Northern Uí Néill

Sub-kingdoms of the Northern Ui Neill and some of its neighbours in the 12th century

The Northern Uí Néill is the name given to several dynasties in north-western medieval Ireland that claimed descent from a common ancestor, Niall of the Nine Hostages.[1] Other dynasties in central and eastern Ireland who also claimed descent from Niall were termed the Southern Uí Néill (together they are known as the Uí Néill dynasty).[1] The dynasties of the Northern Uí Néill were the Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain, named after supposed sons of Niall: Conall and Eógain.[1][2]

The Northern Uí Néill's over-kingdom in its earliest days was known as In Fochla and In Tuaiscert, both meaning "the North", and was initially ruled by the Cenél Conaill.[3] After the Cenél nEógain's rise to dominance, it became known as Ailech.[3]

Mythical origins

It is claimed in medieval Irish texts that around 425, three sons of Niall Noígiallach—Eoghan, Conal Gulban, and Enda—along with Erc, a son of Colla Uais, and his grandchildren, invaded north-western Ulster.[4] The result was the vast reduction in the territory of the Ulaid, with the portion of land taken by the three sons of Niall becoming the kingdom of Ailech.[4] This land was divided between the three brothers as such:[4] Conal Gulban took the western portion and named it Tír Chonaill; Eoghan took possession of the main peninsula and named it Inis Eoghain; Enda took nominal possession of land lying south of Ailech, which became known as Magh Enda.[4]

The lack of contemporary evidence has cast doubt on the validity of traditional accounts, with questions raised whether such an invasion actually took place, as well as whether the invaders even belonged to the Uí Néill at all.[2]

History

Origins

Exterior view of Grianan of Aileach situated in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland; the royal fort of the over-kingdom of the Northern Uí Néill; 55°01′24″N 7°25′43″W / 55.023386°N 7.428509°W / 55.023386; -7.428509.

Despite the questions over the validity of the traditional accounts, these alleged sons of Niall are collectively known by historians as the Northern Uí Néill.[2]

From the 8th century onwards, likely sponsored by Áed Allán, a Cenél nEógain king of Tara, and Congus, the bishop of Armagh, early Irish historians carefully constructed propaganda to shore up and cement Uí Néill political supremacy along with the ecclesiastical supremacy of Armagh.[5] This involved the ruthless re-writing and doctoring of genealogies, lists of kings, history, and early annals, tracing the current situation as having primacy all the way back into the undocumented 5th century.[5] In tandem, about a dozen peoples became designated within what was called Uí Néill in Tuaiscirt, of which the Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain were the most dominant.[5]

By the 13th-century, the Cenél Conaill had come to dominance over the original territory of the Northern Uí Néill in Donegal, and sponsored their own history, which incorporated elements from earlier historical revisions.[5] Known as the Eachtra Conaill Gulbain, "The otherworld adventures of Conall Gulban",[6] it details how sons of Niall Noígiallach, the eponymous ancestor of the Uí Néill dynasties, came forth from Connacht, and invaded the north-western territory of the Ulaid,[5][7] conquering it from the indigenous people, the Dál Fiatach.[5] This territory roughly equated to present-day County Donegal in the Republic of Ireland.[5][7] Here they founded their own over-kingdom and dynasties: the Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain,[7]

Detailed analysis of maternal ancestries, placenames, hagiography, archaeology, and saints’ genealogies, has brought the origins of the Cenél Conaill branch of the Northern Uí Néill into question, with it being claimed that they are most likely a branch of the Cruithin, linked to the Uí Echach Coba of Iveagh, and Conaille Muirtheimne.[5] Adding to the confusion over the true origins of the Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain, recent DNA analysis of descendants from both branches shows a common ancestor in the north-west of Ireland dating from around 1,730 years ago.[5] Niall Noígiallach has been ruled out by historian Brian Lacey as being this ancestor, providing other possible candidates including: Cana mac Luigdech Lámfhata, Dál Fiatach leader of Sentuatha Ulaid; Echu Doimlén, father of the Three Collas; or perhaps an anonymous Cruithin prince.[3]

Vying for dominance

The over-kingdom of the Northern Uí Néill was known originally as In Fochla, meaning "the North",[3] with the over-king styled as rí ind Fhochlai, the "king of the North".[2] It was divided into several sub-kingdoms, which on their own held dominance over smaller tuatha. The territory of the Cenél Conaill was called Tír Conaill, meaning "the land of Conall".[2] The territory Tír Conaill (Anglicised as Tyrconnell) held by the late 16th century, would become the basis for County Donegal. The territory of the Cenél nEógain was called Inis Eógain, meaning "Eógain's island", the name of which survives today as the name of the Inishowen peninsula. Their king was styled as rí Ailig, the "king of Ailech", with their base being the Grianan of Aileach at the entrance of the Inishowen peninsula.[2] The Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain are assumed to have established lordship over their neighbouring local tuatha.[8]

