Ailéan mac Ruaidhrí

Ailéan mac Ruaidhrí

refer to caption

The names of Ailéan and his brother, Dubhghall, as they appear on folio 122v of AM 40 fol (Codex Frisianus): "Aleinn broðir Dvggals konvngs". The excerpt notes the brother's kinship and styles Dubhghall a king.[1]
Spouse(s) Isabella

Issue

Noble family Clann Ruaidhrí (Clann Somhairle)
Father Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill
Died ×1296

Ailéan mac Ruaidhrí (died ×1296) was a leading figure in the thirteenth-century kingdoms of the Isles and the Scotland. He was a son of Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill, and thus a member of Clann Ruaidhrí, a branch of Clann Somhairle. Ailéan was a brother of Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí, King of Argyll and the Isles, a significant figure who held power in the mid thirteenth century. At the time, the rulers of the Isles were fiercely independent of the Scottish Crown, and owed nominal allegiance to the distant Norwegian Crown. In 1259, Dubhghall's daughter married the son of King of Connacht, and Ailéan is recorded to have commanded the woman's tocher of one hundred and sixty gallowglass warriors.[note 1]

When the Scottish Crown encroached into Isles in the 1260s, Dubhghall and Ailéan were noted supporters of the Norwegian cause. Both men played a prominent role in the Norwegian campaign against the Scots in 1263. Following the collapse of the operation and further pressure, the Norwegians agreed to hand the Isles over to the Scots. Although Dubhghall is last attested resisting the Scots later that decade, Ailéan and most of his Clann Somhairle kinsman integrated themselves into the Scottish realm. The record of his part in the ruthless suppression of a Manx revolt in 1275, and his participation in a parliamentary council concerning the inheritance of Scottish throne in 1284, both evidence the incorporation of Clann Somhairle into the kingdom.

Clann Ruaidhrí

Locations relating to the life and times of Ailéan.

Ailéan and his brother, Dubhghall (died 1268), were sons of Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill, Lord of Kintyre (died 1247?).[12] The latter was the eponym of Clann Ruaidhrí, a branch of Clann Somhairle.[13] In the second decade of the thirteenth-century, Ruaidhrí is known to have conducted military operations in Ireland with Thomas fitz Roland, Earl of Atholl (died 1231), younger brother of Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway (died 1234).[14] The close relations between these families could account for Ailéan's name.[15][note 2]

In 1247, a certain Mac Somhairle—perhaps Ruaidhrí himself—was killed whilst resisting an English invasion of Tír Chonaill.[18] The following year, Ailéan's brother and Eóghan Mac Dubhghaill (died c. 1268×1275), a Clann Somhairle kinsman, travelled to Norway, with both men seeking kingship of the northern Suðreyjar from Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway (died 1263).[19] The entirety of the Suðreyjar—an Old Norse term meaning "Southern Islands"—roughly equated to the Hebrides and Mann.[20] In fact, it is possible that the aforesaid events of 1247 and 1248 were related;[21] and that Dubhghall and Eóghan sought to succeed their slain kinsman's position in the Isles.[22]

Coat of arms attributed to Hákon by Matthew Paris as it appears on folio 216v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College Parker Library MS 16 II (Chronica Majora).[23][note 3]

Following the death of Haraldr Óláfsson, King of the Isles in 1248, Hákon sent Eóghan west over sea to temporarily take up the kingship of the Isles on his behalf.[26] Eóghan, however, was not only a Norwegian dependant in the Isles, but an immanent Scottish magnate on the mainland.[27] Although the Scottish Crown appears to have attempted to purchase the Isles earlier that decade,[28] that summer the Scottish Crown unleashed an invasion of Argyll, directed at the very heart of the Clann Dubhghaill lordship.[29] The unfolding crisis only ended with the Scottish king's untimely death in July 1249.[30]

Eóghan appears to have been utterly dispossessed by the Scots a result of their invasion.[31] In fact, his apparent displacement could well have upended the hierarchy of Clann Somhairle.[32] For instance, a particular entry preserved by the Icelandic Annals states that, within the very year that Eóghan was forced from Argyll by the Scots, Dubhghall himself "took kingship" in the Isles.[33] This record could reveal that Dubhghall assumed the kingship from a severely weakened Eóghan.[32]

Gallowglass warlord

Fifteenth-century sculpted figures of gallowglasses,[34] as depicted upon the apparent effigy of Feidhlimidh Ó Conchobhair,[35] father of Aodh na nGall, the husband of Ailéan's niece.

