A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam | |
---|---|
ஆ. ப. ஜெ. அப்துல் கலாம் | |
11th President of India | |
In office 25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007 | |
Prime Minister |
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh |
Vice President |
Krishan Kant Bhairon Singh Shekhawat |
Preceded by | K. R. Narayanan |
Succeeded by | Pratibha Patil |
Personal details | |
Born |
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ஆவுல் பக்கிர் ஜைனுலாபுதீன் அப்துல் கலாம் 15 October 1931 Rameswaram, Ramnad District, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, India) |
Died |
27 July 2015 83) Shillong, Meghalaya, India | (aged
Nationality | Indian |
Alma mater |
St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology |
Profession |
Professor Author Aerospace scientist |
Religion | Islam |
Awards |
Bharat Ratna 1997 Padma Vibhushan 1990 Padma Bhushan 1981 |
Signature | |
Website |
abdulkalam |
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen "A. P. J." Abdul Kalam (i/ˈæbdʊl kəˈlɑːm/; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. A career scientist turned politician, Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space program and military missile development efforts.[1] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[2][3][4] He also played a pivotal organizational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[5]
Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President,"[6] he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.[7] Thousands including national-level dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram, where he was buried with full state honours.[8]
Early life and education
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pamban Island, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabudeen was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque;[9] his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.[10][11][12][13] His father owned a ferry that took Hindu pilgrims back and forth between Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi.[14][15] Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.[16][17][18] His ancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Their business had involved trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and Pamban. As a result, the family acquired the title of "Mara Kalam iyakkivar" (wooden boat steerers), which over the years became shortened to "Marakier." With the opening of the Pamban Bridge to the mainland in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family fortune and properties were lost over time, apart from the ancestral home.[19] By his early childhood, Kalam's family had become poor; at an early age, he sold newspapers to supplement his family's income.[20][20][21]
In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics.[21] After completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated in physics in 1954.[22] He moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology.[13] While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline".[23] He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the IAF.[24]
Career as a scientist
This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers—Dr Vikram Sarabhai , Prof Satish Dhawan and Dr Brahm Prakash. This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.
A P J Abdul Kalam[25]
After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist. He started his career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.[26] Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.[13] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[1] In 1969, Kalam received the government's approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers.[25]
In 1963–64, he visited NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia; Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; and Wallops Flight Facility.[11][27] Between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be successful.
Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, Project Devil and Project Valiant, which sought to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful SLV programme.[28] Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam's directorship.[28] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace projects.[28] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.[28] Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister, R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.[29] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating ₹388 crores for the mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as the chief executive.[29] Kalam played a major part in developing many missiles under the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time overruns.[29][30]
Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and the Secretary of the Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator, along with Rajagopala Chidambaram, during the testing phase.[11][31] Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.[32] However, the director of the site test, K Santhanam, said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a "fizzle" and criticisied Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[33] Both Kalam and Chidambaram dismissed the claims.[34]
In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent, named the "Kalam-Raju Stent".[35][36] In 2012, the duo designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural areas, which was named the "Kalam-Raju Tablet".[37]
Presidency
Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.[38]
On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed that they would nominate Kalam for the post of President,[39][40] and both the Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[41][42] After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in office, leaving the field clear.[43] Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature:
I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.[44]
On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian Parliament, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet colleagues.[45]
The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in Parliament and the state assemblies, with the media claiming that the election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion; the count was held on 18 July.[46] Kalam became the 11th president of the Republic of India in an easy victory,[47] and moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[48] Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before becoming the President. Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr Zakir Hussain (1963) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India.[49] He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[50]
During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the People's President,[51][52][53] saying that signing the Office of Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.[54][55] Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during his tenure.[56] Article 72 of the Constitution of India empowers the President of India to grant pardons, and suspend or commute the death sentence of convicts on death row.[56][57] Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his five-year tenure as president, rejecting the plea of rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was later hanged.[56] Perhaps the most notable plea was from Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India in 2004.[57] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending action on his mercy plea resulted in him remaining on death row.[57] He also took the controversial decision to impose President's Rule in Bihar in 2005.[58]
