Persecution of Ahmadis

Ahmadi Muslims have been subject to various forms of religious persecution and discrimination since the movement's inception in 1889. The Ahmadiyya stream of Islam emerged from the Sunni tradition of Islam and its adherents believe in all the five pillars and articles of faith required of Muslims.[1] Ahmadis are considered non-Muslims by many mainstream Muslims since they consider Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the movement, to be the promised Mahdi and Messiah awaited by the Muslims.[2][3][4][5] Ghulam Ahmad's messianic claims are rejected by mainstream Muslims who await the physical return of Jesus towards the end of time.

The Ahmadis are active translators of the Qur'an and proselytizers for the faith; converts to Islam in many parts of the world first discover Islam through the Ahmadis.[6] However, in a number of countries, Ahmadis have faced strong resistance and in many Muslim-dominated nations, Ahmadis have been considered heretics and non-Muslim, and subjected to persecution and systematic, sometimes state-sanctioned, oppression.[5][7] Ahmadis are declared as non-Muslims and further deprived of religious rights in the Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and Ordinance XX. Hundreds of Ahmadis were killed in 1953 Lahore riots, 1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots and May 2010 attacks on Ahmadi mosques in Lahore. 1974 riots were the largest killings of Ahmadis.

Pakistan

For the five million Ahmadis,[8][9] religious persecution has been particularly severe and systematic in Pakistan, which is the only state to have officially declared that Ahmadis are non-Muslims.[10] Pakistani laws prohibit the Ahmadis from identifying themselves as Muslims, and their freedom of religion has been curtailed by a series of ordinances, Acts and constitutional amendments.[11] When applying for a Pakistani passport, Pakistanis are required to declare that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was an impostor prophet and his followers are non-Muslims.[12]

As a result, persecution and hate-related incidents are regularly reported from different parts of the country. Ahmadis have been the target of many violent attacks by various religious groups in Pakistan.[13] Madrasahs of all sects of Islam in Pakistan prescribe reading materials for their students specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs.[14]

As a result of the cultural implications of the laws and constitutional amendments regarding Ahmadis in Pakistan, persecution and hate-related incidents are regularly reported from different parts of the country. Ahmadis have been the target of many attacks led by various religious groups.[15] All religious seminaries and madrasahs in Pakistan, belonging to different sects of Islam, have prescribed essential reading materials specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs.[16]

In a recent survey, students from many private schools of Pakistan expressed their opinions on religious tolerance in the country. The figures assembled in the study reflect that even among the educated classes of Pakistan, Ahmadis are considered the least deserving minority in terms of equal opportunities and civil rights.The teachers from these elite schools showed lower levels of tolerance towards Ahmadis than their pupils.[17]

Another example is Abdus Salam, the only recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics who identified as a Muslim. For his mere allegiance to the Ahmadiyya sect, he had been ignored and excommunicated. There are no monuments or universities named after him. The word "Muslim" has been erased from his grave stone.[18]

1953

Main article: Lahore riots of 1953

In 1953 at the instigation of religious parties, anti-Ahmadiyya riots erupted in Pakistan, killing scores of Ahmadi Muslims and destroying their properties. There was severe agitations against the Ahmadis, including street protests, political rallies, and inflammatory articles. These agitations led to 200 Ahmadi deaths. Consequently, Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad implemented martial law and dismissed Pakistan's Federal Cabinet.[19]

1974 riots and constitutional amendment

In 1974, a violent campaign, led mainly by the Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam and Jamaat-e-Islami, began against the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Pakistan, on the pretext of a clash between Ahmadis and non-Ahmadis at the railway station of Rabwah. This campaign resulted in several Ahmadi casualties and destruction of Ahmadiyya property, including the desecration of mosques and graves.

As a result of pressure from this agitation, legislation and constitutional changes were enacted to criminalise the religious practises of Ahmadis by preventing them from claiming they are Muslim or from "behaving" as Muslims. These changes primarily came about due to the pressure of the Saudi King at the time, King Faisal bin As-Saud, according to Dr Mubashar Hassan, Prime Minister Bhutto's close confidant at the time. Pakistan's parliament adopted a law that declares Ahmadis non-Muslims. The country's constitution was amended to define a Muslim "...as a person who believes in the finality of the Prophet Muhammad."[20][21]

Ordinance XX of 1984

Main article: Ordinance XX

On 26 April 1984, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the President of Pakistan, issued the anti-Ahmadiyya Ordinance XX,[22] which effectively prohibited Ahmadis from preaching or professing their beliefs.[23][24][25] The ordinance, which was supposed to prevent "anti-Islamic activities", forbids Ahmadis to call themselves Muslim or to "pose as Muslims." This means that they are not allowed to profess the Islamic creed publicly or call their places of worship mosques. Ahmadis in Pakistan are also barred by law from worshipping in non-Ahmadi mosques or public prayer rooms, performing the Muslim call to prayer, using the traditional Islamic greeting in public, publicly quoting from the Qur'an, preaching in public, seeking converts, or producing, publishing, and disseminating their religious materials. These acts are punishable by imprisonment of up to three years.[26] Ordinance XX and the 1974 amendment to the constitution effectively gave the state the exclusive right to determine the meaning of the term "Muslim" within Pakistan.

