Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)

This article is about the pan-Arab Ba'ath Party, which is Syrian-led but has branches in multiple countries. For the branch that controls Syria, see Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region.

Coordinates: 33°30′23″N 36°17′13″E / 33.50639°N 36.28694°E / 33.50639; 36.28694

Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
Secretary General Hafez al-Assad (de jure)
Abdullah al-Ahmar (de facto)
Founded 25 February 1966 (25 February 1966)
Split from Ba'ath Party (unitary)
Headquarters Damascus, Syria
Newspaper Ba'ath Message[1]
Ideology Neo-Ba'athism,[2]
Assadism
Colors Black, Red, White and Green (Pan-Arab colors)
Parliament of Syria
134 / 250
Parliament of Lebanon
2 / 128
Parliament of Yemen
2 / 301
Party flag
Website
baath-party.org

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (also spelled Ba'ath or Baath, "resurrection" or "renaissance"; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي‎ Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki), also referred to as the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, is a neo-Ba'athist political party, with branches across the Arab world. The party emerged from a split in the Ba'ath Party in February 1966. The party leads the government in Syria. From 1970 until 2000, the party was led by the Syrian president Hafez al-Assad. As of 2000, leadership has been shared between his son Bashar al-Assad (head of the Syrian regional organization) and Abdullah al-Ahmar (head of the pan-Arab national organization). The Syrian branch of the party is the largest organisation within the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party.

Leadership

Secretary Generals

Hafez al-Assad became the secretary of the Syrian Regional Command of the party in 1970, and Secretary General of the National Command in late 1970.[3][4] Despite being deceased, Hafez al-Assad is still the official Secretary General of the National Command. Bashar al-Assad became the Regional Secretary of the party in Syria after his father's death in 2000.[5][6] Abdullah al-Ahmar serves as the Assistant Secretary General of the National Command, a post he has held since the 1970s.[6][7]

National Command

Full members
Note: several members are missing
Reserve members
Note: several members are missing

National Congresses

Note: for the 1st–8th National Congresses, see the national congresses held by the unified, pre-1966 Ba'ath Party

Organization

The party is organized along Leninist lines, a policy stemming back to Aflaq and Bitar's leadership before the split.[9] The highest organ of the party is the Party Congress. The Congress elects a General Secretary and a National Command. Under the National Command there is a Regional Command for each state in which the party operates. The regions are divided into branches, which are divided into companies. A branch consists of two or more companies. A company comprises three to seven cells.[10] Each cell has between three and seven members.[11]

In theory, the National Command of the party is the embryonic government for the entire Arab nation. The body comprises 21 members, half of whom are Syrian.[9] In practice, the Syrian Regional Command is the more powerful institution inside the party.[9] The Syrian Regional Command is the real political leadership in Syria; the power of the National Command has become more symbolic than real. A seat in National Command has become a sinecure, an honorary post given to Syrian politicians as they retire from active political life.[11][12] Hafez al-Assad rarely had time to attend National Command meetings. Instead, he appointed Vice President for Party Affairs Zuhayr Mashariqa or Abd al-Halim Khaddam to represent him at National Command meetings.[12] In theory, the National Command could conduct proselytism and form new Regional Commands across the Arab world and support weaker Regional Commands, but Syrian policymakers have curtailed that capacity.[11]

Branches by region

Algeria

There is an active branch in Algeria.[13]

Bahrain

There is an active branch in Bahrain.[14]

Egypt

There is an active branch in Egypt.[14]

Iraq

Iraqi branch
Regional Secretary Mouteb Shenan
Founded 1966

The party was sometimes known in Iraq as Left-wing Ba'ath or Qutr Al-Iraq.[15][16] Prominent members of the party in Iraq include Mahmud al-Shaykh Radhi, Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi and Dr. Mahmud Shamsa.[17] The party opposed the rule of Saddam Hussein[18] and was one of the first groups to be targeted by him. The party lost hundreds of its cadres amid repression by his government.[19] Radhi was based in Syria during the 1970s.[20]