In September 2003, in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh, Kalam supported the need of Uniform Civil Code in India, keeping in view the population of the country.[59][60][61][62]
At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election.[63] However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan from any political processes.[64] He did not have the support of the left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents, to receive a renewed mandate.[65][66]
Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[67][68][69] After the reports, social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature.[70][71] The BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election.[72][73] A month ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for Kalam.[74] Days afterwards, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as the solitary supporter.[75] On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll. He said of his decision not to do so:
Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me.[76]
Post-presidency
After leaving office, Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the Indian Institute of Management Indore; an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore;[77] chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University; and an adjunct at many other academic and research institutions across India. He taught information technology at the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, and technology at Banaras Hindu University and Anna University.[78]
In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the What Can I Give Movement, with a central theme of defeating corruption.[79][80]
In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local people.[81] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they perceived to him to be a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurances provided by him regarding the safety features of the plant.[82]
Death
Wikinews has related news: Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam dies at age 83 |
On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to Shillong to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.[83] At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[84][85] He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life.[84] Despite being placed in the intensive care unit, Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45 p.m IST.[84][86][87] His last words, to his aide Srijan Pal Singh, were reportedly: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"[88]
Following his death, Kalam's body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter from Shillong to Guwahati, from where it was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. The flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the President, the Prime Minister, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal, and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed Forces, who laid wreaths on Kalam's body.[89] His body was then placed on a gun carriage draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence at 10 Rajaji Marg; there, the public and numerous dignitaries paid homage, including former prime minister Manmohan Singh, Congress President Sonia Gandhi and Vice-President Rahul Gandhi, and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav.[90]
On the morning of 29 July, Kalam's body, wrapped in the Indian flag, was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to Madurai in an air force C-130J aircraft, arriving at Madurai Airport that afternoon. His body was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national and state dignitaries, including cabinet ministers Manohar Parrikar, Venkaiah Naidu, Pon Radhakrishnan and the governors of Tamil Nadu and Meghalaya, K Rosaiah and V. Shanmuganathan. After a brief ceremony, Kalam's body was flown by air force helicopter to the town of Mandapam, from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of Rameswaram. Upon arriving at Rameswaram, his body was displayed in an open area in front of the local bus station to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8 p.m. that evening.[91][92]
On 30 July 2015, the former President was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.[93][94]
Reactions
India reacted to Kalam's death with an outpouring of grief; numerous tributes were paid to the former President across the nation and on social media.[95] The Government of India declared a seven-day state mourning period as a mark of respect.[96] President Pranab Mukherjee, Vice President Hamid Ansari, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and other leaders condoled the former President's demise.[86] Prime Minister Narendra Modi said "[Dr. Kalam's] death is a great loss to the scientific community. He took India to great heights. He showed the way."[97] Former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, who had served as prime minister under Kalam, said, "our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self reliance in defence technologies. I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country. His life and work will be remembered for generations to come."[98] ISRO chairman A. S. Kiran Kumar called his former colleague "a great personality and a gentleman", while former chairman G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as "a global leader" for whom "the downtrodden and poor people were his priority. He always had a passion to convey what is in his mind to the young generation", adding that his death left a vacuum which none could fill.[99][100]
South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late statesman. The Bhutanese government ordered the country's flags to fly at half-staff to mourn Kalam's death, and lit 1000 butter lamps in homage. Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay expressed deep sadness, saying Kalam "was a leader greatly admired by all people, especially the youth of India who have referred to him as the people's President".[101] Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina described Kalam as "a rare combination of a great statesman, acclaimed scientist, and a source of inspiration to the young generation of South Asia" and termed his death an "irreparable loss to India and beyond". Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief Khaleda Zia said "as a nuclear scientist, he engaged himself in the welfare of the people". Ashraf Ghani, the President of Afghanistan, called Kalam "an inspirational figure to millions of people," noting that "we have a lot to learn from his life". Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala recalled Kalam's scientific contributions to India: "Nepal has lost a good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality." The President of Pakistan, Mamnoon Hussain, and Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and condolences on his death.[102][103][104] The President of Sri Lanka, Maithripala Sirisena, also expressed his condolences. "Dr. Kalam was a man of firm conviction and indomitable spirit, and I saw him as an outstanding statesman of the world. His death is an irreparable loss not only to India but to the entire world."[105] Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen and Vice President Ahmed Adheeb condoled Kalam's death, with Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of South Asians. Former president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who had made an official visit to India during Kalam's presidency, termed his demise as a great loss to all of humankind.[106] The Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, expressed condolences on behalf of the Myanmar government.[107] The Dalai Lama expressed his sadness and offered condolences and prayers, calling Kalam's death "an irreparable loss".[108]