Many Ahmadis were arrested within days of the promulgation of this ordinance, and it gave way for widespread sanctioned as well as non-sanctioned persecution.

In 1986 it was supplemented by a new blasphemy provision[27] also applied to Ahmadis.[28]

Shab Qadar incident

The Shab Qadar incident was a public stoning of two members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in the town of Shab Qadar, in the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan in April 1995.[29] Dr. Rashid Ahmad and his son-in law, Riaz Ahmad Khan, were attacked as they were about to attend a court hearing in Shab Qadar. As they entered the court premises, a violent mob incited by local clerics attacked the men with sticks and stones. Riaz Khan was stoned to death and his dead body stripped and dragged through the town on a rope. Dr. Rashid Ahmad was taken to a hospital in Peshawar with serious injuries. A third Ahmadi, advocate Bashir Ahmad, escaped unhurt.[30] This murder took place in front of the police. Riaz Khan even asked a police officer for help, but instead of helping, the officer pushed him away.[31] According to Amnesty International, the police "stood and watched," and "...later pleaded that they could not have intervened in a situation like that." No one was detained or criminally charged for the killing.

The victims—senior Ahmadiyya community members from Peshawar—had come from the provincial capital to file a bail application for another Ahmadi Muslim, Daulat Khan. Daulat Khan had been harassed following his conversion to the sect. Local Muslim clergy reportedly called for his death. Daulat Khan had been arrested and imprisoned on 5 April 1995 under sections 107 (abetment) and 151 (disturbing the peace by joining in unlawful assembly) of the Penal Code. After the lynching of Rashid Ahmad and Riaz Ahmad Khan, Daulat Khan remained in custody and was further charged with posing as a Muslim and preaching Ahmadiyyat (section 298 C of the Penal Code) and insulting the religious sentiments of Muslims (section 295 A).[29]

Urdu novelist Mustansar Hussain Tarar made a reference to this event in his novel Raakh ("Ashes").

2000

On 30 October 2000, gunmen opened fire at an Ahmadiyya prayer meeting in the Pakistani province of Punjab, killing at least five worshippers and wounding another seven.[32]

2005

On 7 October 2005, masked gunmen with Kalashnikov rifles stormed a mosque belonging to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in a village called Mong in District Mandi Bahauddin, shooting dead eight people and wounding 14.[33]

2008

Two prominent members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community were murdered on 8 and 9 September 2008 after a program by Aammir Liaquat Hussein provoking people to kill Ahmadis was aired on a prominent Pakistani television channel Geo TV a day earlier on 7 September.[34][35]

2009

During the year 2009, eleven Ahmadis were killed, while numerous others became victims of attempted killings, according to a report titled "Persecution of Ahmadis in Pakistan during the year 2009" published by Nazarat Umoor-e-Aama Sadr Anjuman Ahmadia Pakistan. The report claimed that the actions of "Ahmadi opponents" had been encouraged largely by the prejudiced attitude of the authorities, and alleged that the federal government had been in denial of the human rights and religious freedom of the Ahmadis, especially the governments of Punjab and Azad Jammu and Kashmir.[36]

2010

April

Around 10 pm on 1 April 2010, three Ahmadis were returning home in their vehicle from their jewellery and cloth shops situated in Rail Bazaar in Faisalabad. As their car approached the Canal Road near Faisal Hospital, four or five unidentified militants in a white car ambushed them. The three Ahmadis were seriously injured when the men opened fire at them. The attackers managed to flee from the scene. The three men died before they reached the hospital.[37]

May Lahore attacks

On 28 May 2010, two mosques in Lahore belonging to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community were attacked by the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Punjab Wing (Punjabi Taliban). The attacks were carried out nearly simultaneously at Mosque Darul Al Zikr, Garhi Shahu and Mosque Bait Al Noor Lahore Model Town, 15 km apart. More than 90 people were killed and 108 were injured in the incident. One attacker was killed; another was captured by worshipers.[38] Three days later militants attacked the Intensive Care Unit of Lahore’s Jinnah Hospital, where victims and one of the alleged attackers were under treatment. Twelve people, mostly police officers and hospital staff, were killed in the shootout. The assailants escaped.[39] The Pakistani government did nothing to prevent this; as of yet they have not set up protection for Ahamdis.[40] As of May 28, 2013 the two attackers captured had not been prosecuted, but early in 2015 courts took up the case and proceeded with sentencing.[38][41][42]

