
(42.2)		 12.8
(32.5)		 10.9
(27.7)		 3.0
(7.6)		 trace 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.8
(2)		 3.6
(9.1)		 15.0
(38.1)		 62.7
(159.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 17.1 14.3 14.1 14.5 13.6 12.3 10.7 10.0 10.6 11.5 14.1 17.2 160.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 13.6 10.4 7.5 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 3.7 11.5 50.3
Source: NOAA,[39][40][41]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1820273—
183038440.7%
184065470.3%
18502,802328.4%
18602,759−1.5%
18708,075192.7%
188015,43591.1%
189033,220115.2%
190044,88535.1%
191079,06676.2%
1920132,35867.4%
1930170,00228.4%
1940167,720−1.3%
1950168,3300.4%
1960166,689−1.0%
1970139,788−16.1%
1980115,427−17.4%
199095,787−17.0%
200082,026−14.4%
201066,982−18.3%
Est. 201465,062[1][42]−2.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[43]

The 2010 United States Census population estimate was 65,062 people.[1][42] The Steel Valley area as a whole has 763,207 residents.[44]

The United States Census Bureau's 2011 American Community Survey estimated a median household income of $24,006.[45] A 2007 report by CNNMoney.com stated that Youngstown has the lowest median income of any U.S. city with more than 65,000 residents.[46] Between 1960 and 2010, the city's population declined by over 60%. Youngstown's vacant-housing rate is twenty times that of the national average.[47]

2010 census

According to the 2010 Census, Youngstown has 26,839 households and 15,150 families in the city. The population density is 755.2/km² (1958.5/sq mi). There are 33,123 housing units at an average density of 968.5 per square mile (373.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 47.0% White, 45.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.3% of some other race, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.3% of the population. Among the White population, 10.8% were of Italian, 10.8% Irish, 10.0% German, and 4.2% English ancestries. Among the Hispanic population, 5.7% are Puerto Rican, 1.9% Mexican, 0.1% Cuban, and 0.7% some other Hispanic or Latino.[48]

Records suggest that 28.6% of the households have children under the age of 18. Of these, 25.6% are married couples living together, 24.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 43.6% are non-families. Meanwhile, 37.8% of all households comprise a single person, and 14.5% of households comprise a person over 65 years of age living alone. The average household size is 2.28 and the average family size is 3.02.[48]

The population is spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95 males.[48][49]

Economy

History

Youngstown Sheet & Tube and Viaduct

Endowed with large deposits of coal and iron as well as "old growth" hardwood forests needed to produce charcoal, the Youngstown area eventually developed a thriving steel industry, starting with the area's blast furnace in 1803 by James and Daniel Heaton.[50] By the mid-19th century, Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants, and because of easy rail connections to adjacent states, the iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s despite the depletion of local natural resources.[51] At the turn of the 20th century, local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing, amid a wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley's industry in the hands of national corporations.[52]

In the late 1930s, the community's steel sector gained national attention once again, when Youngstown became a site of the so-called "Little Steel Strike", an effort by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, a precursor to United Steelworkers, to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies.[53] On June 21, 1937, strike-related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries.[53] Despite the violence, historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from "basically local and ineffective organizations into all-encompassing, nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers".[53]

Between the 1920s and 1960s, the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries of such companies as Republic Steel and U.S. Steel. At the same time, Youngstown never became economically diversified, as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Akron, or Cleveland.[54] Hence, when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s, the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives.[55] The September 19, 1977, announcement of the closure of a large portion of Youngstown Sheet and Tube, an event still referred to as "Black Monday", is widely regarded as the death knell of the old area steel industry in Youngstown.[56] In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns, the community lost an estimated 40,000 manufacturing jobs, 400 satellite businesses, $414 million in personal income, and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues.[57] The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector.[58]

Current economy

Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations, though nothing on the scale seen during the "glory days" of the "Steel Valley". The largest employer in the city is Youngstown State University (YSU), an urban public campus that serves about 15,000 students, located just north of downtown.[59][60]

The blow dealt to the community's industrial economy in the 1970s was slightly mitigated by the presence of auto production plants in the metropolitan area. In the late 1980s, the Avanti, an automobile with a fiberglass body originally designed by Studebaker to compete with the Corvette, was manufactured in an industrial complex on Youngstown's Albert Street. This company moved away after just a few years.[61] A mainstay of Youngstown's industrial economy has long been the GM Lordstown plant. The General Motors' Lordstown Assembly plant is the largest industrial employer in the area.[62] One of the nation's largest auto plants in terms of square feet, the Lordstown facility was home to production of the Chevrolet Impala, Vega, and Cavalier. It was recently expanded and retooled with a new paint facility.[62]

The largest industrial employers within the Youngstown city limits are Vallourec Star Steel Company (formerly North Star Steel), in the Brier Hill district, and Exal Corporation on Poland Avenue. The latter has recently expanded its operations.[63]