In 1258, Ailéan's brother conducted military operations against the English in Connacht.[36] Within the same year, there was an extraordinary assembly conducted between Aodh na nGall Ó Conchobhair (died 1274), Tadhg Ó Briain (died 1259), and Brian Ó Néill, King of Tír Eoghain (died 1260).[37] It was at this convention, at Caol Uisce on the River Erne, that Aodh—son of the King of Connacht—and Tadhg—son of the King of Thomond—relinquished their claims to the high-kingship of Ireland in favour of Brian, who was then proclaimed high king.[38] The latter was then in midst of campaigning against a temporarily weakened English Earldom of Ulster, and closely allied with Aodh in his cause.[39]

The following year, the Annals of Connacht, the Annals of Loch Cé, and the Annals of the Four Masters reveal that Aodh travelled to Derry and married a daughter of Dubhghall, and thereby received a tocher that included one hundred and sixty gallowglass warriors commanded by Ailéan himself.[40] Ailéan is, therefore, one of the earliest known warriors of this type.[41][note 4] The marital alliance was conducted at the main port within Brian's realm, and appears to indicate that this union, along with the aforesaid assembly and naval operations of the previous year, was part of a carefully coordinated plan to tackle English power in the north west.[46]

Unequal combat did they join,
the Foreigners and the Irish of Tara:
there were shirts of thin satin about the Sons of Conn
and the Foreigners were a single phalanx of iron.

“
”

— excerpt from the contemporary poem Aoidhe mo chroidhe ceann Briain, by Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe (died c. 1272), recounting the destruction of the lightly-armed Irish forces at Downpatrick in 1260.[47]

Unfortunately for these apparent confederates, Tadhg was dead by 1259, and the combined forces of Aodh and Brian were utterly crushed in battle at Downpatrick in 1260, with Brian amongst the slain.[48] Despite this catastrophe, the phenomenon of immanent Irish lords importing heavily-armed mercenaries from the Isles and western Scotland became more prevalent in the later part of the century,[49] and helped to even the military superiority enjoyed by English forces over native Irish troops.[50] Generally, English knights were superior to comparatively lightly-armed Irish horsemen. Gallowglasses fought in formations fashioned to counteract the devastating charge of such knights.[51] The Clann Ruaidhrí dowry of these warriors may well have fought at the aforesaid battle at Downpatrick,[52] although the fact that Brian's forces were defeated by local English levies lends little evidence to their capabilities.[53] Ailéan's position at the head of such a unit may well have been similar to that of Mac Somhairle,[54] who could well have led gallowglasses at the time of his death.[55]

Norwegian magnate

Locations relating to the expedition into the Lennox.

With the aforesaid death of Alexander II in 1249 the Scottish invasion of the Argyll and the Isles came to an abrupt end. About a decade later, the latter's son and royal successor, Alexander III (died 1286), came of age and took steps to continue his father's westward expansion.[56] In 1261, the Scottish Crown sent envoys to Norway offering to purchase the Hebrides from Hákon. Once the Norwegians rejected the offer, the Scots are recorded to have lashed out against the Islesmen in a particularly savage assault upon the inhabitants of Skye.[57] Thus provoked, Hákon assembled a enormous fleet—described by the Icelandic Annals as the largest force to have ever set sail from Norway[58]—to reassert Norwegian sovereignty along the north and western coast of Scotland.[59][note 5] In July 1263, this fleet disembarked from Norway, and by mid August, Hákon reaffirmed his overlordship in Shetland and Orkney, forced the submission of Caithness, and arrived in the Hebrides.[61]

Sturdy swordsmen of the earl
Far in Scotland pushed their forays,
Feeding everywhere the wolf,
Burning dwellings far and wife;
Alan made their house hot,
Meting out to men fierce flame.