On 31 May 2010, an Ahmadi was stabbed to death and his son seriously injured when an activist climbed the wall of their house with a dagger and attacked them. The son later died in hospital from serious wounds. The attacker escaped. Residents say that the assailant threatened to not leave any Ahmadi alive after having found motivation to kill them through a sermon given by a local fanatical sunni cleric.[43]

2011

On 7 September 2011, the mainstream Urdu newspaper Daily Jang published a special edition against Ahmadis.[44]

Throughout the year, Ahmadi students and teachers in the Pakistan's Punjab province have been systematically persecuted by schools and universities. The harassment has included social boycott, expulsions, threats and violence by students, teachers and principals of the Muslim majority sect.[45]

In education

Ahmadi students faced discrimination in Pakistan in 2011 because of their faith.[45]

2012

In Faisalabad, Quranic verses were removed from Ahmadi graves by the police.[46]

December 3, 2012, In Lahore over 100 tombstones at an Ahmadiyya graveyard in Lahore were desecrated in the wee hours of Monday by masked gunmen, who specifically targeted graves with Islamic inscriptions. They proclaimed themselves members of a banned organisation, and said the Ahmadiyyas had no right to use Quranic verses on their gravestones, as they "are not Muslims."[47][48] The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) condemned the destruction of over 100 tombstones at an Ahmadi graveyard on Monday and demanded the arrests of those responsible.[49]

Anti-Ahmadiyys sentiment in media

Islamic fundamentalism and Islamic extremism existed in the Pakistani media, causing them to start a hate campaign against Ahmadis.[50]

2013

January 7, 2013: Four Ahmadi employees of Black Arrow Printing Press accused of publishing allegedly blasphemous books, were arrested as they loaded a small truck with thousands of books and CDs.[51] On February 13, an additional district and sessions judge on Tuesday rejected an application for after-arrest bail by four men accused of publishing allegedly blasphemous books about the Ahmadi faith.

March 26, 2013: Local clerics attacked a house belonging to an Ahmadi family in the Shamsabad, a village of Kasur district of Punjab on Tuesday and subjected the family members to violence allegedly over their religious belief.[52] The five members of Mansoor’s family tried to take refuge in a room but the mob broke into the room as well. Mansoor was severely tortured, after which he lost consciousness, while his wife and his 70-year-old uncle were also beaten. Police personnel were reportedly present at the spot but took no action against the mob.[52]

International Human Rights Commission Punjab Director General Munawar Ali Shahid said, “Several people here have told me that the Ahmadis had been socially boycotted for long. Police have taken no action to stop violence against them,” [53]

April 30, 2013: In Lahore, Gulshan-i-Ravi police arrested seven members of the Ahmadi community on Monday without an FIR, after close to 300 people protested in front of what was described as a place of worship of the community. A woman and her 10-year-old son were also arrested No, although no female members of the police accompanied them.[54]

May 8, 2013: Members of the Khatm-e-Nabuwat Lawyers Forum (KNLF) (anti-Ahmadi activists) and police dragged five members of the Ahmadi community from an anti-terrorist court to a police station and detained them for several hours.[55]

2014

May 2014: American-Canadian Doctor Mehdi Ali Qamar, was gunned down while visiting Punjab, Pakistan to help train local doctors.[56][57] 100 Ahmadiyas took refuge in China after their lives were in danger in Pakistan.[58]

Persecution of Ahmadi students

Ahmadi students has faced extremist persecutions because of their faith in most popular universities and colleges of Pakistan including University of Sargodha.[60]

Other countries

Afghanistan

Persecution of Ahmadis in Afghanistan began in the early 20th century within the lifetime of Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the movement. Abdur Rahman, a disciple of Sayyid Abdul Latif of khost – a reputable religious scholar who was the tutor and adviser on religious affairs to the Prince (later Amir) Habibullah Khan – visited Qadian upon the latter's instruction. Having stayed there in the company of Ghulam Ahmad for some time and having pledged allegiance to him he returned to Afghanistan where he began preaching against the common notion of Jihad as war. This information eventually reached the King, Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, who had him arrested and he was later strangled to death while in prison. It is not clear however whether this was a state-sanctioned execution or simply murder. He is considered the first martyr of Ahmadiyya Islam.[61]