Kathleen Wynne, the Premier of Ontario, which Kalam had visited on numerous occasions, expressed "deepest condolences ... as a respected scientist, he played a critical role in the development of the Indian space program. As a committed educator, he inspired millions of young people to achieve their very best. And as a devoted leader, he gained support both at home and abroad, becoming known as 'the people's President'. I join our Indo–Canadian families, friends, and neighbours in mourning the passing of this respected leader."[109] United States President Barack Obama extended "deepest condolences to the people of India on the passing of former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam", and highlighted his achievements as a scientist and as a statesman, notably his role in strengthening U.S.–India relations and increasing space cooperation between the two nations. "Suitably named 'the People's President', Dr. Kalam's humility and dedication to public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and admirers around the world."[110] Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support "to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader, to the government, and entire people of India". He remarked on Kalam's outstanding "personal contribution to the social, economic, scientific, and technical progress of India and in ensuring its national security," adding that Dr. Kalam would be remembered as a "consistent exponent of closer friendly relations between our nations, who has done a lot for cementing mutually beneficial Russian–Indian cooperation."[111] Other international leaders—including former Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, President of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum—also paid tribute to Kalam.[112][113] In a special gesture, Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon visited the Permanent Mission of India to the UN and signed a condolence book. "The outpouring of grief around the world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered during and after his presidency. The UN joins the people of India in sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman. May he rest in peace and eternity", Ban wrote in his message.[114]
Personal life
Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra (d. 1997), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar (b. 1916; aged 99), Mustafa Kamal (d. 1999) and Kasim Mohammed (d. 1995).[115] He was extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older relations, himself remaining a lifelong bachelor.[115][116]
Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.[116] He never owned a television, and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7 a.m and sleeping by 2 a.m.[117] His few personal possessions included his books, his veena, some articles of clothing, a CD player and a laptop; at his death, he left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother, who survived him.[118][119]
In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.[120]
Religious and spiritual views
Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.[121] In fact, he made his own spiritual journey the subject of his final book, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji.[122][123]
Islam
A proud and practicing Muslim, daily namāz and fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam's life.[9][124][125] His father, the imam of a mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram, had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children.[9] His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A.P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."[122][126] Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders.[124] Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, he was fond of saying: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."[127]
Syncretism
One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the syncretism he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.[124][125][128][129] In addition to his faith in the Koran and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions; he learnt Sanskrit,[130][131] read the Bhagavad Gita[132][133] and he was a vegetarian.[134] Kalam also enjoyed writing Tamil poetry, playing the veena (a South Indian string instrument),[135] and listening to Carnatic devotional music every day.[125] In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming President, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "[d]uring the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... [and] I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".[128] Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions, Congress leader Shashi Tharoor stated, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".[125] BJP leader L. K. Advani concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity. This was most strikingly evident in the last book he wrote, presciently titled Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swami.[129]
Pramukh Swami as Guru
Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more prosperous, spiritual, and unified India was what initially led him to meet Pramukh Swami, the Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.[122][124] The first of eight meetings between Kalam and Pramukh Swami over a fourteen-year period took place on 30 June 2001 in New Delhi, during which Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.[136] Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions. One such incident occurred the day following the terrorist attack on BAPS' Akshardham, Gandhinagar complex in September 2002; Pramukh Swami prayed for, and sprinkled holy water upon, the sites of all of the deceased, including the terrorists, demonstrating the view that all human life is sacred. Kalam recalled being moved by Pramukh Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji.[137] Summarizing the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."[124][138] Following Kalam's death a month after his final book was released, co-author Arun Tiwari pointed to this passage as potentially prophetic and premonitory of Kalam's death.[139]
Writings
In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a developed nation by the year 2020. He regarded his work on India's nuclear weapons programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.[140]
I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action: (1) agriculture and food processing; (2) education and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable and quality electric power, surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country; and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies. These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to food, economic and national security.