The party labelled the Saddam government as “fascist”.[15] When the Iran–Iraq War broke out in 1980, the party took part in the formation of the Iraqi Patriotic and Democratic Front, together with the Iraqi Communist Party, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdish Socialist Party. The front vowed to overthrow Saddam Hussein.[21]

In the 1980s, the party began cooperating with the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq.[19] The party organized the first general conference of Iraqi opposition groups in Damascus in 1989. It also participated in a conference of Iraqi opposition groups in Beirut in 1991.[16] In 1999, Radhi was staying in the United Kingdom.[22] The party was one of three main groups (along with the Iraqi Communist Party and the Islamic Dawa Party) which formed the Coalition of Iraqi National Forces. The Coalition was opposed to Saddam Hussein as well as U.S. military intervention.[16] During the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the party publicly denounced U.S. involvement in the organization of Iraqi dissidents in exile.[23]

After the fall of Saddam Hussein's administration, confusion arose as to whether the de-Ba'athification law also applied to the party.[24] In 2008 Radhi requested that the party be allowed to function inside Iraq and join the process of reconciliation.[15] In response the Iraqi government declared that they viewed Qotr al-Iraq as distinct from Saddam's Ba'ath, as Qotr al-Iraq had participated in the opposition conferences during the Saddam years.[24] As of 2009, the Iraqi regional organization is still based in Syria.[25]

The current leader of the Iraqi chapter is Mouteb Shenan. The former leader, Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi, was based in Damascus,[26] and has been accused by the United States government of providing financial and material support to al-Qaeda in Iraq.[27][28]

Regional Secretaries

Jordan

The Ba'ath Arab Progressive Party was legally registered for the first time in 1993.[30] The branch is small, and has, according to a Wikileaks document, "minuscule number of adherents".[30] Despite it small size, the branch is able through its leader, Fuad Dabbour, able to get a decent footprint in Jordanian media.[30] Dabbour's fiery statements on foreign policy are frequently quoted by the press.[30] The party is less known than its pro-Iraqi counterpart, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.[31] It is the party branch of the Syrian-dominated Ba'ath Party in Jordan.[32] Fuad Dabbour is the branch's Regional Secretary.[30] It is believed that the party has fewer than 200 members.[33]

Regional Secretaries

Lebanon

The Lebanese branch was established in 1966, the year of the Ba'ath Party split. During the Lebanese Civil War, the party had an armed militia called the Assad Battalion.[34] The party joined forces with Kamal Jumblatt's Progressive Socialist Party in organizing the National Democratic Movement, seeking to abolish the confessional state.[35] The National Democratic Movement was superseded by the National Democratic Front, in which the party participated.[36] The party organized resistance against Israeli forces in Lebanon.[36] In July 1987 it took part in forming the Unification and Liberation Front.[37]

In the 2009 parliamentary election, the party won two seats as part of the March 8 Alliance. The parliamentarians of the party are Assem Qanso and Qassem Hashem.[38] The current leader of the party is Fayez Shukr. Wael Nader al-Halqi, the Prime Minister of Syria, praised the Lebanon Regional Branch leadership, stating that they supported the Syrian leadership and tayed loyal to the Assads, despite the Syrian occupation of Lebanon and in times of conspiracies and attacks.[39]

Palestine

Main article: As-Sa'iqa

Palestinian Samir al-Attari was a member of the National Command in the 1970s.[7] Until 1970, as-Saiqa remained under the control of Jadid.[40]

As-Sa'iqa leaders
Regional Secretaries

Sudan

During the 1980s, the party was called Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan (differentiating it from the pro-Iraqi party, called Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Country of Sudan). The party participated in the 1986 election as part of the Progressive National Front.[42]

The party held its third regional congress in Khartoum on February 5–6, 2009. The congress elected a 23-member Central Committee, an 11-member Regional Command and a regional secretary (Altijani Mustafa Yassin). The congress stated that the party sought cooperation with the National Congress Party for the sake of forming a national front.[43][44] The party staunchly opposed independence of South Sudan.[44]