About two years later, Abdul Latif himself visted Qadian before starting on the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) and stayed there for a few months also joining the Ahmadiyya movement before returning to Afghanistan in 1903 to proselytise to his King, Amir Habibullah Khan. Upon reaching Khost, he wrote to some courtiers who decided to have him arrested and brought to Kabul. He was put to trial and examined, first by the Amir, then by Sirdar Nasrallah Khan, another leading cleric, and then by a jury of twelve religious clerics, only two of whom gave a verdict of apostasy against him which carried the death penalty in Afghanistan. The Amir thus charged him with apostasy [62][63] and on 14 July 1903, after being repeatedly asked to renounce his beliefs and recant and refusing to do so, he was stoned to death before a large crowd. Frank A. Martin, the English Engineer-in-Chief to the government of Afghanistan at the time, who had witnessed the execution, giving an account of it in his book Under the Absolute Amir, writes:

Before being led away from the Amir's presence to be killed, the moullah [Abdul Latif] prophesied that a great calamity would overtake the country, and that both the Amir and the Sirdar would suffer. About nine o’clock at night the day the moullah was killed, a great storm of wind suddenly rose and raged with violence for half an hour, and then stopped as suddenly as it came. Such a wind at night was altogether unusual, so the people said that this was the passing of the soul of the Moullah. Then cholera came, and, according to former outbreaks, another visitation was not due for four years to come, and this was also regarded as part of the fulfillment of the moullah's prophecy, and hence the great fear of the Amir and the prince, who thought they saw in all this their own death and it accounts also for the prince losing control of himself when his favourite wife died.
— Frank A. Martin, Under the Absolute Amir, ISBN 978-1-4304-9488-1, pg.204

Ahmadis see in the cholera epidemic that Kabul experienced within a month of the stoning, a sign of his and the movement's truth.[64] By the 1920s, nearly ten Ahmadis were stoned to death in Afghanistan[65] and it is reported that a total of about three Ahmadis had been executed in Kabul during this period. In the 1920s, King Amanullah Khan had several Ahmadiyya members forcibly reverted, and in 1924 affiliation with the Ahmadiyya became a capital offense.[66] Since then, no Ahmadiyya Muslims have been reported in Afghanistan, but a possibility of their existence remains.[67]

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, Ahmadis have been targeted by various protests and acts of violence, and fundamentalist Islamic groups have demanded that Ahmadis be officially declared kafirs (infidels).[68] Some adherents of Ahmadiyya have been subject to "house arrest" and several have been killed. In late 2003 several large, violent marches, led by Moulana Moahmud Hossain Mumtazi, were directed to occupy an Ahmadi mosque. In 2004, all Ahmadiyya publications were banned.[69]

Belarus

In 2007, the Ahmadiyya were banned from practising their faith openly in the state of Belarus and given a similar status to other banned religious groups in the country. Unable to obtain state registration, Ahmadi Muslims in the country who number about 30 including 13 native Belarusians, cannot conduct their activities formally as a collectivity such as importing or distributing literature, gathering together for prayers or meetings and having an official representative.[70]

Belgium

Because Ahmadiyya's are married under what is called the 'Fiqh-Ahmadiyya', which are the civil rules of the Ahmadiyya community in Pakistan, and because the 'Fiqh-Ahmadiyya' is not recognised in Pakistan, it frequently happens that family reunion visa are not granted on the base that the 'Nikah' (=marriage) is not valid in the country of origin, visas are then given to the minor children, but not to the spouse.

In 2011 the far right party Vlaams Belang organized a demonstration against the projected building of an Ahmadi mosque in the Brussels municipality of Uccle, allegedly out of fear for a "war of religions" between radical Sunnis and Ahmadis in the streets of the municipality.[71] However, it should be noted that this party organizes demonstrations against every projected building of mosques, Ahmadi or not.

Bulgaria

In 2003, persistent attempts were made in Bulgaria by a local prosecutor and the national state Religious Affairs Directorate to strip Ahmadi Muslims of their legal status. Ahmadis in Bulgaria, who (at the time) claimed some 400 members across the country, were refused registration as a religious community on the grounds that they were "against the religions that people follow here" and that "other countries – such as Pakistan – also attack the religious freedom of Ahmadis, who are considered to be heretical by many Muslims". Failing to obtain a legal status, the Ahmadiyya community decided to seek registration as a non-commercial organisation with the Blagoevgrad Regional Court, where one of its biggest congregations is based. This too was rejected on the grounds that "the community had been denied registration as a religion" and that "only registered religious communities are allowed to create non-commercial entities to promote their faith". However, the community was able to successfully challenge this latter decision and gained registration as such in December 2005. Subsequently, their legal status as a non-commercial organisation was again opposed by the Religious Affairs Directorate and the Regional Prosecutor's Office lodged a suit to the regional court calling for it to revoke the registration. The Bulgarian authorities citied the Pakistani government's legal measures against the Ahmadis as a reason to restrict their rights also. Most human rights and religious freedom activists have seen this denial of registration to the Ahmadi community as an exception.[72]

