Ê
Ê, ê (e-circumflex) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, found in Afrikaans, Dutch, French, Friulian, Kurdish, Portuguese, Vietnames, and Welsh. It is used to transliterate Ukranian and Chinese.
Usage in various languages
Afrikaans
Ê is not considered a separate letter in Afrikaans, but rather a variation of the letter "e".
Chinese
In Pinyin, ê represents /ɛ/. It corresponds to ㄝ in zhuyin symbol. The circumflex is only present if ê is written alone, e.g. ề (诶; 誒; "eh!"); elsewhere, it is written as é, e.g. xué (学; 學; "to learn").
In Pe̍h-ōe-jī, ê is the fifth tone of e, e.g. ê (的; possessive, adjectival suffix).
Dutch
In Dutch, ê is used to change the pronunciation of e from /ə/ to /ɛ/. It only appears in words taken over from the French language.
French
Diacritics are not considered letters of the French alphabet. In French, ê changes the pronunciation of e from /ə/ to /ɛ/. It is used instead of "è" when the archaic was "es". In other words, it shows that an "e" should be pronounced as "es" used to be pronounced.
Friulan
Ê is used to represent the /e/ and /ɛː/ sounds.
Kurdish
Ê is the 7th letter of the Kurdish Kurmanji alphabet and represents /e/.
Portuguese
In Portuguese, ê is used to mark a stressed /e/ in words whose stressed syllable is in an unpredictable location within the word, as in "dê" (give!) and "pêssego" (peach). Where the location of the stressed syllable is predictable, the circumflex accent is not used. Ê /e/ contrasts with é, pronounced /ɛ/.
Ukrainian
Ê is used in the ISO 9:1995 system of Ukrainian transliteration as the letter Є.
Vietnamese
Ê is the 9th letter of the Vietnamese alphabet and represents /e/. In Vietnamese phonology, diacritics can be added to form the following five forms to represent five tones of ê.
- Ề ề
- Ể ể
- Ễ ễ
- Ế ế
- Ệ ệ
Welsh
In Welsh, ê is used to represent long stressed e [eː] when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short [ɛ], e.g.. llên [ɬeːn] "literature", as opposed to llen [ɬɛn] "curtain", or gêm [ɡeːm] "game", rather than gem [ɡɛm] "gem, jewel". It is useful in writing borrowed words with final stress, e.g. apêl [apˈeːl] "appeal".
Character mappings
Unicode encoded 5 pairs of precomposed characters (Ề / ề, Ể / ể, Ễ / ễ, Ế / ế, Ệ / ệ) for the five tones of ê in Vietnamese. Two pairs of the five (Ế / ế and Ề / ề) can also be used as the second and fourth tones of ê in Pinyin. The first and third tones of ê in Pinyin have to be represented by combining diacritical marks, like ê̄ (ê̄) and ê̌ (ê̌).
| Character | Ê | ê | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 202 | U+00CA | 234 | U+00EA |
| UTF-8 | 195 138 | C3 8A | 195 170 | C3 AA |
| Numeric character reference | Ê | Ê | ê | ê |
| Named character reference | Ê | ê | ||
| EBCDIC family | 114 | 72 | 82 | 52 |
| ISO 8859-1/3/9/14/15/16 | 202 | CA | 234 | EA |