840s
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
| Centuries: | 8th century – 9th century – 10th century |
| Decades: | 810s 820s 830s – 840s – 850s 860s 870s |
| Years: | 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 |
| 840s-related categories: |
Births – Deaths – By country Establishments – Disestablishments |
This is a list of events occurring in the 840s, ordered by year.
840
By Place
Europe
- June 20 – Emperor Louis the Pious falls ill and dies at his hunting lodge on an island in the Rhine near his imperial palace at Ingelheim, while suppressing a revolt. His eldest son Lothair I succeeds him as Holy Roman Emperor and tries to seize all the territories of the late Charlemagne. The 17-year-old Charles the Bald becomes king of the Franks and joins the fight with his half-brother Louis the German in resisting Lothair.
Britain
- King Wigstan of Mercia, grandson of former ruler Wiglaf (see 839), declines his kingship and prefers the religious life. He asks his widowed mother, princess Ælfflæd to act as regent. A nobleman of the line of the late king Beornred, named Berhtric, wishes to marry her but he is a relative. Wigstan refuses the match and is murdered by followers of Berhtric at Wistow. He is buried at Repton Abbey and later revered as a saint. The Mercian throne is seized by Berhtric's father, Beorhtwulf.[1]
- Vikings make pernament settlements with their first 'wintering over' located at Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland (approximate date).
Asia
- Emperor Wen Zong (Li Ang) dies after a 13-year reign in which he has failed to break the power of his palace eunuchs. He is succeeded by his brother Wu Zong as Chinese ruler of the Tang Dynasty.
- The Yenisei Kirghiz settled along the Yenisei River, sack with a force of around 80,000 horsemen the Uyghur capital, Ordu-Baliq. Driving the Uyghurs out of Mongolia. End of the Uyghur Khaganate.[2]
By topic
Religion
- Nobis becomes bishop of St. David's in the Welsh Kingdom of Dyfed (approximate date).
841
By place
Europe
- June 25 – Battle of Fontenay: Frankish forces of emperor Lothair I and his nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine are defeated by allied forces of king Louis the German and his half-brother Charles the Bald at Fontenoy (Eastern France), in a civil war among the three surviving sons of the former emperor Louis the Pious. A total of 40,000 men are killed, including the Frankish nobles Gerard of Auvergne and Ricwin of Nantes fighting on the side of Charles.[3]
- Summer – Vikings sail up the River Seine and devastate the city of Rouen in Normandy. They burn the Benedictine monastery of Jumièges Abbey, 68 captives are taken and returned on payment of a ransom by the monks of St. Denis.[4]
Britain
- The town of Dyflin (meaning "Black Pool") or Dublin (modern Ireland) is founded by Norwegian Vikings on the south bank of the River Liffey. The settlement is fortified with a ditch and an earth rampart with a wooden palisade on top. The Norsemen establish a wool weaving industry and there is also a slave trade. An artificial hill is erected where the nobility meets to make laws and discuss policy.
Arabian Empire
- Constantine Kontomytes, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, inflicts a servere defeat on the Cretan Saracens. He leads an Byzantine expeditionary force to raid the monastic community near Mount Latros (modern Turkey).[5]
- Venice sends an fleet of 60 galleys (each carryring 200 men) to assist the Byzantines in driving the Arabs from Crotone, but the attack fails. Muslim troops conquer the city of Brindisi (approximate date).[6]
- Pro-Umayyad rebellion of Al-Mubarqa in Palestine against caliph Al-Mu'tasim of the Abbasid Caliphate (ending in 842).
Asia
- In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, the West Market (and East Market) are closed every night 1 hour and three quarters before dusk (by government-ordered), the curfew signals by the sound of 300 beats to a loud gong. After the official markets been closed for the night, small night markets in residential areas thrive with plenty of customers, despite government efforts to shut them down. With the decline of the government's authority (by mid 9th century), this edict (like many others) is largely ignored as urban dwellers keep attending the night markets regardless.
