Alpe d'Huez

L'Alpe d'Huez

Tour de France arrival line, avenue du Rif Nel.
Highest point
Elevation 1,860 m (6,100 ft)
Coordinates 45°03′37″N 6°04′17″E / 45.06028°N 6.07139°E / 45.06028; 6.07139Coordinates: 45°03′37″N 6°04′17″E / 45.06028°N 6.07139°E / 45.06028; 6.07139
Geography
L'Alpe d'Huez

Alps

Location Isère, France
Parent range Alps

L'Alpe d'Huez (French pronunciation: [l‿al.pə d‿ɥɛz]) is a ski resort at 1,250 to 3,330 metres (4,100 to 10,930 ft). It is a mountain pasture in the Central French Alps, in the commune of Huez, which is part of the department of Isère in the region of Rhône-Alpes. It is part of the Grandes Rousses massif, over the Oisans, and is 59 kilometres (37 mi) from Grenoble. The Alpe d'Huez resort is accessible from Grenoble by the RD 1091, which runs along the Romanche Valley passing through the communes of Livet-et-Gavet and Le Bourg-d'Oisans as well as Haut-Oisans via the Col de Sarenne. Alpe d'Huez is used regularly in the Tour de France cycle race, including twice on the same day in 2013.

History

The site of the Alpe has been permanently occupied since the Middle Ages. East of L'Alpe veti, a medieval agglomeration had indeed grown from the end of the 11th to the 14th century under the name of Brandes. It was composed of a castle, a parish church with a cemetery, a village with about 80 homes, surface and underground mine workings as well as several industrial districts. Its occupants operated a silver mine on behalf of the Dauphin. It is currently the only medieval coron[1] known and preserved in its entirety, making it a unique site in Europe and classified as historical monuments by a decree of 6 August 1995.[2]

Excavated and studied continuously since 1977 by a team of the CNRS, this site is registered as historic monuments.[3] The medieval mining operation stretched from Gua (the Sarenne Valley) to the Lac Blanc [White Lake] (Massif des Rousses). The massif was also the subject of mining operations, including copper, from the Bronze Age.[4]

It is also at Alpe d'Huez where botanist Gaston Bonnier began his study of flora of France in 1871.

The station was developed from the 1920s. This is where the first platter lift for skiers was opened in 1936 with perches by Jean Pomagalski, creator of the Poma company.

Economy

Each year, the International Festival of comedy film of Alpe d'Huez is held in January.

Alpe d'Huez also has an altiport, the Alpe d'Huez Airport, built for the 10th Winter Olympics held at Grenoble in 1968. It was named for Henri Giraud on 15 April 2000, in memory of the famous mountain pilot. The altiport hosts helicopters including those of civil security, SAF Helicopteres and the Dauphiné flying club. A gourmet restaurant is located on the edge of the platform.

Local culture and heritage

Sites and monuments

The church

Alpe d'Huez has a modern and original church, the appearance of which recalls a silhouette of the Virgin Mary. Under the leadership of Father Jaap Reuten, head of the parish from 1964 to 1992, it was designed by the architect Jean Marol in the 1960s (completed in 1970), and decorated with colour-rich stained-glass windows by the artist Arcabas.

This church houses a pipe organ which is unique in the world. The organ takes the form of a hand drawn up towards the sky, designed by composer Jean Guillou and the German organ builder Detlef Kleuker. Each year, concerts are held around this instrument on Thursday night, winter and summer, as well as organ, pan flute and choral courses during the summer.

Cultural heritage

Winter sports

Alpe d'Huez is primarily used for downhill, or Alpine skiing.