It was reported in 2010 that Ahmad Alahmad, the Secretary General of the Arab Socialist Movement, was a member of the Sudanese regional leadership.[45]

Regional Secretaries

Mauritania

A Syrian branch was established in Mauritania in 1981.[47]

Syria

The logo of the Syrian branch organization

The party slogan "Unity, Freedom, Socialism" is enshrined in the constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic.[12] The eighth article of the constitution stipulated that "[t]he leading party in the society and the state is the ... Ba'ath Party. It leads the National Progressive Front seeking to unify the resources of the masses of the people and place them at the service of the goals of the Arab nation."[5] The constitution was adopted in 1973.[9] As per the constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic, it is the Regional Command of the party that nominates the candidate for president of the Republic.[3][48] The constitution does not explicitly say that the president has to be the leader of the party, but the National Progressive Front charter states that president of the Syrian Arab Republic and the secretary of the party is also the president of the NPF.[3]

The party has dominated the Syrian parliament since 1963.[5] The party leads the National Progressive Front, and in all elections conducted under this constitution has obtained the majority of the 167 parliamentary seats reserved for the Front.[48] In the 2003 parliamentary election, the party secured 135 of the seats.[5]

As of the mid-2000s, the party membership in Syria was estimated at 800,000. Key party organs in Syria are Al-Ba'ath and Al-Thawra.[5]

The Syrian Regional Command has 21 members.[11] As of 1987, the Syrian Regional Command comprised the three vice presidents of the Syrian Arab Republic, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Defense, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, the parliamentary speaker, the Aleppo and Hama party secretaries as well as the heads of the party bureaus for trade unions, economy and higher education.[11]

The seventh Syrian regional party congress was held in January 1980. The congress created a new institution, the Central Committee, to act as an intermediary body between the Regional Command and local branches. The Central Committee had 75 members. The eighth regional congress decided to expand the Central Committee to 95 members. The Central Committee was charged with electing the Regional Command, which previously had been done by the regional congress delegates. The Central Committee represents the regional congress when the congress is not in session.[11]

The party has 19 branches in Syria: one in each of the thirteen provinces, one in Damascus, one in Aleppo and one at each of the four universities.[11] In most cases the governor of a province, police chief, mayor and other local dignitaries make up the Branch Command. However, the Branch Command Secretary and other executive positions are filled by party whole-timers.[11]

The Syrian regional party congress is held every four years. While it is a strictly orchestrated affair, the regional congress has been a venue for actual debates on current affairs. Criticism against corruption and economic stagnation were expressed at the 1985 regional congress, albeit candidly. This congress was attended by 771 branch delegates.[49]

The party has a parallel structure within the Syrian armed forces. The military and civilian sectors only meet at the regional level, as the military sector is represented in the Regional Command and sends delegates to regional congresses. The military sector is divided into branches, operating at the battalion level. The head of a military party branch is called a tawjihi (guide).[11]

The party has an Inspection and Control Committee, instituted in 1980.[49] The Party Security Law was passed in 1979, criminalizing “deviations” inside the party and attacks on the party.[49]

The party has three bureaus for coordinating work in mass organizations: the Popular Organizations Bureau (coordinating the People's Army militia, the Revolutionary Youth Union, Students Union and the General Union of Syrian Women); the Workers Bureau (coordinating the General Federation of Trade Unions); and the Peasants Bureau (coordinating the Peasants Federation).[50] Children joined the Vanguards, an organization for grade-school boys and girls. Vanguards attended paramilitary summer camps operated by the armed forces. In the mid-1970s, the party ran a mass campaign for the mobilization of peasants into the Peasants Federation.[51]

The party has its own system of political education, including the Higher Political Institute (a graduate school of the University of Damascus).[51]

Abdul Halim Khaddam resigned as National Command and Central Committee member in mid-2005.[52]