Downtown Youngstown at night

Youngstown's downtown, which once underscored the community's economic difficulties, is a site of new business growth. The Youngstown Business Incubator (YBI), in the heart of the downtown, houses several start-up technology companies that have received office space, furnishings, and access to utilities.[32] Some companies supported by the incubator have earned recognition, and a few are starting to outgrow their current space. One such company–Turning Technologies–has been rated by Inc. Magazine as the fastest-growing privately held software company in the United States and 18th fastest-growing privately held company overall.[64] In an effort to keep such companies downtown, the YBI secured approval to demolish a row of vacant buildings nearby to clear space for expansion. The project will be funded by a $2 million federal grant awarded in 2006.[32] In 2014, the YBI was ranked as the number 1 university associated business incubator in the world by the Swedish UBII (University Business Incubator Index).[65][66][67]In 2015, the YBI was the top University Associated Incubator in North America, and came in second to the Dublin Enterprise & Technology Centre, also known as the Guinness Enterprise Centre, in Dublin.[68]

Extensive coverage of Youngstown's economic challenges has overshadowed the city's long entrepreneurial tradition. A number of products and enterprises introduced in Youngstown later became national household names. Among these is Youngstown-based Schwebel's Bakery, which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 20th century. The company now distributes bread products nationally.[69] In the 1920s, Youngstown was the birthplace of the Good Humor brand of ice cream novelties,[70] and the popular franchise of Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt was established there in the 1940s. In the 1950s, Youngstown-born developer Edward J. DeBartolo, Sr. established one of the country's first modern shopping plazas in the suburb of Boardman.[71] The fast-food chain, Arby's, opened the first of its restaurants in Boardman in 1964, and Arthur Treacher's Fish & Chips was headquartered in Youngstown in the late 1970s. More recently, the city's downtown hosted the corporate headquarters of the now-defunct pharmacy chain store Phar-Mor, which had been established by Youngstown native Mickey Monus.[72]

Government

Youngstown is governed by a mayor who is elected every four years and limited to a maximum of two terms. Mayors are traditionally inaugurated on or around January 2. The city has tended to elect Democratic mayors since the late 1920s because of the local unions' support for Democratic candidates for office.[73] Youngstown's current mayor is John McNally IV. Jay Williams was the city's first African-American mayor and its first independent mayor since 1922.[74] Williams belonged to the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[75] a bi-partisan group with the stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets".[75] He left his position in Youngstown to become President Barack Obama's auto czar, directing the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry.

Residents elect an eight-member city council composed of representatives of the city's seven wards and a council president. The council, in turn, appoints a city clerk. The council traditionally meets every first and third Wednesday of the month. City council meetings are generally held from the third week in September to the third week in June. Meanwhile, the board of control oversees contracts for public projects within the municipal limits. The Youngstown Police Department and Youngstown Fire Department fall under the board's supervision, as do the parks, civil service, community development, health, planning, and water departments.

Youngstown's finance department oversees all municipal finances and supervises the departments of economic development and income tax. The city's department of public works has sweeping supervisory responsibilities and oversees the departments of engineering, building inspection, building and grounds, signal and sign, demolition and housing, litter and recycling, street, and water waste treatment. The city's law department represents the city on all legal issues, serving as counsel to all municipal departments.

Crime

Crime has been a lingering problem in many of the Rust Belt's big and small urban communities, hampering economic recovery.[76] In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Youngstown was nationally identified with gangland slayings that were often committed with car bombs.[77] The town gained the nicknames "Murdertown, USA" and "Bomb City, USA," while the phrase "Youngstown tune-up" became a nationally popular slang term for car-bomb assassination.[78] The image of Youngstown's association with crime was reinforced by the construction of prisons inside the metropolitan area.[79] As of 2012, three adult correctional facilities continue to operate within city limits: the Mahoning County Justice Center[80] the Northeast Ohio Correctional Center,[81] and the Ohio State Penitentiary.[82]

For decades, Youngstown was a haven for organized crime, and related corruption was ingrained into the fabric of its society. A 2000 publication in The New Republic listed a "chief of police, the outgoing prosecutor, the sheriff, the county engineer, members of the local police force, a city law director, several defense attorneys, politicians, judges, and a former assistant U.S. attorney" as controlled by the Mob.[83] The city accelerated measures to limit the influence of organized crime upon all sectors of municipal life. The climax of this ongoing effort was the arrest, trial, and 2002 conviction of former U.S. Representative James A. Traficant, Jr. (D), on bribery, tax fraud, and racketeering charges.[84] Although this has since been cleaned up somewhat, in 2006, Youngstown was ranked by Morgan Quitno Press, a Kansas-based publishing and research company, as the 9th most dangerous city in the United States.[85]

In 2016 current mayor John McNally played guilty to committing crimes in office as a county commissioner he continues to be mayor today

Education

Primary and secondary

The Youngstown City School District manages all public education within the city. As of 2007, the school district was engaged in a process of reconfiguration, consolidating existing schools while building some new ones. District high schools once included South, North, Chaney, Rayen, East, Woodrow Wilson, Youngstown Early College, and Choffin Career and Technical Center. This roster has changed; Chaney expanded, North, South, and the original East were closed, and Rayen and Wilson were closed to make way for a newly built and re-opened East High School.[86] Youngstown City School District participate in an "Early College" program, in cooperation with Youngstown State University. This program enables high school students to attend classes on campus and earn college credit.[87]

The Diocese of Youngstown once oversaw more than 20 schools within the city limits. As a result of dwindling enrollment, only three Catholic schools continue to operate within Youngstown proper.[88] These include one elementary school – St. Christine's – and two secondary schools, Ursuline and Cardinal Mooney. (The two high schools share a heated and longstanding rivalry in athletics.) Several additional Catholic schools operate in Mahoning, Trumbull, Columbiana, Portage, Stark, and Ashtabula counties.