Originally the Cenél Conaill where the dominant branch,[2][3] however throughout the 6th and 7th centuries, they and the Cenél nEógain are claimed as vying for dominance of the over-kingdom.[1] The Cenél Conaill's dominance started to wane with the accession in 734 of Áed Allán from the Cenél nEógain to the overkingship and to that of Tara.[2] It was from this point that the lengthy rotation of the kingship of Tara between the Cenél nEógain and Clann Cholmáin of the Southern Uí Néill started.[2]

The power of the Cenél Conaill collapsed around the 780s, allowing the Cenél nEógain to advance against them.[3] According to the Annals of Ulster, in 788 the Cenél nEógain as part of a southwards push burned the monastery of Derry, which had been built by the Cenél Conaill in the 6th century.[3] The following year, 789, the battle of Cloítech occurred between the Cenél nEógain, led by Áed Oirdnide, and the Cenél Conaill, for complete control of the Northern Uí Néill.[3] The Cenél nEógain emerged victorious excluding the Cenél Conaill from the over-kingship as well as from Mag nÍtha, the valuable plains south of Greenan Mountain in Inishowen.[3] Following this battle, the Northern Uí Néill over-kingdom became known as "Ailech" instead of "In Fochla" and "In Tuaiscert".[3] The Cenél Conaill where afterwards confined to their sub-kingdom of Tír Conaill.[2][9]

Dominance over Ulster

The Northern Uí Néill were initially hesitant to test the might of Ulster's more powerful kingdoms such as Airgialla, Ulaid, and even the minor Cianacht, however over the following centuries they would come to conquer and dominate the majority of Ulster.[8] The rate of this expansion has been claimed as equating to a rate of not even 10 miles per century.[8]

The main beneficiary of this was the Cenél nEógain, whose gains came largely at the expense of the over-kingdom of Airgialla in central Ulster, as well as the Ulaid.[9] Facing pressure from the Cenél Conaill to the west,[9] the Cenél nEógain advanced from their base in the Inishowen peninsula, crossing over the River Foyle into the present-day counties Londonderry and Tyrone in Northern Ireland.[2] Tyrone derives its name from the Cenél nEógain: Tír nEógain, the "land of Eógan".[2] Airgialla's centre of power was pushed into southern Ulster as a result of this expansion.[2] Originally under the dominance of the Ulaid of eastern Ulster,[2] Niall Caille, the son of Áed Oirdnide, brought Airgialla under the hegemony of the Cenél nEógain.[7][10] Airgialla was a confederation of nine sub-kingdoms, with its name meaning "hostage-givers" in reference to its subordination.[2] The eponymous ancestor of the Uí Néill was Niall Noigiallach, or "Niall of the Nine Hostages", and it is suggested that this may be the origin of his nickname.[2]

The Cenél nEógain conquests included:[9]

Southwards the Cenél nEógain had also established the kingdom of Cairpre Dromma Cliab, in modern-day County Sligo.[9]

Despite these gains, the Cenél nEógain suffered some loses. The Ua Dochartaig (O'Doherty) who had come to prominence in Tír Conaill eventually forced the Cenél nEógain out of Inishowen, with the Ua Domnaill (O'Donnell) sept expelling the Cenél nEógain family Ua Gairmledaig (O'Gormley) of Cenél Moen from Mag nÍtha.[9] Eventually Fír Luirg and Tuatha Ratha came under dominance of the Mag Uidhir (Maguire) lordship of Fir Manach.[9] Cairpre Dromma Cliab had also been lost, having been conquered by Tigernán Ua Ruairc of the kingdom of Bréifne.[9]

With the expansion of the Cenél nEógain into Airgiallan territory, the church of Armagh, which claimed primacy over Ireland, came under their influence.[2] With Armagh continuing to produce propaganda promoting its own ecclesiastical supremacy, it helped advance the claims of the Cenél nEógain.[2]

The Vikings

Throughout the 9th century the coastline of Ailech and the rest of Ulster was subject to Viking raids. During the 850s, Viking disunity allowed the Ulster kings to fight back and inflict overwhleming defeats on the Vikings.[12] This cumulated in 866, when the king of Ailech, Áed Finnliath, managed to clear the Vikings from their strongholds in "the North, both in Cenel Eogain and Dal nAraide", and won a battle in Lough Foyle on the east coast of Inishowen.[12] This was an important victory as the Vikings largely left Ulster alone for many years afterwards, leaving little imprint on Ulster compared to the rest of Ireland.[12] By the time the Normans arrived in Ulster in the latter 12th century, the Vikings' only settlement of note was "Ulfrek's ford" (modern-day Larne).[12]

Grianán of Ailech

It has been proposed that the Cenél nEógain occupied the site of Grianán fort, which may have been within Cenél Conaill territory, and as new kings of the over-kingdom, and renamed it after their home territory, giving it its present-day name of the Grianán of Ailech.[3] It is usually identified, whether correctly or not, as the capital of the Cenél nEógain from the 6th century, until its destruction, according to the Annals of Ulster, in 1101.[3]

Cenél Conaill

Below is a chart listing the ancestry of the Cenél Conaill from Niall of the Nine Hostages, which contains figures from oral history until the 8th century when the historical period in Ireland starts.