Tunisia

There is no formal structure linked to the Damascus-based Ba'ath Party. Most Ba'athists in Tunisia support the Iraqi faction as members of the Ba'ath Movement or the more leftist and radical the Party of the Arab and Democratic Vanguard. Only a small number of militants headed by Mohamed Salah Hermassi (a member of the Damascus-based National Command) are historically linked to Damascus.[53]

Yemen

Ba'athism in Yemen originated in the 1950s. The party worked underground until 1990. It obtained official registration as the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region on December 31, 1995 (while the other group had to register as the National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party). The regional secretary of the party in Yemen is Mohammed Al-Zubairy.[54] The party ran in the 1993 parliamentary election, winning seven seats. In the 1997 and 2003 parliamentary elections, the party won two seats. In 2003, the party got 0.66% of the national vote. The party supported Ali Abdullah Saleh in the 1999 presidential election.[55]

Abdullah al-Ahmar led a central party delegation to the 4th Regional Congress of the Yemenite Ba'ath in 2006.[56]

In December 2008, the party and the National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party agreed to coordinate their political activities.[25]

In November 2010 one of the key leaders of the party in Yemen, Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab, died. He had been assistant secretary of the Regional Command and a Member of Parliament since 1993.[57][58]

In March 2013 Linda Mohammed, the head of the region's Women section, left the party in protest to the Yemenite leadership's continued supported for Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian Ba'ath.[54]