Youngstown hosts a small number of private schools. These include Valley Christian School, a nondenomenational K-12 school located on the south side of the city; Akiva Academy, a progressive K-8 school located in the Jewish Community Center; and the Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley, which offers alternative learning environments for students ranging from preschool to eighth grade.[89]

Youngstown has a high school graduation rate of 65%[90]

Higher education

Youngstown State University's Jones Hall

Youngstown State University, the primary institution of higher learning in the Youngstown-Warren metropolitan area, traces its origins to a local YMCA program that began offering college-level courses in 1908.[91] YSU joined the Ohio system of higher education in 1967.[91] The university consists of six colleges: The College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences (CLASS); The College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM); The Willamson College of Business; The Bitonte College of Health and Human Services; The College of Fine and Performing Arts (FPA), and the College of Education. Once regarded as a commuter school, YSU serves about 13,000 students, many from outside the Youngstown area. The campus is just north of the city's downtown and south of Youngstown's historic Fifth Avenue district, a neighborhood of Tudor-, Victorian-, and Spanish Colonial Revival-style homes.[92]

YSU offers tuition rates that are lower than the average of other public universities in Ohio, at $3,856 per semester for undergraduates.[93][94] The university's assets include the Dana School of Music, an All-Steinway school. The Dana School of Music is one of the six oldest continuously operating schools of music in the United States. Youngstown State's Engineering programs are accredited through ABET, making it one of the best Engineering Schools in the country, many graduates from the school have gone on to become the founders and heads for various Fortune 100 companies. [95]

Attractions

In 2012, Forbes.com ranked Youngstown, Ohio 4th among the best cities in the U.S. for raising a family. The article included the city's schools, current low crime, cost-of-living, and property rates in its decision.[96]

Covelli Centre

Main article: Covelli Centre

Despite the impact of regional economic decline, Youngstown offers an array of cultural and recreational resources. Moreover, the community's range of attractions has increased in recent years. The newest addition is the Covelli Centre, a venue for Tier I Jr. A hockey games, concerts, "on ice" shows, and other forms of entertainment.

Theater

The community's culture center is Powers Auditorium, a former Warner Brothers movie palace[97] that serves as the area's primary music hall while providing a home for the Youngstown Symphony Orchestra.[98] This downtown landmark is one of five auditoriums within the city limits. Ford Recital Hall was built in 2006 as an addition to newly renovated Powers Auditorium. Imposing and neo-classical Stambaugh Auditorium, on the city's north side, has served for decades as a site of concerts and is often rented for private events. The facility also hosts the Stambaugh Youth Concert Band.[99]

Oakland Center for the Arts, in the downtown area, is a venue for locally produced plays. This institution is complemented by the Youngstown Playhouse on the city's south side. The Youngstown Playhouse, Mahoning County's primary community theater, has served the area for more than 80 years, despite intermittent financial problems. Well known theatrical personalities from the Youngstown area include comedic actor Joe Flynn,[100] screen actress Elizabeth Hartman,[101] singer and Broadway performer Maureen McGovern,[102] and television and screen actor Ed O'Neill.[103]

Museums

The Butler Institute of American Art is on the northeastern edge of the Youngstown State University campus. This institution was established by industrialist Joseph G. Butler, Jr., in 1919 as the first museum in the country dedicated to American art.[104] Across the street from the Butler Institute stands the McDonough Museum of Art, YSU's University Art Museum and the Mahoning Valley's center for contemporary art. The McDonough, established in 1991, features regular changing exhibitions by regional, national and international artists and provides public access to the work of students, faculty and alumni from the Department of Art.[105] The Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum, also on the YSU campus, is operated by the university's geology department and housed in a campus building.[106]

The Butler Institute of American Art

To the immediate north of YSU is the Arms Family Museum of Local History. The museum, housed in a 1905 Arts & Crafts style mansion on the main artery of Wick Avenue, is managed by the Mahoning Valley Historical Society. Once the estate of a local industrialist, the museum maintains period rooms that showcase the original contents of the household, including furnishings, art objects, and personal artifacts. The museum mounts rotating exhibits on topics related to local history. Recently, the museum opened the "Anne Kilcawley Christman Hands-on History Room". The MVHS Archival Library operates in the estate's former carriage house, near the back of the site.

The Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor sits south of the YSU campus on a grade overlooking the downtown area. This museum, owned and operated by the Ohio Historical Society, focuses on the Mahoning Valley's history of steel production.[107] Other museums include the Children's Museum of the Valley,[108] an interactive educational center in the downtown area, and the Davis Education and Recreation Center, a small museum that showcases the history of Youngstown's Mill Creek Park.[109] On the city's north side the Youngstown Steel Heritage Foundation is constructing the Tod Engine Heritage Park, featuring a collection of steel industry equipment and artifacts. The main exhibit is a 1914 William Tod Co. rolling mill steam engine that was built in Youngstown and used at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Brier Hill Works. The Tod Engine is one of three remaining rolling mill engines in the United States and is a Mechanical and Materials Engineering Landmark.[110]

Youngstown's most popular resource is Mill Creek Park, a five-mile (8 km)-long stretch of landscaped woodland reminiscent of Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C. Mill Creek Park is the oldest park district in Ohio, established as a township park in 1891. The park's highlights include the restored 19th century Lanterman's Mill, the rock formations of Bear's Den, scores of nature trails, the Fellows Riverside Gardens and Education Center, the "Cinderella" iron link bridge, and two 18 hole Donald Ross golf courses.[111][112]

Mill Creek Park's "Cinderella" iron link bridge

Mill Creek Park encompasses approximately 2,600 acres (1,100 ha), 20 miles (32 km) of drives and 15 miles (24 km) of foot trails. Its attractions include gardens, streams, lakes, woodlands, meadows, and wildlife.

Fellows Riverside Gardens' popular lookout point offers visitors contrasting views of the area. From the south side, the canopied woodlands overlooking Lake Glacier are visible; from the north side, visitors are presented with a view of downtown Youngstown. The park features two 18-hole golf courses. The North Course is on rolling terrain, while the South Course features narrow, tree-lined fairways.[113] Other features include playgrounds, athletic fields, and picnic areas.

In 2005, Mill Creek Park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.[114] A plaque commemorating this event is near a memorial statue of Volney Rogers, the Youngstown attorney who set aside land for the creation of Mill Creek Park.[109]

A smaller recreational area called Wick Park is on the historic North side. Wick Park's periphery is lined with early 20th-century mansions built by the city's industrialists, business leaders, and professionals during Youngstown's "boom" years.[92] Stambaugh Auditorium, a popular venue for concerts and other public events, is near the park's southwestern edge.[99] Another small recreational area called Crandall Park is also on the North side. Crandall Park offers well-maintained and landscaped homes, tree-lined streets, and walkable access to shopping and recreations.[115] Several cemeteries (notably historic Oak Hill Cemetery) and small recreational spaces are scattered throughout the city. Some of those recreational spaces include Homestead Park, John White park, Lynn park, Borts Pool, and the Northside Pool.

Sports

Club League Venue Established Championships
Youngstown Phantoms USHL, Ice hockey Covelli Centre 2003 0

Youngstown has enjoyed a long tradition of professional and semi-professional sports.[116] In earlier decades, the city produced scores of minor league baseball teams, including the Youngstown Ohio Works, Youngstown Champs, Youngstown Indians, Youngstown Steelmen, Youngstown Browns, Youngstown Gremlins, and Youngstown Athletics. Local enthusiasm for baseball was such that the community hosted championship games of the National Amateur Baseball Federation throughout the 1930s and 1940s.[117] The area's minor league baseball teams were supplemented by semi-professional football teams, including the Youngstown Patricians, who won the 1915 championship of the informal "Ohio League" (a direct predecessor to the National Football League),[118] and the Youngstown Hardhats, who competed in the Middle Atlantic Football League in the 1970s and early 1980s. For three seasons, Youngstown was home to the Mahoning Valley Thunder of the now-defunct af2, the minor league for the Arena Football League until 2009 when the franchise ceased operations.[119][120] Local minor league basketball teams included the Youngstown Pride of the WBA from 1987 to 1992), the Youngstown Hawks of the IBA in 1999, and the Mahoning Valley Wildcats of the IBL in 2005. Covelli Centre (known then as the Chevrolet Centre) was the home of the Youngstown SteelHounds hockey team that played in the Central Hockey League until May 2008.

The community has a lengthy tradition of collegiate sports. The Youngstown State University Penguins, a major regional draw, compete in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The Penguins, noted participants in FCS (I-AA) football, play their games at Stambaugh Stadium and enjoy one of the more supportive fan bases. All other YSU athletic teams compete in the Horizon League. The Youngstown State men and women's basketball teams hold their games at Youngstown State's Beeghly Center. The teams average about 2,500 fans per game, a number that has been on the rise the past two seasons with a new style of play under Head Coach Jerry Slocum. In addition, the YSU baseball and softball teams have enjoyed local support and success. The baseball team reached the NCAA super-regionals in 2005, and the softball team did so in 2006.[121]

Youngstown has produced a significant number of boxing champions, including bantamweight Greg Richardson, lightweights Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini and Harry Arroyo, and middleweight Kelly Pavlik.[122]

One of the city's most recent sports-related attractions is the Covelli Centre, which was funded primarily through a $26 million federal grant. Located on the site of an abandoned steel mill, the large, high-tech facility opened in October 2005. It was formerly called the Chevrolet Center, and during planning it was known as the Youngstown Convocation Center.[123] The Centre's main tenants are the Youngstown Phantoms, who play in the United States Hockey League. Previously, it was home to the Youngstown Steelhounds hockey team, who played in the CHL. The city plans to develop vacant land adjacent to the Centre for a park, a riverwalk (the Mahoning River flows through the site), an amphitheater, or an athletic stadium for the city's public and private high schools.