Skiing at Alpe d'Huez

Alpe d'Huez
Location Alpe d'Huez, France
Nearest city Grenoble, France
Vertical 2,224 metres (7,297 ft)
Top elevation 3,330 metres (10,930 ft)
Base elevation 1,120 metres (3,670 ft)
Skiable area 236 square kilometres (58,000 acres)
Runs 123 (249km) (easy 38, intermediate 68, difficult 17)[5]
Longest run 16 km
Lift system 84 (6 cable cars, 10 gondolas, 3 access lifts, 24 chairlifts, 41 drag lifts)
Lift capacity 95,000 skiers/hr
Snowfall 5.48 m/year (216 in./year)
Snowmaking 64 square kilometres (16,000 acres)
Night skiing Limited, 1 lift, 2 days/week
Website Alpe d'Huez
Skiing the Couloir des cheminées de Mâcle above Alpe d'Huez resort
Alpe d'Huez resort

Alpe d'Huez is one of Europe's premier skiing venues. The site of the Pomagalski's first surface lift in the mid thirties, the resort gained popularity when it hosted the bobsleigh events of the 1968 Winter Olympics. At that time the resort was seen as a competitor to Courchevel as France's most upmarket purpose built resort but the development of Les Trois Vallées, Val d'Isère, Tignes, La Plagne and Les Arcs saw Alpe D'Huez fall from favour in the 1970s and early 1980s.

With 249 kilometres (155 miles) of piste and 84 ski lifts, the resort is now one of the world's largest. Extensive snowmaking facilities helped combat the ski area's largely south-facing orientation and helped Alpe d'Huez appeal to beginner skiers, with very easy slopes. The expansion of the skiing above the linked resorts of Vaujany, Oz-en-Oisans, Villard Reculas and Auris boosted the quantity and quality of intermediate grade slopes but the resort is mostly known for freeskiing, drawing many steep skiing enthusiasts to its high altitude terrain.

Aside from the Tunnel and Sarenne black runs, the latter the world's longest at 16 kilometres (10 miles), many Off-piste opportunities exist both from the summit of the 3330 m Pic Blanc and the 2808 m Dome des Petites Rousses. These include the 50-degree Cheminees du Mascle couloirs, the open powder field of Le Grand Sablat, the Couloir Fleur and the Perrins bowl. Up to 2200 m of vertical descent are available with heli drops back to the resort's altiport. The proximity to the exclusively off-piste resort of La Grave as well as tree skiing at Serre Chevalier and the glacier and terrain parks of Les Deux Alpes have made Alpe d'Huez a popular base for skiers looking to explore the Oisans region.

1968 Winter Olympics

Alpe d'Huez hosted the bobsleigh events at the 1968 Winter Olympics based at Grenoble 65 kilometres (40 mi) away.[6] The track, built in spring 1966 for FRF 5,500,000, hosted the 1967 FIBT world championship. The cooling could not keep the ice solid in bright daylight – not least because the track faced south. The four-man event was cancelled because of thawing ice, and modifications were made in spring 1967 to prepare for the Games.[6] The refrigeration system was strengthened in turns 6, 9, 12, and 13; turn 12 was covered with stone and earthwork to prevent concrete coming up, turn 12 was cooled with liquid nitrogen, and shades were built on turns 6, 9, 12, and 13 to minimise direct sunlight.[6] Thawing remained a problem and Olympic bobsleigh events had to be scheduled before sunrise. The track closed in 1972 due to high operating costs but the structure remains as demolition would not have been economical.

Physical statistics[6]
Sport Length (meters) Turns Vertical drop (start to finish) Average grade (%)
Bobsleigh 1500 13 140 9.33

No turn names were given for the track.

Cycle racing

Details of the climb

The climb to the summit starts at Le Bourg d'Oisans in the Romanche valley. The climb goes via the D211 from where the distance to the summit (at 1,860 m (6,102 ft)) is 13.8 km (8.6 mi), with an average gradient of 8.1%, with 21 hairpin bends and a maximum gradient of 13%.[7] In 2013, the finish of Stage 18 of the Tour de France, was at 1,850 m (6,070 ft) with the first passage being at a maximum altitude of 1,765 m (5,791 ft).[8]

Tour de France

L'Alpe d'Huez is climbed regularly in the Tour de France. It was first included in the race in 1952 and has been a stage finish regularly since 1976.[7]