842
By place
Byzantine Empire
- January 20 – Emperor Theophilos dies of dysentery at Constantinople after a 12-year reign. He expends much effort defending the eastern frontier against the invading Muslim Arabs. Theophilos is succeeded by his 2-year-old son Michael III, with his mother Theodora, who becomes regent and the 'temporary' sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.[7]
Europe
- February 14 – Oaths of Strasbourg: King Louis the German, ruler of East Francia, and his half-brother Charles the Bald, ruler of West Francia, meet with their armies at Strasbourg. They agree to swear allegiance (recorded in vernacular languages) to each other and to support each other against their brother Lothair I. Nominally, emperor of all the Frankish kingdoms and the Holy Roman Empire.[8]
- March 20 – King Alfonso II of Asturias (Northern Spain) dies after a 50-year reign. He has undertaken numerous campaigns against the Muslim armies of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba and allied himself with the late Charlemagne. The childless Alfonso chooses Ramiro I, son of former king Bermudo I, as his successor.
Britain
- Uurad of the Picts dies after a 3-year reign and is succeeded by his son Bridei VI, who contests his power with rival groups led by Bruide son of Fokel and Kenneth MacAlpin.
Arabian Empire
- January 5 – Caliph Al-Mu'tasim dies at Samarra (modern Iraq) after a 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Wathiq as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.
843
By place
Europe
- August – Treaty of Verdun: The Frankish Empire is divided into three kingdoms between the three surviving sons of the late emperor Louis the Pious. King Louis the German receives the eastern portion (everything east of the River Rhine) called the Eastern Frankish Realm which is the precursor to modern-day Germany. Emperor Lothair I receives the central portion (Low Countries, Alsace, Lorraine, Burgundy and northern half of Italy) called the Central Frankish Realm. King Charles the Bald receives the western portion (everything west of the River Rhône) called the Western Frankish Realm which later becomes modern-day France.
- Summer – Viking raiders attack Nantes, located on the River Loire, they kill the towns bishop along with many of the clergy, murdering men, women, and children. They plunder the western parts of Aquitaine, and reach an island north of the mounth of the River Garonne near what later will be La Rochelle. There the Vikings bring materials from the mainland, and build houses to spend the winter.
- Battle of Messac: Breton forces under Erispoe, count of Vannes, defeat the Franks led by Renaud d'Herbauges near the town of Messac at the River Vilaine. This battle marks a Breton war between Charles the Bald and Nominoe, duke of Brittany.
Britain
- Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín), king of the Scots, also becomes king of the Picts, he is crowned (by the Stone of Destiny) as first monarch of the new nation of Scotland. The Alpin Dynasty of Scottish kings begins to reign.
Arabian Empire
- Summer – An Byzantine expedition under Theoktistos conquers Crete from the Saracens. After initial success, he is forced to abandon his army due to political intrigues in Constantinople. The troops are left behind and slaughtered by the Arabs.[9][10]
- Al-Andalus: The city of Zaragossa (modern Spain) rises against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.[11]
Asia
- In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, a large fire consumes 4,000 homes, warehouses, and other buildings in the East Market, yet the rest of the city is at a safe distance from the blaze (which is largely quarantined in East Central Chang'an thanks to the large width of roads in Chang'an that produce fire breaks).
By topic
Religion
- Feast of Orthodoxy: Official end of Iconoclasm, empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.[12]
- Theodora II orders a persecution against the Paulicians throughout Anatolia, about 100,000 followers in the Byzantine Theme Armenia are massacred.[13]
844
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Spring – Battle of Mauropotamos: An Byzantine expedition under Theoktistos is sent to Anatolia (modern Turkey) against the Muslim Arabs of the Abbasid Caliphate who have raided the Byzantine themes of Cappadocia, Anatolikon, Boukellarion, and Opsikion. The Byzantines are defeated and many of the officers defect to the Arabs.[14]
Europe
- Viking raiders ascend the River Garonne as far as the city of Toulouse and pillaging the lands of Septimania. Part of the marauding Vikings invades Galicia (Northern Spain), where some perish in a storm at sea. After being defeated in Corunna, the Scandinavian raiders sack the Umayyad cities of Seville, Niebla, Beja, and Lisbon.[15]
- Summer – King Charles the Bald struggles against the repeated rebellions in Aquitaine and against the Bretons in West Francia. He besieged Toulouse, while duke Nominoe raids into Maine and plunders other Frankish territory.[16]
- June 15 – Louis II, eldest son of emperor Lothair I, is crowned king at Rome by pope Sergius II and becomes co-ruler of Middle Francia and over Lombardy, Friuli, and Tuscany in Italy.