These investments reflect wide appreciation of Youngstown's athletic tradition, which has produced noted figures in a variety of sports. Prominent athletes with connections to the city include former world boxing champions Greg Richardson, IBF lightweight champion Harry Arroyo,[122] College Football Hall of Fame end Bob Dove,[124] Hall of Fame umpire Billy Evans,[125] major league pitcher Dave Dravecky,[126] NFL quarterback Bernie Kosar,[119] IBF cruiserweight champion Jeff Lampkin,[122] WBA lightweight champion Ray "Boom Boom" Mancini,[122] major league manager Jimmy McAleer,[127] WBC and WBO middleweight champion Kelly Pavlik,[128] legendary baseball trainer "Bonesetter" Reese,[129] major league outfielder George Shuba,[130] and Heisman Trophy recipient Frank Sinkwich.[119]

Neighborhoods

Downtown's Central Square (Federal Plaza) from the east
  • Arlington Heights
  • Beachwood
  • Bel
  • Brier Hill
  • Brownlee Woods
  • Buckeye Plat - extension of Brownlee Woods, Struthers. Jackson Elementary School
  • Cornersburg
  • Cottage Grove
  • Downtown
  • Down The Hill (SouthSide)
  • Fifth Avenue
  • Fosterville
  • Garden District
  • Hazelton
  • Idora
  • Indian Village
  • Kirkmere
  • Lansdowne
  • Lansingville
  • Lincoln Knolls
  • Mahoning Commons
  • Newport
  • North Heights
  • Oak Hill
  • Ohio Works
  • Performance Place
  • Pleasant Grove
  • Riverbend
  • Rocky Ridge
  • Salt Springs
  • Schenley
  • Scienceville
  • Sharon Line
  • Smoky Hollow
  • University

Transportation

The Youngstown area is served by the Western Reserve Transit Authority (WRTA) bus system, which is supported through Mahoning County property and sales taxes. WRTA, whose main terminal is in the downtown area, provides service throughout the city and into surrounding Mahoning and Trumbull counties. The downtown terminal serves as the Youngstown area's Greyhound terminal.[131]

In the vicinity of the WRTA terminal is a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station. The historic terminal building has now been converted into a banquet hall, served Amtrak's Three Rivers as a train station from 1995 to 2005.[132] The local railroads now serve freight trains exclusively.

The Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport is currently served by three airlines (Allegiant Air, Sun Country Airlines and Via Air, in order of market share), five rental car agencies Alamo, National, Enterprise, Budget, Avis, and has direct non-stop flights to Orlando (Allegiant), Fort Myers (Allegiant), Tampa (Allegiant), Atlantic City (Via Air), Tunica (Via Air, Sun Country), and Gulfport (Sun Country). Additional seasonal service includes flights to Myrtle Beach, SC (Allegiant).[133]

Media

Youngstown features diverse media, including television, print and radio. Newspapers include The Buckeye Review (bi-monthly/ African-American), The Business Journal (bi-monthly/business), The Catholic Exponent (bi-monthly/religious), Daily Legal News (daily/legal), The Jambar (bi-weekly/college), The Jewish Journal (monthly/Jewish), The Metro Monthly (monthly/news, features, calendar), Morning Journal (daily/Columbiana County news), The Review (weekly/news, features), Senior News (monthly/seniors), The Journal (weekly/Struthers, Campbell and Lowellville), Parent Magazine (monthly/children's), Peace Action Youngstown (quarterly/peace activism), The Town Crier (weekly/suburban news), Record Courier (daily/Portage County news), Akron Beacon Journal (daily/regional news), The Plain Dealer (daily/regional news), Pittsburgh Post Gazette (daily/regional news), Warren Tribune Chronicle (daily/regional news), and the The Vindicator (daily/regional news), The News Outlet (university based media collaborative)

Youngstown is served by 10 television stations, three of which are repeaters of TV stations in other cities,[134] and a fourth coming in the near future from Pittsburgh NBC affiliate WPXI in nearby New Castle, Pennsylvania, that would easily penetrate Youngstown pending FCC approval.[135] This is unusual for a mid-sized city near large metro areas such as Cleveland and Pittsburgh. Nearby Akron, with a larger population than Youngstown and Warren combined, has no local television stations and relies on Cleveland for its local news. The community's 273,480 television households make the Youngstown market the nation's 106th largest, according to Nielsen Media Research.[136]

The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including: WFMJ-TV (channel 21, NBC), WYTV (channel 33, ABC), WYFX-LD (channel 17/62 & 27.2 on WKBN-DT2, Fox), WKBN-TV (channel 27, CBS), MY-YTV (channel 33.2, MNTV), and WBCB (channel 21.2, The CW). WFMJ-TV and its digital subchannel WBCB are both locally owned & operated by the Maag family, owners of The Vindicator. The rest of Youngstown's commercial television stations are either owned and operated by Media General or operated by MG through a shared services agreement. Western Reserve Public Media airs on channel 45 (WNEO) from Alliance, Ohio, and channel 49 (WEAO) from Akron is a member of PBS.