“
”

— excerpt from Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar exalting Ailéan's foraying against the Scots.[62]

In early September, Hákon's fleet of Norwegians and Islesmen entered the Firth of Clyde.[63] When negotiations between the Scottish and Norwegian Crowns broke down, the saga reveals that Hákon sent a detachment of ships up into Loch Long, under the command of Magnús Óláfsson, Dubhghall, Ailéan, Aonghas Mór Mac Domhnaill (died c. 1293), and Murchadh Mac Suibhne (died 1267).[64] According various versions of the saga, this contingent consisted of either forty or sixty ships, a significant portion of Hákon's fleet.[65] From Loch Long, the saga reveals that this detachment portaged the approximately a 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) distance between Arrochar to Tarbet, launched into Loch Lomond, and ravaged the surrounding region of the Lennox.[66] Ailéan's actions are specifically noted by the saga, which states that he took several hundred head of cattle, and caused much destruction throughout mainland Scotland.[67] Ailéan's actions appear to be corroborated by Scottish records, as the Exchequer Rolls reports a sum paid for lookouts at Stirling Castle for the time when the Norwegians were in the area.[68]

A rook gaming piece of the so-called Lewis chessmen. Some of the pieces may have arrived in the Isles as a result of Guðrøðr's connections with Norway.[69] The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces.[70]

Meanwhile, at the beginning of October, Hákon's main force inconclusively clashed with the Scots at Largs, after which the Norwegians withdrew into the Hebrides.[71] Once regrouped with the detachment of Islesmen, Hákon rewarded his overseas supporters: since Eóghan had refused to aid the Norwegians against the Scots, the saga reveals that Dubhghall was awarded the former's forfeited island territories.[72]

Although Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar declares the Norwegian campaign to have been a triumph, in reality it was an utter failure.[73] Hákon had failed to break Scottish power; and the following year, Alexander III seized the initiative, and oversaw a series of invasions into the Isles and northern Scotland. Recognising this dramatic shift in royal authority, Magnús Óláfsson submitted to Alexander III within the year;[74] and in so doing, symbolised the complete collapse of Norwegian sovereignty in the Isles.[75] Dubhghall, on the other hand, contrasted many of his Norse-Gaelic compatriots, and stubbornly refused to submit to the Scottish Crown.[76] In 1266, almost three years after Hákon's abortive campaign, terms of peace were finally agreed upon between the Scottish and Norwegian Crowns. Specifically, with the conclusion of the Treaty of Perth in July, Hákon's son and successor, Magnús Hákonarson, King of Norway (died 1280), formally resigned all rights to Mann and the islands on the western coast of Scotland. In so doing, the territorial dispute over Scotland's western maritime region was finally settled.[77]

Scottish magnate

In the wake of the Scots' acquisition of the Isles, and Dubhghall's death within the decade, Clann Ruaidhrí disappears from the Scottish historical record. When the kindred finally reemerges in 1275, it is in the person of Ailéan himself, by then a prominent Scottish magnate.[78] That year, the so-called Annals of Furness, the Chronicle of Mann, and the Chronicle of Lanercost reveal that Guðrøðr (fl. 1275), illegitimate son of Magnús Óláfsson, led a revolt on Mann against the Scottish Crown.[79] Alexander III responded by sending a massive fleet, drawn from the Hebrides and Galloway, to invade the island and restore Scottish royal authority. Of the recorded commanders, the Annals of Furness reveals that two were members of Clann Somhairle: Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill, Lord of Argyll (died 1310), and Ailéan himself.[80][note 6] These two would have almost certainty been responsible for supplying and leading the host from the Hebrides and Argyll, and may have provided the fleet that transported the Scottish forces to Mann.[84] According to aforesaid sources, the Scots ruthlessly routed the rebels.[85] Despite the apparent ease at which the Manx were suppressed, the revolt clearly represented a grave threat to Scottish authority, as evidenced by the magnitude of the Scots' response.[5] In fact, the Clann Somhairle dimension to this campaign, as agents of the Scottish Crown's authority, clearly exemplifies the extent at which the kindred had been incorporated into Scottish realm.[86]