Britain
- King Æthelred II of Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom by Rædwulf, who takes the throne. Rædwulf is later killed in battle against the Vikings, along with many of his nobleman. Æthelred returns and claims his right to rule.
- King Merfyn Frych dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Rhodri Mawr ("the Great") who becomes ruler of Gwynedd (Wales).
By topic
Religion
- January 25 – Pope Gregory IV dies after a 16-year reign in which he has supported the Frankish policy of late emperor Louis the Pious and established the observance of All Saints' Day. He is succeeded by Sergius II as the 102nd pope of Rome. Sergius imprisons the antipope John VIII who is elected by popular acclamation.
845
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Byzantine–Arab War: Prisoner exchange between the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate at the River Lamos in Cilicia (modern Turkey). The exchanges last for 10 days, and the Byzantines recover 4,600 prisoners.[17][18]
Europe
- March 28 or 29 (Easter) – Siege of Paris: Viking forces under the Norse chieftain of Ragnar Lodbrok entering the River Seine with a fleet of 120 long ships (5,000 men). They passing through the city of Rouen and plunder the countryside. King Charles the Bald assembles an army and sends it to protect Paris, the capital of the West Frankish Kingdom. Ragnar routes the enemy forces and hanges 111 of their prisoners in honour of Odin.[19] Charles — to keep them from plundering his kingdom — pays a large tribute of 7,000 livres (pounds) of silver or gold in exchange for leaving.[20] The Vikings also sack the cities of Hamburg and Melun.
- November 22 – Battle of Ballon: Frankish forces (3,000 men) led by Charles the Bald are defeated by Nominoe, count of Vannes, at Ille-et-Vilaine (near Redon). After the battle, Brittany becomes an regnum 'kingdom' within the Frankish Empire.
Asia
- Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution: Emperor Wu Zong begins the persecution of Buddhists and other foreign religions in China, such as Zoroastrianism, Nestorian Christianity and Manichaeism. More than 4,600 monasteries, 40,000 temples and shrines are destroyed. More than 260,000 Buddhist monks and nuns are forced to return to secular life.
By topic
Religion
- John Scotus Eriugena, Irish theologian, travels to France and takes over the Palatine Academy in Paris at the invitation of Charles the Bald (approximate date).
846
By place
Byzantine Empire
- Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgarians violate the peace treaty (see 815) and invade Macedonia along the River Struma. The cities of Serres and Philippi are devastated.[21]
Europe
- Summer – Breton forces under Nominoe occupy the Frankish cities of Nantes and Rennes. He makes raids in Anjou and threatens Bayeux. King Charles the Bald recognizes him as duke of Brittany.
- Prince Pribina becomes a vassal of the Frankish Empire. King Louis the German grants him land near Lake Balaton (modern Hungary). He establishes Blatnohrad, capital of Balaton Principality.
- Frankish forces led by Louis the German invade Moravia. They encounter little resistance and deprive king Mojmir I from the throne.[22] His relative, Rastislav is set up as the new client ruler.
- The Mozarabs, Iberian Christians who live under Moorish rule, try to repopulate León in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). The city is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs.
Britain
- King Æthelred II of Northumbria sends military assistance to the Picts in their fight against the invading Scots (approximate date).
- Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid becomes the first High King of Ireland.
Arabian Empire
- An Saracen Arab expeditionary force from Africa, consisting of 11,000 men and 500 horses, raid the outskirts of Rome. Sacking the basilicas of Old St. Peter's and St. Paul's Outside the Walls.
Asia
- April 22 – Emperor Wu Zong (Li Chan) dies after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by his uncle Xuān Zong as Chinese ruler of the Tang Dynasty.
- Jang Bogo, a powerful maritime hegemon of Silla, is assassinated by aristocratic elements at his garrison headquarters by Yeom Jang (or 841).
847
By place
Europe
- Danish Vikings land in the Breton March (western part of Gaul). Duke Nominoe of Brittany fails to withstand them in battle, but succeeds in buying them off with gifts and persuading the Vikings to leave (approximate date).
Arabian Empire
- The Saracens under the Berber leader Kalfun capture the Byzantine city of Bari (Southern Italy). He becomes the first emir (wali) of the Emirate of Bari and expands his influence on the Italian mainland with Muslim raids.[23]
- August 10 – Caliph Al-Wathiq dies of high fever after a 5-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Al-Mutawakkil as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.