Regional Secretaries
Assistant Regional Secretaries

References

  1. ↑ Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. "Baath Message". Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  2. ↑ http://www.baath-party.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5145:2007-127&catid=244:2007&Itemid=188&lang=en
  3. 1 2 3 Perthes, Volker (1997). The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad. I.B. Tauris. p. 140. ISBN 1-86064-192-X.
  4. ↑ Perthes, Volker (1974). The Current digest of the Soviet Press 26. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. p. 4–5.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscillia Mary (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-1-85109-841-5.
  6. 1 2 "Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party". Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  7. 1 2 Brechner, Michael (1978). Studies in Crisis Behavior. Transaction Publishers. p. 257. ISBN 0-87855-292-8.
  8. ↑ http://www.baath-party.org/download/102_low.pdf
  9. 1 2 3 4 Collelo, Thomas (1988). Syria: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 214.
  10. ↑ Choueiri, Youssef M. (2000). Arab nationalism: a History: Nation and State in the Arab World. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 234. ISBN 0-631-21729-0.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Collelo, Thomas (1988). Syria: A Country Study. Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 215.
  12. 1 2 3 Perthes, Volker (1997). The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad. I.B. Tauris. p. 156. ISBN 1-86064-192-X.
  13. 1 2 http://www.baath-party.org/download/baath42_e.pdf
  14. 1 2 Lakiss, Hasan (6 October 2011). "Lebanon should ban Baath party: Mahfouz". Daily Star. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 Al-Ray News. اخبار العراق كما اوردتها الصحافة العربية والعالمية
  16. 1 2 3 Al-Ittihad. لا تفرطوا بـ"قيادة قطر العراق"..!
  17. ↑ U.S. Labor Against War. Who's Who in the Iraqi Opposition
  18. ↑ "البعث السوري العراقي: نحن الذين اوصلنا رجال الحكم الحاليين الى السلطة". Aljewar.org. 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
  19. 1 2 Asharq al-Awsat. عبد المهدي: اللقاء بحزب البعث ـ تنظيم العراق لم ينقطع.. ولا مشكلة لنا مع القوميين
  20. ↑ Al-Ittihad. في الذكرى الثالثة والثلاثين لميلاد الأتحاد عبدالرزاق فيلي
  21. ↑ McDowall, David (2000). A Modern History of the Kurds. I.B.Tauris. p. 346. ISBN 1-85043-416-6.
  22. ↑ Iraqi Patriotic Alliance. قداسة الحبر الأعظم يوحنا بولص الثاني المحترم
  23. ↑ Nahrain. مقاطعو مؤتمر لندن للمعارضة العراقية لماذا يقاطعون؟
  24. 1 2 "حقيقة الجدل العراقي حول الانفتاح على (حزب البعث) السابق - مركز النور". Alnoor.se. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
  25. 1 2 https://web.archive.org/20101213092818/http://baath-party.org/monadel_detail.asp?id=18. Archived from the original on December 13, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ "OFAC Data List Entity Fawzi Mutlaq AL-RAWI". Ofac.data-list-search.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  27. ↑ Raymond Hill. "Cablegate's cables: Full-text search for "al-rawi fawzi"". Cablegatesearch.net. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  28. ↑ Tabarani, Gabriel G. (2011). Jihad's New Heartlands: Why the West Has Failed to Contain Islamic Fundamentalism. AuthorHouse. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-4567-7771-5.
  29. ↑ http://www.baath-party.org/download/baath89_e.pdf
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 "Sometimes The Weak Survive - Jordan's New Political Party Map". Cablegate. 12 May 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  31. ↑ Staff writer (2002). Jordan in Transition. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-312-29538-7.
  32. ↑ http://www.baath-party.org/download/99_low.pdf
  33. ↑ "Jordan's Political Parties: Islamists, Leftists, Nationalists And Centrists". Cablegate. 20 May 2003. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  34. ↑ Federal Research Division (2004). Syria: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7.
  35. ↑ O'Ballance, Edgar (1998). Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 62. ISBN 0-312-21593-2.
  36. 1 2 O'Ballance, Edgar (1998). Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 149. ISBN 0-312-21593-2.
  37. ↑ O'Ballance, Edgar (1998). Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 179. ISBN 0-312-21593-2.
  38. ↑ "March14 – March 8 MPs". NOW Lebanon. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  39. ↑ "Syrian PM praises Lebanon’s Baath Party | News , Lebanon News". The Daily Star. 2013-07-26. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  40. ↑ Federal Research Division (2004). Syria: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7.
  41. ↑ http://www.baath-party.org/download/baath61_e.pdf
  42. ↑ Lain, Donald Ray (1989). Dictionary of the African Left: Parties, Movements and Groups. Dartmouth. pp. 58 –60. ISBN 1-85521-014-2.
  43. ↑ https://web.archive.org/20101208151908/http://baath-party.org/behind_events_detail.asp?id=27. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. 1 2 https://web.archive.org/20111008073817/http://baath-party.org/guest_detail.asp?id=69. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ↑ http://www.baath-party.org/download/baath48_e.pdf
  46. 1 2 http://www.baath-party.org/download/baath86_e.pdf
  47. ↑ "An Overview of Ba'athist tendencies in Mauritania" (PDF). The Moor Next Door. November 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  48. 1 2 The World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 256. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0.
  49. 1 2 3 Federal Research Division (2004). Syria: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7.
  50. ↑ Dishon (1973). Middle East Record 1968. John Wiley and Sons. p. 720. ISBN 0-470-21611-5.
  51. 1 2 Federal Research Division (2004). Syria: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7.
  52. ↑ Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women Who Shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. p. 272. ISBN 1-885942-40-0.
  53. ↑ http://observatoiretunisien.org/upload/file/Boubakri(1).pdf
  54. 1 2 "Lawyer Linda Mohammed Resigns From Ba’ath Party In Yemen". nationalyemen.com. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  55. ↑ National Information Center. الأحزاب السياسية في الجمهورية اليمنية
  56. ↑ Almotamar Net. "Delegation of Syrian Baath Party arrives in Sana'a". Almotamar.net. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  57. ↑ https://web.archive.org/20110927045947/http://www.baath-party.org/news_detail.asp?id=440. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  58. ↑ "| صحافة نت". Sahafah.net. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  59. ↑ http://www.baath-party.org/download/baath47_e.pdf
  60. ↑ http://www.baath-party.org/download/baath80_e.pdf

External links

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