Egypt

There has been a recent rise of persecution of Ahmadis in Egypt. In March 2010, nine Ahmadis were detained for allegedly insulting Islam.[73]

Gambia

Since its earliest history in the Gambia in the 1950s, Ahmadis have continued to face resistance and religious intolerance from certain Muslim clerics and Islamic bodies in the country. More recently, in 2014, a leading Gambian Muslim cleric, Alhaji Abdoulie Fatty, who was also the Imam of the State House of the Gambia at that time, called for the expulsion of Ahmadi Muslims from the country. Having described Ahmadi Muslims as non-Muslims, he called for a ban on the propagation of Ahmadiyya teachings in the Gambia. [74][75] In January 2015, the government-financed Gambia Supreme Islamic Council aired on state television and other state and print media its decision to declare the Community, as a non-Muslim group.[76] The move was condemned by Baba Trawally, the Ameer (National President) of the Gambian Ahmadiyya community and Demba Ali Jawo, former president of the Gambia Press Union.[77][78]

India

In India, Ahmadis are Muslims by law. This is supported by a verdict from the Kerala High Court on 8 December 1970 in the case of Shihabuddin Imbichi Koya Thangal vs K.P. Ahammed Koya, citation A.I.R. 1971 Ker 206.[10] In this landmark ruling, the court determined that Ahmadis are Muslims and that they cannot be declared apostates by other Muslim sects because they hold true to the two fundamental beliefs of Islam: that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad was a servant and messenger of God.[79]

While Ahmadis are considered Muslims by law and there are no legal restrictions on their religious activities,[10] they are not permitted by fellow Muslims of other sects to sit on the All India Muslim Personal Law Board, a body of religious leaders that the Indian government recognises as representative of Indian Muslims.[80]

2008

Ahmadis were denied permission to meet in Hyderabad because of the protests from the Islamic groups.[81][82][83] On 19 August 2008 Islamic cleric named Maulvi Habib-ur-Rehman incited hatred for the people in a rally. On the night of 21/22 August 2008, three Ahmadis were attacked. Their properties were damaged. In all, six persons were attacked.[84]

2009

In Chennai, the body of a 36-year-old Ahmadi woman of the community was exhumed and desecrated by "anti-social elements" from a graveyard. at Royapettah on 1 June. Ahmadis alleged the police intervention in this issue. They did a press conference. They told the detailed of the incident and persecution faced by Islamic clerics. Madras High Court has ruled that Ahmadis are Muslims.[85] Muslims led by Shahi Imam Habib-ur-Rehman Sani protested against Jalsa Salana. Muslims all across the state have joined hands in the protests. Indian finance minister Pranab Mukerjee was likely to attend the Jalsa Salana. Muslims damaged his office and blocked the traffic for stopping the annual convention of Ahmadis. Police imposed curfew for three days. Many people were injured and one Sikh died. When the convention was held, the protestors presented anti-Ahmadiyya document to the chief commissioner to be forwarded to Prakash Singh Badal. The protest was organized in all the big mosques of Punjab.[86]

2010

Islamic clerics threatened the Mayawati government to remove mentions of the Ahmadiyya sect from the syllabus.[87]

2011

In Mumbai, Darul Uloom Deoband had asked the Saudi Arabia's government to ban Ahmadis from doing Hajj. The spokesperson said that Ahmadis do not believe in the finality prophethood therefore they cannot do Hajj. They sent a letter to the government. Ahmadi spokesperson said that they are not aware of it.[88] In New Delhi, Ahmadis faced protest at peace mission. They were going to spread the light of Islam and peace through the Quran but they were the protests from the Muslims of India. All India Muslim Personal Law Board's members is also included in it. Ahmadis changed the timings of the convention.Maulana Bukhari and his protestors were detained in a police station for protesting against this.[89][90][91][92][93]

2012

In Hyderabad, an anti-Ahmadiyya mob attacked the mosque and said to stop the prayers. They also threw stones at the mosque.[94]

Indonesia

2008

In 2008, many Muslims in Indonesia protested against the Ahmadiyya movement. With violence and large demonstrations, these religious conservatives put pressure on the government to monitor, and harass the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Indonesia.[95] Public opinion in Indonesia is split in three ways on how Ahmadiyya should be treated: (a) some hold it should be banned outright on the basis that it is a heretical and deviant sect that is not listed as an officially recognised religion in Indonesia; (b) others hold that it should not be banned because of the freedom of religion article in the Constitution, but also should not be allowed to proselytise under the banner of "Islam" on the basis that this is misleading; (c) still others hold that it should be free to do and say as it pleases based on the Constitutional right to freedom of religion.[96] In June 2008, a law was passed to curtail "proselytizing" by Ahmadiyya members.[97] An Ahmadiyya mosque was burned.[98] Human rights groups objected to the restrictions on religious freedom.[99] A government decree adopted in 2008 under pressure from Islamic conservatives bans the sect from spreading its faith.[100]