Kalam describes a "transformative moment" in his life when he asked Pramukh Swami, the guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, how India might realize this five-pronged vision of development. Pramukh Swami's answer—to add a sixth area developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption—became the spiritual vision for the next 15 years Kalam's life, which he describes in his final book, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji, published just a month before his death.[136]
It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him.[141]
Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology, including a research programme for developing biomedical implants. He also supported open source technology over proprietary software, predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.[142]
Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999.[21] He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available."[21]
Awards and honours
Kalam received honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[143][144] The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Government.[145] In 1997, Kalam received India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[146] In 2013, he was the recipient of the Von Braun Award from the National Space Society "to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".[147]
Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes. The Tamil Nadu state government announced that his birthday, 15 October, would be observed across the state as "Youth Renaissance Day;" the state government further instituted the "Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award," constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a certificate and ₹500,000 (US$7,400). The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day, beginning in 2015, to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.[148]
On occasion of his birth day (2015), CBSE has given the topics on his name in the CBSE expression series.[149]
The Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi released the commemorative postal stamps on the former President of India, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, on his 84th birth anniversary celebrations, at DRDO Bhawan, in New Delhi on October 15, 2015.
Educational and scientific institutions
Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam following his death.
- An agricultural college at Kishanganj, Bihar, was renamed the "Dr. Kalam Agricultural College, Kishanganj" by the Bihar state government on the day of Kalam's funeral. The state government also announced it would name a proposed science city after Kalam.[150]
- Uttar Pradesh Technical University (UPTU) was renamed "A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University" by the Uttar Pradesh state government.[151]
- A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial Travancore Institute of Digestive Diseases, a new research institute in Kollam city, Kerala attached to the Travancore Medical College Hospital.[152]
- A new academic complex at Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala.[153]
- A new science centre and planetarium in Lawspet, Puducherry.[154]
- India and the US have launched the Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship In September 2014. The first call for applicants was announced on Friday March 12, 2016, for the fellowship which will enable up to 6 Indian PhD students and post-doctoral researchers to work with US host institutions for a period of 6–12 months. The fellowship will be operated by the binational US-India Educational Foundation (USIEF) under theFulbright programme.[155]
Island
Wheeler Island, a national missile test site in Odisha, was renamed Abdul Kalam Island in September 2015.[156]
Other awards and honours
Books and documentaries
- Kalam's writings
- Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A P J Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988[177]
- India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A P J Abdul Kalam, Y. S. Rajan; New York, 1998.[178]
- Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.[11]
- Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India by A P J Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[179]
- The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam, by; Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd., 2004.[180]
- Mission India by A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings by Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005[181]
- Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal & Sons, 2007[182]
- Indomitable Spirit by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal and Sons Publishing[183]
- Envisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J Abdul Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
- You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond by A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; Ocean Books, 2011.[184]
- Turning Points: A journey through challenges by A P J Abdul Kalam; Harper Collins India, 2012.[185]
- Target 3 Billion by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; December 2011 | Publisher Penguin Books.
- My Journey: (titled எனது பயணம் - Tamil) Transforming Dreams into Actions by A P J Abdul Kalam; August 2013 by the Rupa Publication.
- A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 by A P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj; July 2014 by Harper Collins.[186]
- Forge your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring by A P J Abdul Kalam; by Rajpal and Sons, 29 October 2014.[187]
- Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; by Penguin India, 14 May 2015.[188]
- Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji by A P J Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari; HarperCollins Publishers, June 2015[189]
- Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; HarperCollins Publishers,15 Oct 2015.[190]
- Biographies
- Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[191]
- President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.[192]
- A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.[193]
- A Little Dream (documentary film) by P. Dhanapal; Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[194]
- The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P M Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.[195]
- My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K George; Novel Corporation, 2009.[196]
See also
References
- 1 2 editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editor South Asia, Indu (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress). New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica (India). p. 2. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
- ↑ Pruthi, R. K. (2005). "Ch. 4. Missile Man of India". President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publications. pp. 61–76. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.
- ↑ "India's 'Mr. Missile': A man of the people". 30 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ↑ "Kalam's unrealised 'Nag' missile dream to become reality next year". 30 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ↑ Sen, Amartya (2003). "India and the Bomb". In M. V. Ramana; C. Rammanohar Reddy. Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream. Sangam Books. pp. 167–188. ISBN 978-81-250-2477-4.