The race was brought to the mountain by Élie Wermelinger, the chief commissaire or referee.[9] He drove his Dyna-Panhard car between snow banks that lined the road in March 1952, invited by a consortium of businesses who had opened hotels at the summit.[10] Their leader was Georges Rajon, who ran the Hotel Christina.[11] The ski station there opened in 1936. Wermelinger reported to the organiser, Jacques Goddet, and the Tour signed a contract with the businessmen to include the Alpe.[10] It cost them the modern equivalent of €3,250.[11]

That first Alpe d'Huez stage was won by Fausto Coppi.[9] Coppi attacked 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the summit to rid himself of the French rider Jean Robic.[9][12] He turned the Alpe into an instant legend because this was the year that motorcycle television crews first came to the Tour.[9] It was also the Tour's first mountain-top finish.[13] The veteran reporter, Jacques Augendre, said:

The Tourmalet, the Galibier and the Izoard were the mythical mountains of the race. These three cols were supplanted by the Alpe d'Huez. Why? Because it's the col of modernity. Coppi's victory in 1952 was the symbol of a golden age of cycling, that of champions [such as] Coppi, Bartali, Kubler, Koblet, Bobet. But only Coppi and Armstrong and Carlos Sastre have been able to take the maillot jaune on the Alpe and to keep it to Paris. That's not by chance. From the first edition, shown on live television, the Alpe d'Huez definitively transformed the way the Grande Boucle ran. No other stage has had such drama. With its 21 bends, its gradient and the number of spectators, it is a climb in the style of Hollywood.[12]

Augendre neglected to mention Fignon, who, along with Coppi and Armstrong, took yellow on the Alpe without winning the stage in 1983, 1984, and 1989. He held it into Paris in 1983 and 1984 but in 1989 he lost it on the final stage to Paris, a time trial, to Greg LeMond to finish second by 8", the closest finish in tour history.

After Coppi, however, the Alpe was dropped until 1964, when it was included as a mid-stage climb, and then again until 1976,[14] both times at Rajon's instigation.[11]

The hairpin bends are named after the winners of stages. All hairpins had been named by the 22nd climb in 2001 so naming restarted at the bottom with Lance Armstrong's name added to Coppi's.

French journalist and L'Equipe sportswriter Jean-Paul Vespini wrote a book about Alpe d'Huez and its role in the Tour de France: The Tour Is Won on the Alpe: Alpe d'Huez and the Classic Battles of the Tour de France.

Spectators

The Alpe has chaotic crowds of spectators. In 1999, Giuseppe Guerini won despite being knocked off by a spectator who stepped into his path to take a photograph. The 2004 individual time trial became chaotic when fans pushed riders toward the top. Attendance figures on the mountain have to be treated with caution. A million spectators were claimed for 1997. Eric Muller, the mayor of Alpe d'Huez, however, said there were 350,000 in 2001, four years later despite acceptance that the number rises every year. "We expect more than 400,000 for the centenary race in 2003," he said.[15] The author Tim Moore wrote:

As a variant on a sporting theme, Alpe d'Huez annoys the purists but enthrals the broader public, like 20/20 cricket or beach volleyball. Last year, a full-blown tent-stamping riot had required heavy police intervention. During this year's clean-up operation, down in a ravine with the bottle shards and dented emulsion tins, a body turned up. He'd fallen off the mountain and no one had noticed. When the Tour goes up Alpe d'Huez, it's a squalid, manic and sometimes lethal shambles, and that's just the way they like it. It's the Glastonbury Festival for cycling fans.[16]

Alpe d'Huez has been nicknamed the "Dutch Mountain",[17] since Dutchmen won eight of the first 14 finishes in de Tour De France. British author Geoffrey Nicholson wrote:

The attraction of opposites draws [Dutch spectators] from the Low Countries to the Alps each summer in any case. But all winter in the Netherlands coach companies offer two or three nights at Alpe d'Huez as a special feature of their alpine tours. And those Dutch families who don't come by coach, park their campers and pitch their tents along the narrow ledges beside the road like sea-birds nesting at St Kilda. The Dutch haven't adopted the Alpe d'Huez simply because it is sunny and agreeable, or even because the modern, funnel-shaped church, Notre Dame des Neiges, has a Dutch priest, Father Reuten (until a few years ago, it was used as a press room and was probably the only church in France where, for one day at least, there were ashtrays in the nave and a bar in the vestry, or where an organist was once asked to leave because he was disturbing the writers' concentration). No, what draws the Dutch to Alpe d'Huez is the remarkable run of success their riders have had there."[18]

Significant stages

1952: Jean Robic attacked at the start of the climb and only Fausto Coppi could stay with him. The two climbed together until Coppi attacked at bend five, four kilometres from the top. He won the stage, the yellow jersey and the Tour.

1977: Lucien Van Impe, a Belgian rider leading the climbers' competition, broke clear on the Col du Glandon. He gained enough time to threaten the leader, Bernard Thévenet. He was still clear on the Alpe when a car drove into him. The time that Van Impe waited for another wheel was enough to keep Thévenet in the lead by eight seconds.

1978: Another Belgian leading the mountains race also came close to taking the yellow jersey. Michel Pollentier also finished alone, but he was caught soon afterwards defrauding a drugs control and was disqualified.

1984: The Tour invited amateurs to take part in the 1980s. The best was Luis Herrera, who lived at 2,000m in Colombia. None of the professionals could follow him. He won alone to the cacophony of broadcasters who had arrived to report his progress.

1986: Bernard Hinault said he would help Greg LeMond win the Tour but appeared to ride otherwise. The two crossed the line arm in arm in an apparent sign of truce.

1997: Marco Pantani, who won on the Alpe two years earlier, attacked three times and only Jan Ullrich could match him. He lasted until 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) from the summit and Pantani rode on alone to win in what is often quoted as record speed (see below).

1999: Giuseppe Guerini, who broke away on his own, collided with a spectator but got up and went on to win the stage.

2001: Lance Armstrong feigned vulnerability earlier in the stage, appearing to be having an off-day. At the bottom of the Alpe d'Huez climb, Armstrong moved to the front of the lead group of riders and then looked back at Jan Ullrich. Armstrong later commented that he wasn't looking back at Ullrich but was actually looking back to see the position of his team mate Tyler Hamilton. Seeing no response from Ullrich, Armstrong accelerated away from the field to claim the victory, 1:59 ahead of Ullrich. Armstrong would later be stripped of this achievement and his tour win by his conviction for doping in 2012. His name however, is still honoured on one of the 21 signs of previous winners, lining the road of Alpe D'huez.

2013: Christophe Riblon won the stage at the summit of Alpe d'Huez during the 100th edition of the Tour. For the first time ever, riders rode up the climb twice with the descent over the Col de Sarenne in between.