Youngstown is served by 37 different radio stations in the metropolitan area making it the 119th largest radio market in the United States.[137] Stations include 17 on the AM band and 20 on the FM band. The majority of the most powerful and popular radio stations in the Youngstown-Warren market are divided between two national media companies: Clear Channel and Cumulus Media.

In popular culture

A large segment of the American public associates Youngstown with the economic malaise that befell much of the industrial northeast after the collapse of its manufacturing sector. The decline of Youngstown's steel industry and its adverse effects on local workers were the subjects of Bruce Springsteen's ballad, "Youngstown", featured on his The Ghost of Tom Joad album.[138] Springsteen made Youngstown a stop on his solo Ghost of Tom Joad Tour, playing at Stambaugh Auditorium on January 12, 1996. I Season 1 episode 28 " the Opponent " of the tv show Rout 66 was filmed and took place in Youngstown . The episode opens up with the two stars of the show driving down: Poland Avenue toward the city in a Chevrolet Corvette .

During the opening scene of the 1993 Friday the 13th horror film Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday, Jason Voorhees is killed and his remains taken to the Federal Morgue in Youngstown, Ohio for autopsy.[139][140]

Sister cities

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "American FactFinder". Factfinder2.census.gov. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  2. ↑ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
  3. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  4. ↑ "Knowing Youngstown: John Young's Land Purchase". The Youngstown Daily Vindicator. October 15, 1924. p. 7hi.
  5. ↑ Aley (1975), pp. 28–29.
  6. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), pp. 15–16.
  7. 1 2 Blue et al. (1995), p. 13.
  8. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), pp. 16–17.
  9. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), p. 15.
  10. ↑ Sanderson, Thomas (1907). 20th Century History of Youngstown and Mahoning County, Ohio. Biographical Publishing Company. pp. 169–180.
  11. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), pp. 17–18.
  12. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), p. 18.
  13. ↑ Aley (1975), pp. 98–99.
  14. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  15. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), pp. 33–35.
  16. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), pp. 35–36.
  17. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), p. 69.
  18. ↑ Jenkins (1990), p. 19.
  19. ↑ Jenkins (1990), p. 137.
  20. ↑ Aley (1975), p. 259.
  21. 1 2 Aley (1975), p. 46.
  22. ↑ Aley (1975), p. 47.
  23. ↑ Brody (1960), pp. 254–255.
  24. ↑ Bruno (1999), pp. 155–156.
  25. ↑ Linkon and Russo (2002), p. 42.
  26. ↑ Lemann (1991), pp. 3–58.
  27. ↑ Linkon and Russo (2002), pp. 41–42.
  28. 1 2 Nasser, Haya El (December 26, 2006). "As older cities shrink, some reinvent themselves". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  29. ↑ "Frank J. Battisti and Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse". U.S. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  30. ↑ "City unveils its new logo". The Vindicator. September 21, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  31. ↑ Skolnick, David (May 4, 2006). "City is looking up expert says". The Vindicator. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  32. 1 2 3 Shilling, Don (September 8, 2006). "$2M will expand incubator". The Vindicator. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  33. ↑ Schatz, Laura (2013). Decline-Oriented Urban Governance in Youngstown, Ohio (chapter in The City After Abandonment). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  34. ↑ "'Youngstown 2010' Plan Honored with Award for Public Outreach". Planning.org. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
  35. ↑ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  36. ↑ Breckenridge, Tom (November 4, 2008). "'The Tech Belt Initiative' to link Cleveland, Youngstown, Pittsburgh to share gains, dollars". The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio). Retrieved 2008-11-22.
  37. 1 2 Aley (1975), pp. 8–9.
  38. ↑ United States Department of Agriculture. United States National Arboretum. USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map [Retrieved 2015-02-19].
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  40. ↑ "Youngstown, OH Climate". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  41. ↑ "Station Name: OH YOUNGSTOWN RGNL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
  42. 1 2 "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  45. ↑ "INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2011 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS): 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
  46. ↑ Christie, Les (August 31, 2007). "The richest (and poorest) places in the U.S.". CNN. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  47. ↑ Tavernise, Sabrina (December 19, 2010). "Trying to Overcome the Stubborn Blight of Vacancies". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  48. 1 2 3 "Youngstown, Ohio - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
  49. ↑ "Youngstown, Ohio - Age Groups and Sex: 2010 Census Summary File 1". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
  50. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), p. 20.
  51. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), pp. 66–67.
  52. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), p. 94.
  53. 1 2 3 Shellock, Marie (1 May 2007). "Defining moment in local labor history occurred 70 years ago". The Metro Monthly. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  54. ↑ Fuechtmann (1989), p. 16.
  55. ↑ Fuechtmann (1989), pp. 41–43.
  56. ↑ Bruno (1999), pp. 9–10.
  57. ↑ Bruno (1999), p. 149.
  58. ↑ Linkon and Russo (2002), pp. 131–132.
