The Akhvakh language (also spelled Axvax, Akhwakh) is a Northeast Caucasian language from the Avar–Andic branch. Ethnologue lists 6500 speakers,[3] but Magomedova and Abulaeva (2007) list 20,000 speakers of the language. Akhvakh has several dialects, though sources do not agree on the number. Ethnologue lists Kaxib, Northern Akhvakh and Southern Akhvakh (which can be further subdivided into the Tlyanub and Tsegob subdialects[4]). Creissels (2010) lists Northern Akhvakh and three dialects of Southern Akhvakh (Cegob, Tljanub, and Ratlub).
A few publications have been made in the Akhvakh language, but for the most part speakers of Akhvakh have adopted Avar as their literary language.
Phonology
Consonants
As with Avar, there are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign ⟨ː⟩. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis. The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. [tsː] (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian [tːs] (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. t͡ɬː as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence /t͡ɬɬ/ (/tɬɬ/).[6]
Grammar
Agreement classes
Akhvakh has three agreement classes. In the singular, these are human masculine, human feminine, and non-human. In the plural, there are only two—human plural and non-human plural. Akhvakh verbs agree with the absolutive argument (subject of an intransitive or object of a transitive.)
Consider the following examples, which show the general principles. In the first example, the intransitive verb 'run' shows feminine agreement because its subject, 'girl', is feminine. In the second example, the transitive verb 'cook' shows neuter agreement because its object, 'meat', is neuter. (Creissels 2010:114)
| Jaše | q:'eɬ:-a | j-et-e | j-i:ni |
| girl | home-lative | fem-run-converb:fem | fem-go:imperfective |
| 'The girl ran home.' |
| Ak:'o-de | riɬ:'i | b-iž-e | q:'-e:ni. |
| wife-ergative | meat | neut-eat-converb:neut | eat-imperfective |
| 'The wife cooked the meat and ate it.' |
Note that in the second example, 'wife' is in the ergative case and appears to be the subject of both the verbs 'cook' and 'eat', but neither verb shows feminine agreement.
Cases
Akhvakh has an ergative-absolutive case-marking system. As the following examples (repeated from above) show, the transitive subject has the ergative case, while an intransitive subject has absolutive case. Absolutive case is not overtly marked by a suffix, but the noun phrase with absolutive case controls agreement on the verb:
| Jaše | q:'eɬ:-a | j-et-e | j-i:ni |
| girl | home-lative | fem-run-converb:fem | fem-go:imperfective |
| 'The girl ran home.' |
| Ak:'o-de | riɬ:'i | b-iž-e | q:'-e:ni. |
| wife-ergative | meat | neut-eat-converb:neut | eat-imperfective |
| 'The wife cooked the meat and ate it.' |
In addition to the ergative and absolutive cases, Akhvakh has eighteen other cases, for a total of twenty cases (Creissels 2010:108-9). The additional cases are
- dative
- genitive
- comitative
- purposive
- fifteen spatial cases, arrayed in five series of three.
Notes
- ↑ Akhvakh at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Akhvakh". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Ethnologue entry for Akhvakh, which also mentions its divergent dialects
- ↑ The peoples of the Red Book: Akhvakhs
- ↑ Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA
- ↑ Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics p. 371.
References
- Creissels, Denis. 2009. Participles and finiteness: the case of Akhvakh. Linguistic Discovery, vol 7:1. http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/2/xmlpage/1/article/334.
- Creissels, Denis. 2010. Specialized converbs and adverbial subordination in Axaxdərə Akhvakh. In Clause linking and clause hierarchy: Syntax and pragmatics, ed. by Isabelle Bril. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 105–142.
- Magomedova, Patimat and Abdulaeva, Indira. 2007. Axkaxsko-russkij slovar'. Maxačkala: Dagestanskij Naučnyj Centr Rossiskoj Akademii Nauk.
Further reading
- Wixman, Ronald. The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc, 1984), p. 8
- Olson, James S., An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994), pp. 25–26
- Магомедбекова З. М. Ахвахский язык: Грамматический анализ, тексты, словарь. Тб., 1967
- Богуславская О. Ю. Ахвахский язык // Языки Российской федерации и соседних государств. Т. 1. М., 1997
External links
-
The dictionary definition of Akhvakh at Wiktionary