- ↑ Amarnath k Menon (28 July 2015). "Why Abdul Kalam was the 'People's President'". DailyO.in. DailyO. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ↑ Rishi Iyengar (28 July 2015). "India Pays Tribute to ‘People’s President’ A.P.J. Abdul Kalam". Time Inc. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ↑ Neha Singh (30 July 2015). "'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam Buried with Full State Honours in Rameswaram". International Business Times. IANS. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- 1 2 3 "APJ Abdul Kalam speaks to Editorial Director M.J. Akbar about presidential elections 2012 : INTERVIEW - India Today". indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- ↑ "Dr Abdul Kalam, People's President in Sri Lanka". Daily News via HighBeam Research. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (1 January 1999). Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Universities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-146-6. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ↑ Jai, Janak Raj (1 January 2003). Presidents of India, 1950–2003. Regency Publications. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-87498-65-0. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "APJ Abdul Kalam, the unconventional President who learnt the art of the political".
- ↑ "The greatest student India ever had".
- ↑ "Brother awaits Kalam last trip".
- ↑ "How two orthodox Brahmins played a crucial role in APJ Abdul Kalam’s childhood".
- ↑ "Day before death, Kalam enquired about elder brother's health".
- ↑ "Not aware of any will left by Kalam: nephew". Times of India. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- 1 2 Sharma, Mahesh; Das, P.K.; Bhalla, P. (2004). Pride of the Nation : Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-288-0806-7. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 1–10,153. ISBN 9788176483803.
- ↑ K. Raju; S. Annamalai (24 September 2006). "Kalam meets the teacher who moulded him". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ↑ Dixit, Sumita Vaid (18 March 2010). "The boy from Rameswaram who became President". Rediff.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ↑ "Failed in my dream of becoming pilot: Abdul Kalam in new book". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 18 August 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- 1 2 "Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ Gopalakrishnan, Karthika (23 June 2009). "Kalam tells students to follow their heart". The Times of India (Chennai, India). Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ↑ Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. (November 1989). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. pp. 32–. ISSN 0096-3402. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 "Missile Chronology, 1971–1979" (PDF). James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, Nuclear Threat Initiative. July 2003. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- 1 2 3 "The prime motivator". Frontline. 22 June – 5 July 2002. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
- ↑ Pandit, Rajat (9 January 2008). "Missile plan: Some hits, misses". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ Jerome M. Conley (2001). Indo-Russian military and nuclear cooperation: lessons and options for U.S. policy in South Asia. Lexington Books. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7391-0217-6. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ↑ ANI (8 November 2011). "Koodankulam nuclear plant: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's safety review has failed to satisfy nuke plant protestors, expert laments". The Economic Times (Chennai, India). Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ↑ R., Ramachandran (12–25 September 2009). "Pokhran row". Frontline. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
- ↑ Hardnews bureau (August 2009). "Pokhran II controversy needless: PM". Hard News. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "Story of indigenous stents". The Hindu-Businessline (India). 15 August 2001.
- ↑ "The stent man". Rediff-News (India). 19 December 1998.
- ↑ Gopal, M. Sai (22 March 2012). "Now, 'Kalam-Raju tablet' for healthcare workers". The Hindu (India). Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ↑ "Former Presidents, Rashtrapati Bhavan". Retrieved Jul 28, 2015.
- ↑ Times News Network (11 June 2002). "NDA's smart missile: President Kalam". The Economic Times. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
- ↑ "With him at the helm, there is hope that things might change".
- ↑ "SP to support Kalam for President's post". Rediff.com. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "NCP supports Kalam's candidature for presidentship". Rediff.com. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "Narayanan opts out, field clear for Kalam". Rediff.com. 11 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "Overwhelmed by response: Kalam". Rediff.com. 13 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "Presidential nominee Abdul Kalam files nomination papers". Rediff.com. 18 June 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "Polling for presidential election begins". Rediff.com. 15 July 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ Ved, Mahendra (26 July 2002). "Kalam is 11th President in 12th term". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ↑ "Abdul Kalam elected President". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 18 July 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "List of Bharat Ratna Awardees" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, India. 2010. p. 2. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ↑ "A P J Kalam is sworn in as India's eleventh President". Rediff.com. 25 July 2002. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ Tyagi, Kavita; Misra, Padma. Basic Technical Communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-203-4238-5. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ↑ "APJ Abdul Kalam is people's president: Mamata Banerjee". CNN-IBN. Press Trust of India. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ↑ Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (14 April 2007). "The people's President does it again". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "'My toughest decision as president was returning the Office of Profit Bill to Parliament'".