An excerpt from National Library of Scotland Advocates' MS 72.1.1 (MS 1467) showing a pedigree of Clann Ruaidhrí concerning descendants of Ailéan. The lineage runs: "Raghnall finn mac ruaidri mhic ailin mhic ruaidri mhic raghnaill mhic shomairle".[87]

Western magnates like Ailéan were rarely present at the Scottish royal court, although on certain occasions they participated in important affairs of state.[88] For instance, in 1284, Ailéan was one of many such men who attended a government council at Scone which acknowledged Margaret (died 1290), granddaughter of Alexander III, as the king's rightful heir.[89] The inclusion of Ailéan, and three of his Clann Somhairle kinsmen—the aforesaid Alasdair and Aonghas Mór—further illustrates the incorporation of Clann Somhairle within the Scottish realm.[90]

Now-ruinous Castle Tioram may well have been a Clann Ruaidhrí stronghold.[91] The island the fortress sits upon is first recorded in a charter of Ailéan's daughter, Cairistíona.[92] According to early modern tradition, the castle was erected by his granddaughter, Áine Nic Ruaidhrí (fl. 1318–50) in the fourteenth century.[93] The castle served as the seat of the latter's Clann Domhnaill descendants the next four hundred years.[94]

Although it is possible that Dubhghall's power base had been located in Garmoran[95] and perhaps Uist,[42] there is uncertainty as to how and when these territories entered into the possession of his family.[96] Later leading members of Clann Ruaidhrí certainly possessed them, but evidence of custody before the mid thirteenth century is lacking. In theory, these territories could have been awarded to the kindred following the Scots' acquisition of the Isles in 1266.[97] On the other hand, the family's position in the Isles may have stemmed from its marital alliance with the Crovan dynasty, concluded at some point before Ruaidhrí's expulsion from Kintyre.[98] If the family indeed acquired Uist after the events of 1266, it could cast further light on Ailéan's part in the quelling of the aforesaid Manx revolt about a decade later.[99] Whatever the case, Ailéan is not accorded any title in contemporary sources.[100] In 1293, the parliament of John, King of Scotland (died 1314) established a scheme of sheriffdoms along the western coast of the kingdom.[101] The Hebridean islands of Lewis and Harris, Skye, Uist, Barra, Eigg, Rhum, and the Small Isles, were incorporated into a newly-created Sheriffdom of Skye, administrated by William II, Earl of Ross (died 1323).[102] In fact, it was successive disputes with the comital family of Ross in the later century that led to the ultimate demise of Clann Ruaidhrí.[100] In 1285/1286, a servant of the Spanish Crown appealed to Alexander III, accusing Ailéan of piracy in the Hebrides.[103]

Ailéan died at some point before 1296.[104] His widow, Isabella, eventually married Ingram de Umfraville (died 1321×) as her second husband.[105] Ailéan had three children: Lachlann (fl. 1297–1307/1308), Ruaidhrí (died 1318?),[106] who were illegitimate,[107] and Cairistíona (fl. 1290–1318),[108] who was legitimate.[109] Ailéan's descendants continued to be factors in Scottish history well into the fourteenth century.[110]