Winners

Year Stage Start of stage Distance (km) Category of climb Stage winner Nationality Yellow jersey Bend
2015 20 Modane Valfréjus 110.5 HC Thibaut Pinot  France Chris Froome -
2013 18 Gap 172.5 HC Christophe Riblon  France Chris Froome 15
2011 19 Modane 109.5 HC Pierre Rolland  France Andy Schleck 16
2008 17 Embrun 210.5 HC Carlos Sastre  Spain Carlos Sastre 17
2006 15 Gap 187 HC Fränk Schleck  Luxembourg Óscar Pereiro 18
2004 16 Bourg-d'Oisans 15.5 (ITT) HC Vacated[19] 19
2003 8 Sallanches 219 HC Iban Mayo  Spain Vacated[19] 20
2001 10 Aix-les-Bains 209 HC Vacated[19] François Simon 21
1999 10 Sestrières 220.5 HC Giuseppe Guerini  Italy Vacated[19] 1
1997 13 Saint-Étienne 203.5 HC Marco Pantani  Italy Jan Ullrich 2
1995 10 AimeLa Plagne 162.5 HC Marco Pantani  Italy Miguel Indurain 3
1994 16 Valréas 224.5 HC Roberto Conti  Italy Miguel Indurain 4
1992 14 Sestrières 186.5 HC Andrew Hampsten  United States Miguel Indurain 5
1991 17 Gap 125 HC Gianni Bugno  Italy Miguel Indurain 6
1990 11 Saint-GervaisMont Blanc 182.5 HC Gianni Bugno  Italy Ronan Pensec 7
1989 17 Briançon 165 HC Gert-Jan Theunisse  Netherlands Laurent Fignon 8
1988 12 Morzine 227 HC Steven Rooks  Netherlands Pedro Delgado 9
1987 20 Villard-de-Lans 201 HC Federico Echave  Spain Pedro Delgado 10
1986 18 BriançonSerre Chevalier 182.5 HC Bernard Hinault  France Greg LeMond 11
1984 17 Grenoble 151 HC Luis Herrera  Colombia Laurent Fignon 12
1983 17 La Tour-du-Pin 223 HC Peter Winnen  Netherlands Laurent Fignon 13
1982 16 Orcières-Merlette 123 HC Beat Breu   Switzerland Bernard Hinault 14
1981 19 Morzine 230.5 HC Peter Winnen  Netherlands Bernard Hinault 15
1979* 18 Alpe d'Huez 118.5 HC Joop Zoetemelk  Netherlands Bernard Hinault 16
1979* 17 Les Menuires 166.5 HC Joaquim Agostinho  Portugal Bernard Hinault 17
1978 16 Saint-Étienne 240.5 1 Hennie Kuiper  Netherlands Joop Zoetemelk 18
1977 17 Chamonix 184.5 1 Hennie Kuiper  Netherlands Bernard Thévenet 19
1976 9 Divonne-les-Bains 258 1 Joop Zoetemelk  Netherlands Lucien Van Impe 20
1952 10 Lausanne 266 1 Fausto Coppi  Italy Fausto Coppi 21

*In 1979 there were two stages at Alpe d'Huez.
† Stage 18 of the 2013 Tour climbed to Alpe d'Huez twice.[20] Moreno Moser was the leader at the first time over the summit.

Fastest ascents

Profile of Alpe d'Huez
Panorama of the famous 21 bends towards Alpe d'Huez with outline
Sign at Bend 16 on the climb to Alpe d'Huez
Alpe d'Huez in summer

The climb has been timed since 1994 so earlier times are subject to discussion. From 1994 to 1997 the climb was timed from 14.5 kilometres (9.0 miles) from the finish. Since 1999 photo-finish has been used from 14 kilometres (8.7 miles). Other times have been taken 13.8 kilometres (8.6 miles) from the summit, which is the start of the climb. Others have been taken from the junction 700m from the start.[21]

These variations have led to a debate. Pantani's 37m 35s has been cited by Procycling and World Cycling Productions, publisher of Tour de France DVDs, and by Cycle Sport. In a biography of Pantani,[22] Matt Rendell notes Pantani at: 1994 – 38m 0s; 1995 – 38m 4s; 1997 – 37m 35s. The Alpe tourist association describes the climb as 14.454 kilometres (8.981 miles) and lists Pantani's 37m 35s (23.08 km/h) as the record.[23]

Other sources give Pantani's times from 1994, 1995 and 1997 as the fastest, based on timings adjusted for the 13.8 kilometres (8.6 miles).[24] Such sources list Pantani's time in 1995 as the record at 36m 40s. In Blazing Saddles, Rendell has changed his view and listed it as 36m 50s[25] as does CyclingNews.[23] Second, third, and fourth fastest are Pantani in 1997 (36m 45s), Pantani in 1994 (37m 15s) and Jan Ullrich in 1997 (37m 30s). Armstrong's time in 2004 (37m 36s) makes him fifth fastest, highlighting how the 1990s had faster ascents than other eras.