   !        !                                     !
   !     O'Freel                                  !
   !                                              !
   |_______________________________               |______________
   |                     |        |               |             |
   |                     |        |               |             |
   Ainmire, died 569 Colum Lugaid Mael Tuile Bresal, died 644
   Ri of Ireland
   |                              |               |
   |                              |               |
   |                       Cenél Lugdach Dungal, Rí Cenél mBogaine, died 672
   |                              |               |
   |                              |               |______________
   |                            Ronan             |            |
   |                              |               |            |
   |                              |               Sechnasach Dub Diberg, died 703
   |                            Garb              |            |
   |                              |               ?            |
   |                              |               |            Flaithgus, died 732
   |                              |           Forbasach        |
   |                              |       Rí Cenél mBogaine    ?
   |                          Cen Faelad died 722            |
   |                              |                            Rogaillnech, died 815
   |       _______________________|
   |       |                      |
   |       |                      |
   |       Mael Duin Fiaman       | 
   |       |                      |
   |       ?                      ?
   |       |                      |
   |       Airnelach Maenguile    |
   |       |                      |
   |       |                      |
   |       |                      |
   |       |                      |
   |       Cen Faelad         Dochartach
   |       |               (Clann Ua Dochartaig)
   |       |
   |       |____________________________________________
   |       |                                           |
   |       |                                           |
   |       Dalach, 'Dux' Cenél Conaill, died 870.   Bradagain
   |       |                                           |
   |       |                                           |
   |       Eicnecan, Rí Cenél Conaill, died 906.    Baigill
   |       |                                     (Clann Ua Baighill)
   |       |
   |       |_______________________________________________________________________
   |       |   |        |          |                   |                          |
   |       |   |        |          |                   |                          |
   |      two sons    Flann     Adlann             Domnall Mor                Conchobar
   |died 956 & 962.             Abbot of Derry  (Clann Ua Domnaill
   |                            died 950.          Kings of Cenel Conaill after 1270 a.d.)
   |
   |_______________________
   |                  |
   |                  |
   Áed, died 598 Ciaran
   |                  |
   |                  |
   |                  Fiachra, founder of Derry, died 620.
   |
   |__________________________________________________________
   |                      |           |                      |
   |                      |           |                      |
   Domnall, died 642 Conall Cu Mael Cobo, died 615 Cumuscach, died 597
   High King died 704 High King of Ireland    |
   of Ireland                         |____________
   |                                  |            |
   |                                  |            |
   |                                Cellach Conall Cael
   |                                  |  both died 658/664
   |                                  |
   |                             (Clann Ua Gallchobair)
   |
   |
   |_____________________________________________________________________________
   |                      |           |           |                |             !
   |                      |           |           |                |             !
   Oengus, died 650 Conall Colgu Ailill Flannesda       Fergus Fanad
   |                   died 663 died 663 died 666 died 654
   |                                                                             !
   !                                                                             !
   !                                                                             !
   |                                                                             |
   |                                                                    Congal Cenn Magair
   |                                                                  died 710
   |                                                                   High King of Ireland
   |                                                                             !
   |                                                        _____________________|_______
   |                                                        |         |                 |
   |                                                        |         |                 |
   |                                                     Donngal Flann Gohan Conaig
   |                                                   died 731 died 732 died 733
   !                                                            !
   !                                                            !
   |                                                       O'Breslin-Fanat
   Loingsech, died 703
   High King of Ireland
   |
   |_____________________________________________________________________
   |                                |                    |      |      |
   |                                |                    |      |      |
   Flaithbertach, deposed 734.  Fergus, died 707 three other sons, all killed 703
   |
   |_______________________________________________________________________
   |                                                 |                  |
   |                                                 |                  |
   Aed Muinderg, Ri in Tuisceart, died 747.     Loingsech Murchad
   |                                           Rí Cenél Conaill Rí Cenél Conaill
   |_______________ died 754 died 767
   |              |                                                     |
   |              |                                                     |
   Domnall Donnchad Mael Bresail
  died 804 fl. 784 Rí Cenél Conaill
   |                                                                died 767
   |                                                                     |
   Flaithbertach                                                         |
   |                                                                   Oengus
   |                                                                     |
   Canannan                                                              |

(Ua Canannain) Mael Doraid (Ua Maildoraid)

 Rí Cenél Conaill                                                        |
                                                                  _______|_______
                                                                 |               |
                                                                 |               |
                                                             Fogartach       Mael Bresail
                                                         Rí Cenél Conaill  Rí Cenél Conaill
                                                             died 904         died 901

Branches, clans, and septs

Further information: Branches of the Cenél Conaill

Prominent branches and clans of the Cenél Conaill include the O'Donnell dynasty, O'Doherty family, and Gallagher clan. The most famous descendant of the Cenél Conaill is Saint Columba, who founded the monastery at Derry, and is claimed as being the grand-son of Conall Gulban.[1]

Cenél nEógain

Below is a chart listing the ancestry of the Cenél nEógain from Fergal mac Máele Dúin, the first of the lineage to be recorded in historical records.

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