2010

In July 2010, a mob of 200 Indonesians surrounded an Ahmadi mosque in Manislor village in Kuningan district, West Java. The mob pelted the mosque with stones before being dispersed by the police.[101]

2011

On 6 February 2011 three (originally reported as six, and later amended) Ahmadiyya members were killed at Pandeglang, Banten province, in a clash between locals.[102] While the government did instruct police to hunt the killers, it also called on Ahmadiyya to abide by the 2008 decree and stop spreading their belief.[103]

In July 2011 the prosecuting sought sentences of between five to seven months for the defendants, an act that caused outcry by rights activists.[104] The verdict given was between three and six months, slightly lighter than sought. This has trigger criticism from human right defenders and the international community including the US and the EU.[105] In addition, a Cikeusik Ahmadi leader, Deden Darmawan Sudjana, was also sentenced to six months in prison for physical abuse and acts against the state, refusing an order from a police officer who told him to leave the house.[106] A US State Department spokeswoman said they were "disappointed" with the verdict, while an activist of the New York-based Human Rights Watch, called it "the Talibanization of Indonesia".[107]

Malaysia

In April 2009, the Selangor Islamic Religious Council of Malaysia issued a letter that forbade members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from offering Friday prayers at their central mosque. Moreover, Ahmadis failure to comply with the order would result in imprisonment of up to one year and/or a fine up to 3000 Malaysian ringgit. A large notice outside the mosque states Qadiani Bukan Agama Islam, which translates to Qadiani [Ahmadiyyat] is not Islam.[108][109]

Palestine

Ahmadis were reported to be persecuted in the Palestinian Authority-controlled areas in 2010.[110] In 2010, Mohammed Sharif Ouda, head of the Ahmadi community in Israel, told Arutz Sheva radio that the Palestinian Authority is "encouraging the cold-blooded murder of Ahmadis" by failing to take concrete action to protect the community.[110]

Saudi Arabia

Ahmadis are persecuted in Saudi Arabia on an ongoing basis. Although there are many foreign workers and Saudi citizens belonging to the Ahmadiyya sect in Saudi Arabia,[111][112][113][114] Ahmadis are officially banned from entering the country and from performing the Hajj to Mecca.[115][116][117]

United Kingdom

2009

In 2009 a demonstration consisting of mainly Muslims was held in Walsall to prevent Ahmadis acquiring a mosque.[118]

2010

In 2010, in the wake of the May 2010 attacks on two Ahmadi mosques in Lahore, Pakistan, members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community living in the UK were threatened and intimidated. Certain Muslim groups in South London distributed leaflets asking readers to kill Ahmadis and boycott their businesses, and Ahmadi mosques in Crawley and Newham were vandalised. In October 2010 Ofcom criticised the UK-based Ummah Channel for broadcasting three interactive television programmes before and after the Lahore massacre of Ahmadi Muslims in May 2010, in which religious leaders and callers alike said that Ahmadis should be killed. These programmes were repeated several times. Ofcom stated that the programme's abusive treatment of the religious views and beliefs of members of the Ahmadiyya community breached UK broadcasting regulations.[119][120]

Nasser Butt, a Liberal Democrat parliamentary candidate for the general election was targeted by a campaign that asked Muslims not to vote for him because of his faith. In the upcoming election, hustings in the Tooting Islamic centre, a Conservative candidate, Mark Clarke, was mistaken for Butt and had to be locked in a room for his safety.[121]

2016

Murder of Asad Shah

In March 2016, an Ahmadi Scottish shopkeeper Asad Shah was stabbed to death in Glasgow after wishing people a Happy Easter on social media.[122] The Daily Mail reported: "police suspect the incident was 'religiously prejudiced' and have arrested a 32-year-old Muslim man belonging to the rival Sunni sect over the murder." [123] On March 29, 2016, the murderer's name was revealed as Tanveer Ahmed.[124] On 6 April 2016, Tanveer Ahmed stated "that he killed Asad Shah," and claimed "if I had not done this others would".[125] An Ahmadi anti-extremism campaign was launched in Glasgow, with attendance of Ahmadi Muslims, Christian, Sikh, and Jewish leaders, but no Muslims belonging to other sects.[126]

Hate Leaflets

In April 2016, leaflets were distributed across London's universities, mosques and shopping centres, calling for the killing of Ahmadis. The leaflets were signed by the Khatme Nubuwwat organisation.[127]

In the media

Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International (MTA) has produced four documentaries regarding the persecution of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community over the last century.