A number of cycling publications cite times prior to 1994, although distances are typically not included, making comparisons difficult. Coppi has been listed with 45m 22s for 1952.[24]

In the 1980s Gert-Jan Theunisse, Pedro Delgado, Luis Herrera, and Laurent Fignon rode in times stated to be faster than Coppi's, but still not breaking 40m. Greg LeMond and Bernard Hinault have been reported as having the times of 48m 0s in 1986.[26]

It was not until Gianni Bugno and Miguel Indurain in 1991, that times faster than 40m were reported, including in the 39m range for Bjarne Riis in 1995 and Richard Virenque in 1997.

Ascent times

Based on 14.454 km

Rank Time Name Year Nationality Evidence/Allegations that performance-enhancing drugs or doping affected ascent time
1 37' 35" Marco Pantani 1997  Italy Alleged drug use during 1997 due to high hermatocrit levels
2* 37' 36" Lance Armstrong 2004  United States 2004 Tour de France title stripped by UCI in 2012
3 38' 00" Marco Pantani 1994  Italy Alleged drug use during 1994 due to high hermatocrit levels
4 38' 01" Lance Armstrong 2001  United States 2001 Tour de France title stripped by UCI in 2012
5 38' 04" Marco Pantani 1995  Italy Alleged drug use during 1995 due to high hematocrit levels
6 38' 23" Jan Ullrich 1997  Germany Confessed later in his career to doping
7 38' 34" Floyd Landis 2006  United States Stripped of 2006 Tour de France title
8 38' 35" Andreas Klöden 2006  Germany Alleged doping during 2006 Tour de France
9* 38' 37" Jan Ullrich 2004  Germany Confessed later in his career to doping
10 39' 02" Richard Virenque 1997  France In 2000 confessed to doping during his career
11 39' 06" Iban Mayo 2003  Spain Failed doping test in 2007 Tour de France
12* 39' 17" Andreas Klöden 2004  Germany Alleged use of illegal blood transfusions in 2006
13* 39' 21" Jose Azevedo 2004  Portugal Implicated in the Operación Puerto doping case
14 39' 22" Nairo Quintana 2015  Colombia
15 39' 28" Miguel Induráin 1995  Spain
16 39' 28" Alex Zülle 1995   Switzerland Confessed in 1998 to taking EPO
17 39' 30" Bjarne Riis 1995  Denmark Alleged drug use during 1995 due to high hermatrocite levels
18 39' 31" Carlos Sastre 2008  Spain
19 39' 44" Gianni Bugno 1991  Italy
20 39' 45" Miguel Induráin 1991  Spain
21 39' 50" Nairo Quintana 2013  Colombia
22 40' 00" Jan Ullrich 2001  Germany Confessed later in his career to doping
23 40' 46" Fränk Schleck 2006  Luxembourg Reported to have paid €7000 to dr. Eufemiano Fuentes for medical advice, tested positive in 2012 Tour de France and faced one-year sanction
24 40' 51" Alexander Vinokourov 2003  Kazakhstan Alexander Vinokourov was caught blood doping during the 2007 Tour de France, and suspended for 2-years
25 41' 18" Lance Armstrong 2003  United States 2003 Tour de France title stripped by USADA in 2012
26 41' 21" Samuel Sánchez 2011  Spain
27 41' 30" Alberto Contador 2011  Spain Tested positive for clenbuterol in 2010. After an 18-month court case he was retroactively banned for 2 years and therefore lost all 2011 results and titles
28 41' 46" Cadel Evans 2008  Australia
29 41' 50" Laurent Fignon 1989  France Admitted using amphetamines in 1989
30 41' 50" Luis Herrera 1987  Colombia
31 41' 57" Pierre Rolland 2011  France
32 42' 15" Pedro Delgado 1989  Spain Tested positive for Probenecid in the 1988 Tour, which he won
33 42' 18" Thibaut Pinot 2015  France
34 43' 12" Ryder Hesjedal 2011  Canada Hesjedal admitted to doping in his early career.
35 43' 12" Thomas Danielson 2011  United States
36 45' 20" Gert-Jan Theunisse 1989  Netherlands Theunisse was caught using testosterone in the 1988 Tour de France and was assessed a 10:00 penalty. He also tested positive at two professional races in 1990.
37 45' 22" Fausto Coppi 1952  Italy
38 48' 00" Bernard Hinault 1986  France
39 48' 00" Greg LeMond 1986  United States

* The 2004 stage was an individual time trial.