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ↑ Since the 1970s, academics have accorded Ailéan various patronymic names in English secondary sources: Ailín MacRory,[2] Alain mac Ruaidrí,[3] Alan mac Ruaidhri,[4] Alan mac Ruaidri,[5] Alan mac Ruairi,[6] Alan Macruaidhri,[7] Alan MacRuairi,[8] Alan MacRuairidh,[9] Alan Macruarie,[10] and Allan mac Ruairi.[11]
  2. ↑ The father of Alan and Thomas was Roland fitz Uhtred, Lord of Galloway (died 1200). Roland's acceptance of Alan as a name of his eldest son and heir could be evidence of French influence upon his family.[16] In the twelfth century the family increasingly involved itself with families of Continental origin.[17]
  3. ↑ This coat of arms is blazoned: Gules, three galleys with dragon heads at each end Or, one above the other.[24] The coat of arms concerns Hákon's coronation, and the associated caption on the folio reads in Latin: "Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati, qui dicitur rex Insularum".[23] Matthew, a personal acquaintance of Hákon who met him in 1248/1249, the year after the king's coronation, called him "King of the Isles". The emphasise that Matthew placed on the Norwegian realm's sea power appears to be underscored in the heraldry he attributed to Hákon.[25]
  4. ↑ This tocher seems to be similar to that attributed to the bride of Dubhghall's later kinsman, Aonghas Óg Mac Domhnaill.[42] According to Hebridean tradition preserved by the Book of Clanranald and the History of the MacDonalds, the latter's bride, Áine Ní Catháin, was accompanied to her husband by a remarkable retinue of Irishmen.[43] The first recorded instance of the term "gallowglass" (gallóglach) concerns events dated 1290.[44] Although the aforesaid sources documenting the marriage of Dubhghall's daughter do not specifically identify the warriors as gallowglasses, they are in fact called óglaigh, a term that seems to refer to gallowglasses in this particular instance.[45]
  5. ↑ Specifically, the words of the compiler of Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, Hákon intended to "avenge the warfare that the Scots had made in his dominions".[60]
  6. ↑ The annal entry records Ailéan's name in Latin as "Alanus filius Rotheri".[81] Alasdair first appears on record in 1275.[82] The expedition was personal for him, as his sister was the widow of Guðrøðr's father.[83]