- ↑ "Signing office of profit bill was toughest decision: A P J Kalam". The Economic Times (Coimbatore). 18 July 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
- 1 2 3 "The journey of a mercy plea". The New Indian Express. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
- 1 2 3 V., Venkatesan (April 2009). "Mercy Guidelines". Frontline. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
- ↑ "APJ Abdul Kalam: The People's President". NDTV. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "President Kalam votes for uniform civil code".
- ↑ "Kalam calls for uniform civil code".
- ↑ "Uniform Civil Code essential: Kalam".
- ↑ "Puri seer rallies for uniform civil code".
- ↑ "Kalam not to contest presidential poll". Rediff.com. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ↑ "Kalam not to contest Presidential polls". The Times of India. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ↑ "Kalam not to contest Presidential polls". The Times of India. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ↑ "Talks under way on Presidential election". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 10 May 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ↑ Prafulla Marapakwar, Times News Network (23 April 2012). "Next President should be apolitical: Pawar". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ↑ Raj, Rohit (23 April 2012). "Virtual world seeks second term for Abdul Kalam". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ↑ NDTV Correspondent (23 April 2012). "Race for Rashtrapati Bhawan: APJ Abdul Kalam a good choice, says SP; backs Pawar". NDTV. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ↑ Azeez, Parwin (8 May 2012). "Kalam for President clicks on social networks". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- ↑ "Netizens campaign for second term to Kalam". Deccan Herald. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ↑ "President poll: BJP rejects Pranab Mukherjee, Hamid Ansari, may back Kalam". CNN-IBN (New Delhi). 30 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ↑ Press Trust of India (PTI) (30 April 2012). "Presidential polls: We will not support Pranab Mukherjee, BJP says". The Times of India (New Delhi). Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ↑ "Prez poll: Mulayam, Mamata suggest APJ Kalam, Manmohan Singh, Somnath Chatterjee". DNA India. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ↑ "Mamata turns to Facebook, seeks support for Kalam". The Times of India (Kolkata, India). Press Trust of India. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ↑ Karthick S (18 June 2012). "Abdul Kalam not to contest presidential poll 2012". The Times of India (Chennai, India). Retrieved 18 June 2012.
- ↑ "Honorary Fellowship of IISc". Iisc.ernet.in. 27 May 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
- ↑ Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul (5 September 2012). Turning Points: A Journey Through Challenges. HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 48, 69. ISBN 9350295431. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
- ↑ "About us". What Can I Give. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ Mallady, Shastry (26 June 2011). "Take part in movement against corruption: Kalam". The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "Dr Kalam's 'assurance' on nuclear power plants draws flak". Financial Magazine. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ↑ "Kalam bats for Kudankulam but protesters unimpressed". The Times of India. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
- ↑ Scott, D.J. Walter (3 August 2015). "‘Kalam had no property’". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
- 1 2 3 PTI (28 July 2015). "Abdul Kalam showed no signs of life when brought to hospital: Doctor". IBN Live.com. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ↑ "Abdul Kalam, former president of India, passes away at 84". The Indian Express. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
- 1 2 "End of an era: 'Missile man' APJ Abdul Kalam passes away after cardiac arrest". Firstpost. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ Anindita Sanyal (27 July 2015). "Former President APJ Abdul Kalam Dies at 83". NDTV.com. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ Last words said by some legends
- ↑ Guwahati (28 July 2015). "Farewell Kalam! Pranab, Modi lead nation in paying homage". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Live: Kalam's body at Delhi house for people to pay tribute". India Today. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ Arunachalam, Pon Vasanth (29 July 2015). "Dignitaries Pay Respect to Kalam in Madurai Airport". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ↑ "Kalam's mortal remains reach Rameswaram". The Hindu. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ↑ "People's president' Kalam laid to rest with full state honours". Business Standard. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ↑ "Nation bids adieu to Abdul Kalam". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ↑ "People's president: India mourns Abdul Kalam". BBC. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Seven-day state mourning but no holiday". The Times of India. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Former President APJ Abdul Kalam has died aged 83". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "A.P.J Abdul Kalam was great human being: Manmohan Singh". The Economic Times. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Abdul Kalam's Death Tremendous Loss to India: ISRO Chief A S Kiran Kumar". NDTV.com. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ↑ "'Karmayogi' Kalam's death a 'great loss for humanity', says ex-ISRO chief". Business Standard. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ↑ "Former Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam passes away". Kuensel. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ http://www.president.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cDovLzE5Mi4xNjguNzAuMTMwOjkwODAvcG9wL05ld3NEZXRhaWwuYXNweD9pZD0xODc%3D