  59. ↑ "Youngstown-Warren area largest employers". Youngstown-Warren Regional Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  60. ↑ "Communities along the Mahoning River". Youngstown State University. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  61. ↑ Washington, Frank (April 3, 1989). "Buffing Up an Old Classic–Avanti Drives Again". Newsweek. CXIII: 46.
  62. 1 2 Lyne, Jack (2002). GM Doling Out $500M to Build New Model in North Ohio. Site Selection Online Insider. Retrieved 2007-03-08
  63. ↑ "Exal Corporation". Macrae Blue Book. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  64. ↑ "Top Inc. 5000 Companies by Industry 2007 – Software". Inc. Magazine. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  65. ↑ "Youngstown Business Incubator named world's best: the Mix". Cleveland.com. 2014-09-16. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
  66. ↑ Lindsay McCoy. "Youngstown Business Incubator ranked number one worldwide - WFMJ.com News weather sports for Youngstown-Warren Ohio". Wfmj.com. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
  67. ↑ "Youngstown News, Youngstown Business Incubator blazing a trail around the world". Vindy.com. 2014-09-21. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
  68. ↑ "Vindy.com - Youngstown Business Incubator again receives top world ranking". Vindy.com. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  69. ↑ "It all began in 1906, in a small kitchen in Campbell, Ohio...". Schwebel's Baking Company. Archived from the original on 2007-01-27. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  70. ↑ Shilling, Don (May 7, 2006). "A Youngstown candy maker invented the Good Humor bar". The Vindicator. Retrieved 2014-10-31.
  71. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), p. 176
  72. ↑ Solomon, Jolie (August 31, 1992). "Mickey's Secret Life: The mystery man behind the Phar-Mor scandal was obsessed with winning–and lost big". Newsweek. pp. 70–72.
  73. ↑ Blue et al. (1995), p. 113.
  74. ↑ Skolnick, David (November 9, 2005). "Community leaders extol mayoral victory". The Vindicator. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  75. 1 2 "Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members". Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Archived from the original on 2007-03-06. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
  76. ↑ Youngstown crime rates and statistics. Neighborhood Scout. Retrieved on 2010-12-23.
  77. ↑ Heltzel, Bill (December 7, 1997). "Mob Rule in Youngstown". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. C-1.
  78. ↑ Grann, David (July 10, 2000). "Crimetown USA – The city that fell in love with the mob.". The New Republic. p. 23. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  79. ↑ Clines, Francis X. (July 2, 2000). "Imprisoned fathers tell their children: don't follow in our footsteps.". The New York Times. pp. 9–10. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  80. ↑ "Contact Us". Mahoningsheriff.com. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
  81. ↑ Just-in-Time Beds. "CCA Facilities | Corrections Corporation of America". Cca.com. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  82. ↑ "Ohio State Penitentiary". Drc.ohio.gov. 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  83. ↑ Grann, David (July 10, 2000). "Crimetown USA". The New Republic. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  84. ↑ Clines, Francis X. (April 12, 2002). "Ohio Congressman guilty in bribery and kickbacks". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  85. ↑ From America’s 9th Most Dangerous... « New YTOWN. Newytown.wordpress.com (2006-11-06). Retrieved on 2010-12-23.
  86. ↑ Gwin, Harold (March 14, 2007). "Students and parents to receive introduction to new East High". The Vindicator. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  87. ↑ "Youngstown Early College". Youngstown State University. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  88. ↑ Gwin, Harold (June 7, 2006). "Final bell tolls for two schools". The Vindicator. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  89. ↑ About our school. The Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  90. ↑ "Vindy.com - Woefully low graduation rates in America must be reversed". Vindy.com. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  91. 1 2 Gwin, Harold (October 14, 2007). "Unofficial historian: Y gave YSU its start". The Vindicator. p. B-1. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
  92. 1 2 Pellegrini, Mary Ellen (December 25, 2006). "Wick Park historic district – three groups will work together to ensure that striking neighborhoods will be preserved". The Vindicator. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
  93. ↑ Dick, Denise (June 6, 2012). "YSU panel OKs 3.5% tuition increase". Vindy.com. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
  94. ↑ "List of Cheapest Colleges and Universities in Ohio (OH) (Lowest Tuition, In-State)". Collegestats.org. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
  95. ↑ "History of Dana School of Music". Youngstown State University. Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
  96. ↑ Van Riper, Tom (April 4, 2012). "The Best Cities For Raising A Family". Forbes.com. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  97. ↑ "A Sam Warner Memorial – Brothers Will Build a $1,000,000 Movie Theatre in Youngstown". The New York Times. March 19, 1930. p. 31.
  98. ↑ "DeYor Performing Arts Center Homepage". Youngstown Symphony. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  99. 1 2 "Stambaugh Auditorium Homepage". Stambaugh Auditorium. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
  100. ↑ "Actor Flynn Drowns in Pool; Youngstown Native Was TV Comedian". The Youngstown Vindicator. July 20, 1974. p. 1.
  101. ↑ "Biff Hartman of Playhouse Roles Has Broadway Lead". The Steel Valley News. November 22, 1964. p. 24.
  102. ↑ "Maureen McGovern brings wealth of talent to SRU Performing Arts Series show" (Press release). Slippery Rock University. October 1, 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
  103. ↑ Pallante, Sally; Scotty Hanahan; Jim Dunn; Ted Miller; Martin Pallante; Terry Dunn (2004). Irish in Youngstown and the Greater Mahoning Valley. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 105.