Citations

  1. ↑ Unger (1871) p. 576; AM 45 Fol (n.d.).
  2. ↑ Simms (1996).
  3. ↑ Duffy (1991).
  4. ↑ Duffy (2007).
  5. 1 2 Oram (2000).
  6. ↑ Sellar (2000).
  7. ↑ Young (1990); Barrow (1981).
  8. ↑ Beam (2012); McDonald (2006); Brown (2004); McDonald (1997).
  9. ↑ McQueen (2004).
  10. ↑ Young; Stead (2010); Barrow (1981); Barrow (1973).
  11. ↑ Brown (2004).
  12. ↑ Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; McDonald (2004) p. 181; Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii.
  13. ↑ Duffy (2007) p. 10; McDonald (2007) p. 110; Raven (2005) p. 56.
  14. ↑ Duffy (2007) p. 10 n. 43; Duffy (1991) p. 68.
  15. ↑ Duffy (2007) p. 10 n. 43.
  16. ↑ MacQueen (2003) p. 73; MacQueen (1997) p. 18.
  17. ↑ MacQueen (1997) p. 18.
  18. ↑ Woolf (2007) pp. 79–80; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown (2004) pp. 80, 81; Duffy (2004) p. 47; Woolf (2004) p. 108; Sellar (2000) p. 201; Lydon (1992) p. 7; Ballyshannon (n.d.); Mac Somhairle (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 91 (n.d.).
  19. ↑ Oram (2013); Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Beuermann (2010) pp. 108, 111; Woolf (2007) p. 83; Murray (2005) p. 302, 303–304; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown (2004) p. 80; Sellar (2004); McLeod (2002) p. 30; Sellar (2000) pp. 203–204, 206; McDonald (1997) pp. 68, 98–99; Cowan (1990) p. 115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207; Anderson (1922) pp. 547–548; Dasent (1894) p. 266; Vigfusson (1887) p. 255; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 175.
  20. ↑ McDonald (2012) p. 152.
  21. ↑ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) p. 83; Sellar (2000) p. 201.
  22. ↑ Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  23. 1 2 Imsen (2010) p. 13 n. 2; Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
  24. ↑ Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
  25. ↑ Imsen (2010) pp. 13–14, 13 n. 2.
  26. ↑ Dahlberg (2014) p. 56; Oram (2013); Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Beuermann (2010) p. 108, 108 n. 29; Woolf (2007) p. 84; Power (2005) p. 46; Sellar (2004); Stringer (2004); Carpenter (2003) ch. 10; Sellar (2000) p. 204; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
  27. ↑ Oram (2013); Sellar (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 108; Carpenter (2003) ch. 10.
  28. ↑ Dahlberg (2014) pp. 52–55; Oram (2013); Oram (2011b) ch. 13; Stringer (2004); Carpenter (2003) ch. 10; Bartlett (1999) pp. 823–824; Barrow (1981) p. 115.
  29. ↑ Oram (2013); Oram (2011b) ch. 13; Brown (2004) p. 80; Stringer (2004); Carpenter (2003) ch. 10; Barrow (1981) pp. 115–116.
  30. ↑ Oram (2013); Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Murray (2005) p. 304; Power (2005) p. 47; Brown (2004) p. 80; Sellar (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 108; Cowan (1990) pp. 115–116; Barrow (1981) pp. 115–116.
  31. ↑ McDonald (1997) pp. 103–104.
  32. 1 2 McDonald (1997) pp. 99, 104.
  33. ↑ Raven (2005) p. 58; McDonald (1997) pp. 99, 104; Storm (1977) pp. 132, 190, 482; Anderson (1922) p. 554, 554 n. 2; Vigfusson (1878) p. 374.
  34. ↑ Halpin; Newman (2006) p. 244; Simms (1997) pp. 111 fig. 5.3, 114 fig. 5.6; Simms (1996) p. 78; Halpin (1986) p. 205.
  35. ↑ Halpin; Newman (2006) p. 244; Verstraten (2002) p. 11.
  36. ↑ Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18; Woolf (2007) p. 85; Power (2005) p. 49; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; Sellar (2000) p. 206, 206 n. 97; McDonald (1997) p. 118; Duffy (1991) pp. 69–70; Connemara (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 127 (n.d.).
  37. ↑ Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18; Verstraten (2003) p. 27.
  38. ↑ Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18; Simms (2005); Verstraten (2003) p. 27; Verstraten (2002) p. 15; Bartlett (1999) p. 822; Lydon (1994) p. 153; Martin (1994) p. 142; Moody; Martin (1994) p. 432; Duffy (1991) pp. 69–70.
  39. ↑ Duffy (2007) p. 18; Bartlett (1999) pp. 821–822; Simms (1996) pp. 79–80.