- ↑ https://twitter.com/@pmln_org
- ↑ PTI (28 July 2015). "World leaders pay glowing tributes to inspirational Kalam". Business Standard. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Sri Lankan President Condoles the Death of Dr A P J Abdul Kalam". Asian Tribune. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Maldivian leaders condole Kalam's death". IndiaTV News.com. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ↑ "Sr. Gen. U Min Aung Hliang, Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar Defence Services calls on PM". Business Standard. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
- ↑ Choesang, Yeshe (28 July 2015). "HH the Dalai Lama expresses sadness over Abdul Kalam's demise". Tibet Post International. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Statement:Premier's Statement on the Passing of Former Indian President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam". Government of Ontario. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Statement by the President on the Death of Former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam". The White House: Office of the Press Secretary. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ ANI (28 July 2015). "Putin condoles passing away of Dr. Kalam". Business Standard. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ Rishi Iyengar (28 July 2015). "India Pays Tribute to ‘People’s President’ A.P.J. Abdul Kalam". TIME. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ http://www.emirates247.com/news/uae-rulers-offer-condolences-on-death-of-former-indian-president-2015-07-27-1.598219
- ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-a-great-statesman-UN-secretary-general-Ban-Ki-moon/articleshow/48306130.cms
- 1 2 "We thought he would be with us for another decade: Kalam's nephew". Mid-Day. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- 1 2 "Man of integrity, Kalam insulated family from trappings of power". The Times of India. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ↑ "Kalam Tribute: Sir Never Had a TV at Home, Recalls Secretary of 24 Years". NDTV.com. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ↑ "Kalam had no property". The Hindu. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ↑ "Guru Kalam’s assets, royalties to go to elder brother". OneIndia.com. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ↑ "I Am Kalam: Movie Review". The Times of India. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ↑ Lama, The Office of His Holiness the 14th Dalai. "News | The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama". www.dalailama.com. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- 1 2 3 Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2015). Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji. Noida: HarperCollins India. pp. ix–xi. ISBN 978-93-5177-405-1.
- ↑ "Transcending boundaries with Swamiji - Ahmedabad Mirror -". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Dr Kalam, India's Most Non-Traditional President".
- 1 2 3 4 Shashi Tharoor (28 June 2015). "Abdul Kalam: People’s president, extraordinary Indian". BBC. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ↑ "Ramzan & Rameswaram: His ties with the island - The Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- ↑ "APJ Abdul Kalam: Not Hindu, Not Muslim – Death of an 'Indian'". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- 1 2 "Remembering Kalam: Greatly beloved, but he maybe missed being truly great - Firstpost". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- 1 2 "Kalam served India till last breath: Advani". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- ↑ "Abdul Kalam or Abul Kalam- the message is same". Retrieved 2015-08-08.
- ↑ "Kalam on why Sanskrit is important". Retrieved 2007-08-08.
- ↑ "Three books that influenced APJ Abdul Kalam deeply - Firstpost". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- ↑ "Kalam, Islam and Dr Rafiq Zakaria".
- ↑ "Of Rasam and Rice: The Humble Lifestyle of Former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam - NDTV Food". Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- ↑ "India's A.P.J. Abdul Kalam". Time. 30 November 1998. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- 1 2 Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (2015). Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji. Noida, India: HarperCollins India. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-93-5177-405-1.
- ↑ Kalam, APJ Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (2015). Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji. Noida: HarperCollins India. pp. 14–18. ISBN 978-93-5177-405-1.
- ↑ Kalam, APJ Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (2015). Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji. Noida: HarperCollins India. p. 50. ISBN 978-93-5177-405-1.
