Amoebophyra

Amoebophyra
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Chromalveolata
Superphylum: Alveolata
Phylum: Dinoflagellata
Class: Dinophyceae
Order: Coccidiniales
Family: Amoebophyraceae
Genus: Amoebophyra
Koeppen

Amoebophyra (or Amoebophrya) is a genus of dinoflagellate.[1] Amoebophyrais a syndian parasite[2] that infects free-living dinoflagellates that are attributed to a single species by using several host-specific parasites.[3] It acts as "biological control agents for red tides and in defining species of Amoebophrya." Researchers have found a correlation between a large amount of host specify and the impact host parasites may have on other organisms. Due to the host specificity found in each strain of Amoebophrya's physical makeup, further studies need to be tested to determine if the Amoebophrya can act as a control against harmful algal blooms.

Amoebophyra Strains

Different strains of Amoebophyra have been seen to infect different host species. Though research regarding the specificity of Amoebophyra is currently underway, the current hypothesis supported is that they range from non-host-specific to extremely host specific.[4] Over twenty dinoflagellate species have been reported to be infected by some strain of Ameobophyra.[5] It has proven to be difficult to determine whether or not a strain truly is host specific. Host specificity is confirmed not only through the strain's ability to infect various hosts, but their reproductive ability afterwards. If the Ameobophyra strain infects various hosts but is unable to successfully create following generations, then it would be considered host specific. [6] Ameobophyra is mostly known for its correlation with harmful algal blooms (HABs). Abundance of certain strains have been linked to the decline of some HABs in marine life, while others have been found to cause it.

References

  1. ↑ Salomon, P. S.; Janson, S.; Granéli, E. (2003). "Multiple species of the dinophagous dinoflagellate genus Amoebophrya infect the same host species". Environmental Microbiology 5 (11): 1046–1052. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00511.x. PMID 14641584.
  2. ↑ Miller, John J.; Delwiche, Charles F.; Coats, D. Wayne (September 2012). "Ultrastructure of Amoebophrya sp. and its Changes during the Course of Infection". PROTIST 163 (5): 720-745. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.007.
  3. ↑ Sunjun, Kim (2006-12-23). "Patterns in host range for two strains of Amoebophrya (Dinophyta) infecting thecate dinoflagellates: Amoebophyra spp. ex Alexandrium affine and ex Gonyaulax polygramma". BIOSIS 42 (6): 1170–1173. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00277.x.
  4. ↑ Sunju, Kim; Park, Myung Gil; Kim, Keun-Yong; Kim, Chang-Hoon; Yih, Wonho; Park, Jong Soo; Coats, D. Wayne (Jan 2008). "Genetic Diversity of Parasitic Dinoflagellates in the Genus Amoebophrya and Its Relationship to Parasite Biology and Biogeography". JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY 55 (1): 1-8. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00295.x.
  5. ↑ Yih, W; Coats, DW (September 2000). "Infection of Gymnodinium sanguineum by the Dinoflagellate Amoebophrya sp.: Effect of Nutrient Environment on Parasite Generation Time, Reproduction, and Infectivity". JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY 47 (5): 504-510. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00082.x.
  6. ↑ Sunju, Kim; Park, Myung Gil; Kim, Keun-Yong; Kim, Chang-Hoon; Yih, Wonho; Park, Jong Soo; Coats, D. Wayne (Jan 2008). "Genetic Diversity of Parasitic Dinoflagellates in the Genus Amoebophrya and Its Relationship to Parasite Biology and Biogeography". JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY 55 (1): 1-8. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00295.x.


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