Anti-Ahmadiyya parties

Political groups associated with the persecution of the Ahmadis include the Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam, Khatme Nabuwwat movement[128] (Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat, Pasban Khatme Nabuwwat, Tanzeem-e-Islami and Tehreek-e-Khatme Nabuwwat), Jamaat-e-Islami, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan[129]

United Kingdom

Ummah Channel, broadcast three interactive programs against Ahmadis in the wake of Lahore massacre[119][120][130] Ofcom criticized Ummah Channel for doing this.

Leaders of groups associated with the persecution of Ahmadis

Discrimination and pejorative terms by Muslims

Terms

Qadiani and Mirzai are the pejorative terms used by non-Ahmadi Muslims from the Indian subcontinent.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Ahmadi Muslim Community. Who are the Ahmadi Muslims and what do they believe? Waqar Ahmad Ahmedi gives a brief introduction to the Ahmadi branch of Islam." Times Online. 27 May 2008.
  2. ↑ Naeem Osman Memon (1994). An Enemy a Disbeliever a Liar, Claims of Hadhrat Ahmad. Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-552-8.
  3. ↑ B.A Rafiq (1978). Truth about Ahmadiyyat, Reflection of all the Prophets. London Mosque. ISBN 0-85525-013-5.
  4. ↑ Mirza Tahir Ahmad (1998). Revelation Rationality Knowledge and Truth, Future of Revelation. Islam International Publications. ISBN 1-85372-640-0.
  5. 1 2 Lago, Colin, ed. (2011). The Handbook of Transcultural Counselling and Psychotherapy. UK: McGraw-Hill Education (published 1 October 2011). p. 312. ISBN 9780335238514.
  6. ↑ Balzani, Marzia. "Localising Diaspora: The Ahmadi Muslims and the Problem of Multi-sited Ethnography". Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  7. ↑ "Localising Diaspora: the Ahmadi Muslims and the problem of multi-sited ethnography". Association of Social Anthropologists, 2004 conference panel.
  8. ↑ "The Federal Foreign Office Germany - Pakistan Info (German Language)". Foreign Office (Germany). March 2012.
  9. ↑ "The Federal Foreign Office Germany - Pakistan Info (English Translation)". Foreign Office (Germany). March 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 Hoque, Ridwanul (21 March 2004). "On right to freedom of religion and the plight of Ahmadiyas". The Daily Star.
  11. ↑ Khan, Naveeda. "Trespasses of the State: Ministering to Theological Dilemmas through the Copyright/Trademark". Sarai Reader 2005: Bare Acts. p. 184.
  12. ↑ "BBC News - Why Pakistan's Ahmadi community is officially detested". Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  13. ↑ "Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations". Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol 16, September 2003.
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  14. ↑ Rahman, Tariq. "Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Survey of the Education System of Pakistan". Contemporary South Asia, 2004. p. 15.
  15. ↑ Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol 16, September 2003
    "Eight die in Pakistan sect attack", BBC News
    "Sect offices closed in Pakistan", BBC News
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  17. ↑ Peace and Democracy in South Asia, Volume 1, Number 1, January 2005. Passports to Privilege: The English-Medium Schools In Pakistan, Tariq Rahman. Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ Mohammed Hanif (16 June 2010). "BBC News - Why Pakistan's Ahmadi community is officially detested". BBC News (London: BBC). Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  19. ↑ "Pakistan: Jamaat-i-Islami". Library of Congress Country Studies. April 1994.
  20. ↑ Constitution of Pakistan Art. 260(3), added by Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974 (XLIX of 1974) S. 3 and amended by Constitution (Third Amendment) Order, 1985 (President's Order No. 24 of 1985) S. 6
  21. ↑ Cf. Abdur Rahman Mobashir vs. Syed Amir Ali Shah Bokhari, PLD 1978 Lahore 113
  22. ↑ PPC Ss. 298-B and 298-C, added by Anti-Islamic Activities of the Quadiani Group, Lahori Group and Ahmadis (Prohibition and Punishment) Ordinance, 1984 (XX of 1984)
  23. ↑ Mujibur Rehman vs. Federal Government of Pakistan, PLD 1985 FSC 8, affirmed by Capt. (Retd.) Abdul Wajid vs. Federal Government of Pakistan, PLD 1988 SC 167
  24. ↑ Zaheeruddin vs. The State, 1993 SCMR 1718, affirming PLD 1988 Quetta 22 and Khurshid Ahmad vs. The State, PLD 1992 Lahore 1
  25. ↑ Khan, Naveeda. "Trespasses of the State: Ministering to Theological Dilemmas through the Copyright/Trademark". Sarai Reader 2005: Bare Acts. p. 182.
  26. ↑ "Ahmadiyya Islam." GlobalSecurity.org. 26 April 2005. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
  27. ↑ PPC S. 295-C, inserted by Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1986 (III of 1986)
  28. ↑ Cf. e.g. Khurshid Ahmad vs. The State, PLD 1992 Lahore 1, para. 35