- ↑ "Did Kalam sense his end was near? Arun Tiwari suspects". The Hindu. 2015-07-30. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
- ↑ Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (1 October 2011). "IDG Session Address" (PDF). NUJS Law Review. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- ↑ "Kalam, the author catching on in South Korea". Outlook magazine. 9 February 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ↑ Becker, David (29 May 2003). "India leader advocates open source". CNET. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ↑ "Dr.Kalam's Page". abdulKalam.com. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ Dayekh, Ribal (16 April 2011). "Dr Abdul Kalam former President of India arrives to Dubai". Zawya. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ↑ "Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queen's University Belfast". Oneindia.in. 11 June 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ↑ "Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam". Rediff.com. 26 November 1997. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ↑ National Space Society, NSS Von Braun Award. retrieved 10 February 2015
- ↑ "Award in Kalam's name, birthday to be observed as 'Youth Renaissance Day'". Economic Times. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
- ↑ "APJ_Abdul_Kalam.pdf" (PDF). CBSE. October 16, 2015. pp. 1 , 4–6. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
- ↑ "Bihar govt names college, science city after ‘People’s President’ APJ Abdul Kalam". The Hindu. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ↑ "UPTU is now APJ Abdul Kalam Tech University". Times of India. 1 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ↑ "Institute to be named after Kalam". The Hindu. 31 July 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ↑ "Complex to be named after Abdul Kalam". The Hindu. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ↑ "Science centre-cum-planetarium named after Abdul Kalam". The Hindu. 16 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ↑ Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship
- ↑ "Odisha's Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam". Hindustan Times. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
- ↑ "Ex-President of India Abdul Kalam visits the Forum". University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
- ↑ "Honorary Degrees – Convocation". Simon Fraser University. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ↑ "IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. p. 1. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ↑ "Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam". Rediff.com. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ↑ "A.P.J Abdul Kalam – Honorary Degree, 2009". Oakland University.
- ↑ "Former President Kalam chosen for Hoover Medal". The Times of India (New York). 27 March 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ↑ "Caltech GALCIT International von Kármán Wings Award". galcit.caltech.edu. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "Dr Abdul Kalam, former President of India, receives NTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering". Nanyang Technological University. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ↑ "AMU to honour Kalam with doctorate". The Economics Times. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- ↑ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-06-05/news/27702555_1_doctorate-amu-kalam
- ↑ "Carnegie Mellon University Awards Honorary Doctorate To Former India President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam". cmu.edu. Carnegie Mellon University. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "King Charles II Medal for President". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 12 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "King Charles II Medal for Kalam". The Economic Times (India). 11 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "Royal Society King Charles II Medal". Royal Society. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ↑ "Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science". The Economic Times (India). 23 October 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Dr. Abdul Kalam's Diverse Interests: Prizes/Awards". Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "List of recipients of Bharat Ratna" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "List of Fellows - NAMS" (PDF). National Academy of Medical Sciences. 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
- ↑ "List of Distinguished Fellows". Institute of Directors. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
- 1 2 "Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam". Rediff.com. 26 November 1997. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ "Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ↑ Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul; Y.S., Rajan (1998). India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium. New York. ISBN 978-0-670-88271-7.
- ↑ Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2002). Ignited minds: unleashing the power within India. Viking.
- ↑ Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2004). The luminous sparks : a biography in verse and colours. Bangalore: Punya Pub. ISBN 978-81-901897-8-1.
- ↑ Rajan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S. (2005). Mission India : a vision for Indian youth. New Delhi, India: Puffin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-333499-6.
- ↑ Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2007). Inspiring thoughts. Delhi: Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-684-4.
- ↑ Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2006). Indomitable Spirit. Delhi: Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-654-7.
- ↑ You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond. New Delhi, India: Ocean Books. ISBN 81-8430-037-9.
- ↑ "Turning Points:A journey through challenges". Harper Collins India.
- ↑ "Dr. Abdul Kalam’s new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14". news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ↑ Abdul Kalam, A P J (29 October 2014). Forge Your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring. Rajpal and Sons. ISBN 978-93-5064-279-5.
- ↑ Abdul Kalam, A P J; Pal Singh, Srijan (14 May 2015). Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future. Penguin India. ISBN 978-0-14-333354-8.
- ↑ "Dr. Abdul Kalam’s new Book Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji to release on June 15". Harper Collins India Publication.
- ↑ A P J, Abdul Kalam; Srijan, Pal Singh. Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity. ISBN 935177645X.
- ↑ Rohde, David (19 July 2002). "Nuclear Scientist, 70, a Folk Hero, Is Elected India's President". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
- ↑ Pruthi, Raj (2003). President Apj Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.
- ↑ Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-380-3.
- ↑ "Documentary on Kalam released". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
- ↑ Nair, P. M. (2008). The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President. HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with the India Today Group. ISBN 978-81-7223-736-3.
- ↑ Fr A K George (2009). My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam. Novel Corp. ISBN 978-81-904529-5-3.
External links
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