By topic
Religion
- January 24 – Pope Sergius II dies of gout after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by Leo IV as the 103rd pope of Rome.
- April 21– Rabanus Maurus, a Frankish Benedictine monk, becomes archbishop of Mainz after the death of Odgar.
848
By place
Europe
- Summer – Bordeaux, capital of Aquitaine, falls into the hands of Viking raiders. King Charles the Bald sends a Frankish fleet to lift the siege. Despite they destroy some Viking longships on the River Dordogne they fail to save the city. The Abbey of Saint-Pierre in Brantôme is sacked.
- Emperor Lothair I and his (half) brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald meet in Koblenz to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".
- Frankish forces under count (comté) William of Septimania assume authority over the counties of Barcelona and Empúries (modern Spain).
Britain
- Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid, High King of Mide, defeats a Norse Viking army at Sciath Nechtain in Ireland (approximate date).
Arabian Empire
- The Saracens conquer Ragusa (Sicily) after its Byzantine garrison is forced by severe famine to surrender. The city and his castle is raze to the ground.[24]
Asia
- The Chola Dynasty in Southern India starts to rule (approximate date).
By topic
Religion
- Pope Leo IV builds on the opposite of the Tiber River the Leonine City, a fortified three-kilometre wall encircles the Vatican Hill and Borgo to defend Rome.[25]
849
By place
Asia
- Bagrat II Bagratuni, "Prince of Princes" of Arminiya, begins a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate.
- In the Tang dynasty Chinese capital city of Chang'an, an imperial prince is impeached from his position by officials at court for erecting a building that obstructs a street in the northwesternmost ward in South Central Chang'an.
Europe
- At the battle of Ostia, the Italian fleets of Naples, Amalfi and Gaeta repel the Saracen pirates and save Rome from plunder.[26]
Significant people
- Alfred the Great
- Louis the Pious
- Charles the Bald
- Ermentrude of Orléans
- Louis the Stammerer
- Louis the German
- Lothair I
- Kenneth I of Scotland
- Ragnar Lodbrok
- Michael III
Births
- 844
- 845 – Charles of Provence
- 846
- 847
- 848 – Charles the Child
- 849 – Carloman, son of Charles the Bald
Deaths
References
- ↑ Zaluckyj & Zaluckyj, "Decline", pp. 238–239.
- ↑ History of Central Asia.
- ↑ Eric Joseph, Struggle for Empire, p. 103. Cornell University, 2006. ISBN 0-8014-3890-X. Joseph states this number, given by Agnellus of Ravenna, is probably exaggerated.
- ↑ Recorded in the Chronicle of Fontenelle Abbey.
- ↑ Treadgold 1988, pp. 324-325.
- ↑ J. Norwich, A History of Venice, p. 32.
- ↑ John Skylitzes, A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811—1057: Translation and Notes, transl. John Wortley, 81note114.
- ↑ Pierre Riche, The Carolingians: The Family who forged Europe, transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), p. 162.
- ↑ Makrypoulias (2000), p. 351
- ↑ Treadgold (1997), p. 447
- ↑ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 87. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster (Jan 2000). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, p. 231. ISBN 08-777-90-442
- ↑ Leon Arpee (1946). A History of Armenian Christianity. The Armenian Missionary Association of America, New York, p. 107.
- ↑ Vasiliev 1935, pp. 399–404.
- ↑ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 85. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
- ↑ AF a. 844: Karolus Aquitaniam, quasi ad partem regni sui iure pertinentem, affectans ... ("Charles wanted Aquitaine, which belonged by right to a part of his kingdom").
- ↑ Huart 1986, p. 647.
- ↑ Toynbee 1973, p. 391.
- ↑ Jones 2001, p. 212.
- ↑ Sawyer 2001, p. 40.
- ↑ John V.A. Fine, Jr. (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, p. 110. ISBN 978-0-472-08149-3
- ↑ Goldberg 2006, p. 140
- ↑ Kreutz, p. 38
- ↑ Vasiliev (1935), p. 208
- ↑ Wards-Perkins, Bryan. From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, p. 195. Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-821898-2
- ↑ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 15. ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
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