  29. 1 2 Amnesty International 8 April 1995, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, page 82 of its Annual Report (1995)
  30. ↑ "Implementation of the declaration on the elimination of all forms of intolerance and of discrimination based on religion of belief". Report submitted by Mr. Abdelfattah Amor, United Nations Special Rapporteur, in accordance with UN Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/23.
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  32. ↑ "Gunmen kill five at prayer meeting". news.bbc.co.uk. 30 October 2000.
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  34. ↑ "Two persons murdered after an anchor person proposed the widespread lynching of Ahmadi sect followers". Asian Human Rights Commission. 10 September 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  35. ↑ "KARACHI: Muttahida expels Aamir Liaquat". Dawn. 11 September 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  36. ↑ "11 Ahmadis killed during 2009: report". dailytimes.com.pk. 12 March 2009.
  37. ↑ "11 Ahmadis slam target-killings in Faisalabad". dailytimes.com.pk. 5 April 2010.
  38. 1 2 Jajja, Sumaira (May 28, 2013). "Three years on, no justice for 86 dead Ahmadis". Dawn. Retrieved 25 April 2014. “The 2010 Lahore incident is the only terrorist attack where the attackers were apprehended by the worshippers and handed over to the police,” said Saleemuddin, spokesperson for the Ahmadiyya Jamaat Pakistan.
    In a polite but jaded tone he said the attackers were presented in an anti-terrorism court but nothing came of it.
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  40. ↑ "Lahore attacks leave over 80 dead". geo.tv. 28 May 2010.
  41. ↑ "Pakistan: Prosecute Ahmadi Massacre Suspects". May 27, 2012. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 25 April 2014. Two men were captured during the attack, but the government has failed to make progress on their trial, seeking repeated adjournments from the court, as has the defense.
  42. ↑ "COURT ANNOUNCES DEATH SENTENCE FOR AHMADI ATTACKER". newsweekpakistan.com. 19 Jan 2015.
  43. ↑ "Ahmadi man stabbed to death in Narowal". dawn.com. 31 May 2010.
  44. ↑ "Jhang's Special Anti-Ahmadiyya Edition". Jhang Group. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
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  48. ↑ Joshua, Anita (4 December 2012). "Grave vandalism highlights plight of Pakistan's Ahmadiyyas". The Hindu (Chennai, India).
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  52. 1 2 "Clerics attack Ahmadi house, torture family in Punjab". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
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  56. ↑ Jennifer Hough (26 May 2014). "Canadian doctor Mehdi Ali Qamar gunned down as he visited gravesite in Pakistan with wife and son". National Post. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
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  62. ↑ Frank A. Martin. "Under the Absolute Amir" Harper & Brothers, 1907 p 203-4
  63. ↑ Adil Hussain Khan. "From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia" Indiana University Press, 6 apr. 2015 p 131
  64. ↑ Argument Number 10 – Prophecies: Prophecy No. 1: Afghan martyrs
  65. ↑ Adil Hussain Khan. "From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia" Indiana University Press, 6 apr. 2015 p 133
  66. ↑ Vincent Littrell. [Islam: Ahmadiyya]. World Association of International Studies, February 17, 2006
  67. ↑ Yohanan Friedmann: Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background, Oxford University Press India 2003, pg 26–29
  68. ↑ Rahman, Waliur. "Violent Dhaka rally against sect". BBC News. 23 December 2005.
  69. ↑ "Bangladesh: The Ahmadiyya Community - their rights must be protected". Amnesty International. 22 April 2004.
  70. ↑ "Belarus: Ahmadiyya Muslims among banned religious organisations". Forum18.org. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
  71. ↑ French: ' "Le Vlaams Belang manifeste contre la construction d’une mosquée", Le Soir, 13 October 2011
  72. ↑ "Bulgaria: Ahmadis barred "because it is against the religions that people follow here"". Forum18.org. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
  73. ↑ Egypt Ahmadis detained
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  125. ↑ Cramb, Auslan (6 April 2016). "Man from Bradford admits killing Glasgow shopkeeper Asad Shah". Retrieved 7 April 2016. said it was because he “disrespected” Islam. Tanveer Ahmed, 32, said in a statement that he killed Asad Shah, 40, claiming: "if I had not done this others would".
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  128. ↑ Al-Hammarneh, Ala; Thielmann, Jorn (January 2008). Islam and Muslims in Germany. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 317.
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