  40. ↑ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1259.5; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1259.5; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1259.6; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1259.6; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1259.3; Lydon (2008) pp. 245, 248; Duffy (2007) pp. 1, 10 n. 43; Kenny (2007) p. 68; Kenny (2006) p. 33; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1259.3; McLeod (2005) p. 43, n. 79; Power (2005) p. 49; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; Sellar (2000) p. 206, n. 99; Simms (2000a) pp. 121–122; Simms (2000b) p. 157 n. 62; McDonald (1997) pp. 118, 156; Lydon (1992) p. 7; Duffy (1991) pp. 69–70, 73; Derry (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 131 (n.d.).
  41. ↑ Duffy (1991) p. 73.
  42. 1 2 Sellar (2000) p. 206.
  43. ↑ McLeod (2005) p. 43; MacGregor (2000) pp. 15–16; Sellar (2000) p. 206; Macbain; Kennedy (1894) pp. 158–159; Macphail (1914) pp. 20–21.
  44. ↑ Duffy (2013) p. 132–133; Duffy (2007) p. 1; McLeod (2005) p. 44; McDonald (1997) p. 155.
  45. ↑ Duffy (2007) p. 1; McDonald (1997) p. 155; Lydon (1992) p. 7.
  46. ↑ Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18.
  47. ↑ Williams (2005); O'Donovan (1849) pp. 145–183.
  48. ↑ Duffy (2007) pp. 18–19; Simms (2005); Verstraten (2005); Verstraten (2003) pp. 27, 36 n. 142; Verstraten (2002) p. 15; Simms (1996) p. 80; Lydon (1994) p. 153; Moody; Martin (1994) p. 432.
  49. ↑ McLeod (2005) p. 43; Simms (2000a) p. 122; Bartlett (1999) p. 821.
  50. ↑ Simms (1996) p. 76; Martin (1994) p. 142.
  51. ↑ O'Byrne (2005).
  52. ↑ Lydon (2008) p. 245; Duffy (2007) p. 19.
  53. ↑ Lydon (2008) p. 245.
  54. ↑ Duffy (2007) p. 1.
  55. ↑ Duffy (2007) p. 1; Simms (2000a) p. 121; McDonald (1997) p. 155; Simms (1996) p. 76.
  56. ↑ Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 18.
  57. ↑ Martin (2014) p. 186; Wærdahl (2011) pp. 49–50; Woolf (2004) p. 108; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 18; McDonald (1997) pp. 105–107; Cowan (1990) pp. 117–118, 130 n. 70.
  58. ↑ McDonald (1997) p. 107; Storm (1977) p. 135; Anderson (1922) p. 607; Vigfusson (1878) p. 377.
  59. ↑ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 18; McDonald (1997) p. 107.
  60. ↑ McDonald (1997) p. 107; Anderson (1922) pp. 609–610; Dasent (1894) pp. 341–342; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 328–329.
  61. ↑ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 18; McDonald (1997) pp. 107–108.
  62. ↑ McDonald (1997) p. 112; Anderson (1922) p. 626; Dasent (1894) p. 355; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 342–343.
  63. ↑ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) pp. 18–19.
  64. ↑ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 19; McDonald (1997) pp. 112–113; Anderson (1922) p. 625; Dasent (1894) pp. 354–355; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 342–343.
  65. ↑ Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 19; McDonald (1997) pp. 112–113; Anderson (1922) p. 625, 625 n. 6; Dasent (1894) p. 354; Vigfusson (1887) p. 342.
  66. ↑ Martin (2014) p. 186; Raven (2005) p. 59; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) p. 19; McDonald (1997) pp. 112–113; Cowan (1990) p. 121; Anderson (1922) p. 625; Dasent (1894) pp. 354–355; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 342–343.
  67. ↑ McDonald (1997) p. 112; Cowan (1990) p. 121; Anderson (1922) p. 626; Dasent (1894) p. 355; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 342–343.
  68. ↑ McNiven (2011) p. 75, 75 n. 61; McDonald (1997) pp. 112–113; Cowan (1990) p. 121.
  69. ↑ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 178.
  70. ↑ Strickland (2012) p. 113.
  71. ↑ Martin (2014) pp. 186–187; Alexander; Neighbour; Oram (2002) pp. 19–20; McDonald (1997) pp. 113–114.
  72. ↑ McDonald (1997) pp. 114–115, 119; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 212 n. 2, 213, 213 n. 1; Anderson (1922) p. 635; Dasent (1894) pp. 362–363; Vigfusson (1887) p. 350; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 227.
  73. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 260–261; McDonald (1997) p. 115; Cowan (1990) pp. 122–123.
  74. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 261–262; McDonald (1997) pp. 115–116; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 213–214.
  75. ↑ Brown (2004) p. 84.