  104. ↑ "About the Butler". Butler Institute of American Art. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  105. ↑ "McDonough Museum of Art". Youngstown State University. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  106. ↑ "Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum". Youngstown State University. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  107. ↑ "Youngstown Historical Center of Industry & Labor". The Ohio Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  108. ↑ "Children's Museum of the Valley Homepage". Children's Museum of the Valley. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  109. 1 2 "Mill Creek Metro Parks Homepage". Mill Creek Metro Parks. Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  110. ↑ "Tod Engine Page". Tod Engine Foundation. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
  111. ↑ "Mahoning Valley Historical Society page on Mill Creek Park". Mahoning Valley Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  112. ↑ "Silver Bridge Shines Again". The Vindicator. November 21, 2007. p. B-1.
  113. ↑ "Championship Golf". Mill Creek Metro Parks. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
  114. ↑ Gwin, Harold (June 14, 2006). "Ceremony marks placement on National Register". The Vindicator.
  115. ↑ Crandall Park North, City of Youngstown, Ohio, retrieved 10 October 2012
  116. ↑ "Company Sports Teams and the Early Industrialization of Youngstown, Ohio". Youngstown State University. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  117. ↑ Ward, Frank B. (September 16, 1946). "Along the Sports Rialto". The Youngstown Vindicator. p. 7.
  118. ↑ Frolund, Vic. "The Story of the Patricians". Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  119. 1 2 3 Bassetti, John; Kovach, John (March 31, 2007). "Area breeds toughness, tradition; From players, coaches, officials, the area has been well-represented in the NFL.". The Vindicator. p. 1.
  120. ↑ "Youngstown News, Youngstown Thunder af2 football team folds". Vindy.com. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  121. ↑ "YSU Sports Homepage". Youngstown State University. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  122. 1 2 3 4 Bassetti, John (December 5, 1999). "Valley boxers, led by Mancini, ruled the ring". The Vindicator.
  123. ↑ Skolnick, David (November 18, 2005). "Sealing the deal on Chevrolet Centre". The Vindicator. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
  124. ↑ "Bob Dove, Ex-Notre Dame and Pro Standout, Elected to LA Citizen Savings Hall of Fame". Youngstown Vindicator. September 21, 1975. p. D-3.
  125. ↑ Baker, Jon (July 1, 2005). "In Valley's History, Evans Was an Early Scrapper". The Valley Voice.
  126. ↑ "Dravecky Big Help in Padres' Bid for N. L. West Pennant". The Youngstown Vindicator. August 15, 1982. p. D-2.
  127. ↑ "Jim M'Aleer, Noted In Ball World, Is Dead". The Youngstown Daily Vindicator. April 29, 1931. p. 1.
  128. ↑ Scalzo, Joe (September 30, 2007). "Pavlik credits Valley support for victory". The Vindicator. p. 1.
  129. ↑ "Bonesetter Reese Is Dead At Age Of 76 – Career Ends For Man Who Devoted Life To Ministering To Sufferers". The Youngstown Telegram. November 30, 1931.
  130. ↑ Kovach, John (August 12, 2007). "'Shotgun' George Shuba recounts his baseball life". The Vindicator. p. C-3. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
  131. ↑ WRTA Youngstown. Western Reserve Transit Authority. Retrieved 2007-03-07
  132. ↑ "The B & O Station Banquet Hall". The B & O Station Banquet Hall. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
  133. ↑ "Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport". Yngairport.com. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
  134. ↑ "Ohio TV Information". Radio Station World. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  135. ↑ "TV Query Results - Video Division (FCC) USA". Fcc.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  136. ↑ "Sampling the Population". Nielsen Media Research. September 23, 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  137. ↑ "Arbitron Radio Market Rankings: Spring 2008". arbitron.com. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  138. ↑ Linkon and Russo (2002), pp. 1–2.
  139. ↑ "Greatest Movie Series Franchises of All Time The "Friday the 13th" Films". AMC. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  140. ↑ "Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday". Friday the 13th: The Website. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  141. ↑ "Our History". Youngstown - Spišská Nová Ves Sister Cities Program. 2006. Retrieved 2014-10-31.

Bibliography

Aley, Howard C. (1975). A Heritage to Share: The Bicentennial History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley. Youngstown, OH: The Bicentennial Commission of Youngstown and Mahoning County, Ohio.
Blue, Frederick J.; Jenkins, William D.; Lawson, William H.; Reedy, Joan M. (1995). Mahoning Memories: A History of Youngstown and Mahoning County. Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company. ISBN 0-89865-944-2.
Brody, David (1960). Steelworkers in America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Bruno, Robert (1999). Steelworker Alley: How Class Works in Youngstown. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3439-4.
Fuechtmann, Thomas G. (1989). Steeples and Stacks: Religion and Steel Crisis in Youngstown. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33481-0.
Jenkins, William D. (1990). Steel Valley Klan: The Ku Klux Klan in Ohio's Mahoning Valley. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-415-6.
Knepper, George W. (1989). Ohio and Its People. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-377-X.
Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-73347-7.
Linkon, Sherry Lee; Russo, John (2002). Steeltown U.S.A.: Work & Memory in Youngstown. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1161-4.
Warner, Jack L. (1964). My First Hundred Years in Hollywood. New York: Random House.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, May 05, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.