Other cycle races

The peak is also finish of La Marmotte, a one-day, 175 km (109 mi) ride with 5,000 m (16,400 ft) of climbing.

Mountain biking

The resort caters for mountain bikers during the summer months, the pinnacle of which is the Megavalanche, a 'Downhill Enduro' Event that takes riders from lift station at the highest peak, Pic Blanc, to Allemont in the valley floor.

Triathlon

Since 2006 Cyrille Neveu has organized the Triathlon EDF Alpe d'Huez, which has become a major summer attraction.

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Alpe d'Huez is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. Bailly-Maître, Marie-Christine. "L’agglomération minière de Brandes (Huez-Isère)" [The mining community of Brandes (Huez-Isère)]. Laboratoire d'archéologie médiévale et moderne en Méditerranée (in French).
  2. "Monuments historiques" [Historic monuments] (in French).
  3. Bailly-Maître, Marie-Christine; Dupraz, Joëlle (1994). Brandes en Oisans, La mine d’argent des Dauphins (12e-14e siecles) [Brandes en Oisans, the silver mine of the dauphins (12th-14th centuries)] (in French). Lyon. Isère, DARA.
  4. Bailly-Maitre (M.-Ch); Gonon (Th.) (April 2006). L’exploitation de la chalcopyrite à l’Âge du Bronze dans le massif des Rousses en Oisans (Isère) [The exploitation of chalcopyrite in the Bronze Age in the Massif des Rousses in Oisans (Isère)]. actes du 131e congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques, Tradition et innovation (in French) (Grenoble: CTHS). pp. 207–223. 2008.
  5. "Ski Resorts | Ski Holiday Destinations". Crystal Ski. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
  6. 1 2 3 4 1968 Winter Olympics official report. pp. 104–105. (English) & (French) – accessed 27 February 2008.
  7. 1 2 "L'Alpe-d'Huez dans le Tour de France" (in French). ledicodutour. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  8. "Stage 18: Gap / Alpe-d'Huez". 2013 Tour de France. Le Tour de France. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Vélo, France, June 2004
  10. 1 2 Chany, Pierre (1988), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, Nathan, France
  11. 1 2 3 Procycling, UK, August 2002
  12. 1 2 L'Équipe Magazine, 17 July 2004
  13. L'Équipe Magazine, 20 July 2002
  14. Cycling Weekly, UK, November 2001
  15. Journal du Dimanche, France, 13 July 2003
  16. Procycling, UK, September 2004
  17. "Alpe d'Huez: Bourg d'Oisans". climbbybike.com. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  18. Nicholson, Geoffrey (1991) Le Tour: The Rise and Rise of the Tour de France, Hodder and Stoughton, UK, ISBN 0-340-54268-3. p. 173
  19. 1 2 3 4 http://www.usada.org/lance-armstrong-receives-lifetime-ban-and-disqualification-of-competitive-results-for-doping-violations-stemming-from-his-involvement-in-the-united-states-postal-service-pro-cycling-team-doping-conspi/
  20. "Stage 18:Gap to Alpe-d'Huez". Le Tour. 2 June 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  21. "Alpe d'Huez". www.gastrobiking.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
  22. Rendell, Matt (2006). The Death of Marco Pantani – A Biography. Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 978-0-297-85096-0.
  23. 1 2 Tim Maloney (21 July 2004). "Armstrong dominates on l'Alpe d'Huez". www.cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
  24. 1 2 "Les temps de référence dans la montée de l'Alpe d'Huez" (in French). grimpee.alpe.9online.fr. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
  25. Rendell, Matt (2007). Blazing Saddles. Quercus (United Kingdom). ISBN 978-1-84724-155-9.
  26. "L'Alpe d'Huez – The first strike". www.cyclingnews.com. July 2003. Retrieved 21 July 2008.

External links

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