  76. ↑ Brown (2004) p. 84; McDonald (1997) pp. 116, 118; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 214.
  77. ↑ Woolf (2004) pp. 108–109; McDonald (1997) pp. 119–121.
  78. ↑ McDonald (2004) pp. 181, 183–184; McDonald (1997) pp. 130–131.
  79. ↑ McDonald (2007) pp. 54, 91 n. 18, 100 n. 56, 107; Raven (2005) p. 60; McDonald (2004) p. 183; Oram (2000) p. 156; Sellar (2000) p. 210; McDonald (1997) p. 137; Anderson (1922) pp. 672–673, 673 n. 1; Maxwell (1913) p. 11; Anderson (1908) pp. 382–383; Howlett (1885) pp. 570–571; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 110–111, 232; Stevenson (1839) pp. 97–98.
  80. ↑ Raven (2005) p. 60; McDonald (2004) p. 183; Oram (2000) p. 156; Anderson (1908) pp. 382–383.
  81. ↑ McDonald (2004) p. 183; Sellar (2000) p. 210; Anderson (1908) p. 382; Howlett (1885) p. 570.
  82. ↑ Sellar (2000) pp. 208–210.
  83. ↑ Sellar (2000) p. 210.
  84. ↑ McDonald (2004) p. 183.
  85. ↑ McDonald (2007) pp. 54, 91 n. 18, 100 n. 56, 107; Sellar (2000) p. 210; Duncan (1996) p. 582; Barrow (1973) p. 383; Anderson (1922) pp. 672–673, 673 n. 1; Maxwell (1913) p. 11; Anderson (1908) p. 382; Howlett (1885) pp. 570–571; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 110–111; Stevenson (1839) pp. 97–98.
  86. ↑ McDonald (2004) p. 183; Carpenter (2003) ch. 12.
  87. ↑ Adv. MS 72.2.1 (n.d.); Black; Black (n.d.).
  88. ↑ Duncan (1996) pp. 582–583.
  89. ↑ McDonald (2006) p. 77; Raven (2005) p. 60; Brown (2004); Sellar (2000) p. 210; McDonald (1997) pp. 130, 136, 189; Barrow (1981) p. 119; Barrow (1973) p. 380; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 216; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 424; PoMS, H4/42/5 (n.d.); PoMS Transaction Factoid, No. 47325 (n.d.).
  90. ↑ McDonald (2006) p. 77; McDonald (1997) p. 136.
  91. ↑ Tabraham (2005) pp. 29, 111.
  92. ↑ Stell (2014) p. 273; Boardman, S (2006) p. 46; Fisher (2005) p. 91; Raven (2005) p. 63; McDonald (1997) pp. 189–190 n. 120; PoMS, H3/0/0 (n.d.); PoMS Transaction Factoid, No. 79436 (n.d.).
  93. ↑ Stell (2014) pp. 273–274; Macphail (1914) p. 26.
  94. ↑ Fisher (2005) p. 91.
  95. ↑ Sellar (2000) p. 206; Cowan (1990) p. 115.
  96. ↑ Raven (2005) pp. 56–57.
  97. ↑ Raven (2005) p. 57.
  98. ↑ Raven (2005) pp. 57–58; Woolf (2003) p. 178.
  99. ↑ Raven (2005) p. 60.
  100. 1 2 Raven (2005) p. 59.
  101. ↑ McDonald (1997) p. 131; Barrow (1973) p. 383; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 216.
  102. ↑ Raven (2005) p. 59; McDonald (1997) p. 131; Barrow (1973) p. 383; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 216; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 447.
  103. ↑ Morgan (2013) pp. 188–189; Mackenzie (1903) p. 69; Bain (1884) pp. 80–81 § 288; PoMS, H3/543/1 (n.d.); PoMS Transaction Factoid, No. 67013 (n.d.).
  104. ↑ McDonald (1997) p. 189; Barrow (1973) p. 380.
  105. ↑ Neville; Simpson (2012) p. 231 § 321; Beam (2012) p. 58; McQueen (2004) p. 38; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 447; RPS, 1293/2/15 (n.d.-a); RPS, 1293/2/15 (n.d.-b).
  106. ↑ Boardman (2006) p. 46; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii; McDonald (1997) pp. 130–131, 258; Barrow (1973) p. 381.
  107. ↑ Boardman (2006) p. 46; Ewan (2006); Barrow (1973) pp. 380–381.
  108. ↑ Young; Stead (2010) p. 92; Boardman (2006) p. 46; Ewan (2006); Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii; McDonald (1997) pp. 130–131, 174, 258; Barrow (1973) p. 380.
  109. ↑ Boardman (2006) p. 46; Ewan (2006); McDonald (1997) p. 174; Barrow (1973) p. 380.
  110. ↑ McDonald (2004) p. 181; McDonald (1997) pp. 130–131.
  111. ↑ Oram (2011a) p. xvii tab. 6.
  112. ↑ Oram (2011a) p. xvii tab. 6; McDonald (2007) pp. 27 tab. 1, 28 tab. 2; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 191 tab. i, 194 tab. ii.
  113. ↑ Oram (2011a) p. xvii tab. 6; McDonald (2007) p. 28 tab. 2; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 191 tab. i, 194 tab. ii.
  114. ↑ Oram (2011a) pp. xvi tab. 5, xvii tab. 6; McDonald (2007) p. 27 tab. 1; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 191 tab. i.
  115. ↑ Oram (2011a) pp. xvi tab. 5, xvii tab. 6; McDonald (2007) p. 27 tab. 1; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) pp. 191 tab. i, 194 tab. ii.

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