Bilateria

The bilateria /ˌbaɪləˈtɪəriə/ or bilaterians are animals with bilateral symmetry, i.e., they have a front ("anterior") and a back ("posterior") as well as an upside ("dorsal") and downside ("ventral"); therefore they also have a left side and a right side. In contrast, radially symmetrical animals like jellyfish have a topside and a downside, but no identifiable front or back.

The bilateria are a major group of animals, including the majority of phyla but not sponges, cnidarians, placozoans and ctenophores. For the most part, bilateral embryos are triploblastic, having three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Nearly all are bilaterally symmetrical, or approximately so; the most notable exception is the echinoderms, which achieve near-radial symmetry as adults, but are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae.

Except for a few phyla (i.e. flatworms and gnathostomulids), bilaterians have complete digestive tracts with a separate mouth and anus. Some bilaterians lack body cavities (acoelomates, i.e. Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha and Gnathostomulida), while others display primary body cavities (deriving from the blastocoel, as pseudocoel) and/or secondary cavities (that appear de novo, for example the coelom).

Evolution

Illustration of the different types of symmetry in lifeforms (Field Museum, Chicago). Bilateral forms can have heads. Lifeforms with other types of symmetry have corresponding organs, if not a head.

The hypothetical most recent common ancestor of all bilateria is termed the "Urbilaterian".[2][3] The nature of the first bilaterian is a matter of debate. One side suggests that acoelomates gave rise to the other groups (planuloid-aceloid hypothesis by Graff, Metchnikoff, Hyman, or Salvini Plawen), while the other poses that the first bilaterian was a coelomate organism and the main acoelomate phyla (flatworms and gastrotrichs) have lost body cavities secondarily (the Archicoelomata hypothesis and its variations such as the Gastrea by Haeckel or Sedgwick, the Bilaterosgastrea by Jägersten, or the Trochaea by Nielsen).

The first evidence of bilateria in the fossil record comes from trace fossils in Ediacaran sediments, and the first bona fide bilaterian fossil is Kimberella, dating to 555 million years ago.[4] Earlier fossils are controversial; the fossil Vernanimalcula may be the earliest known bilaterian, but may also represent an infilled bubble.[5] Fossil embryos are known from around the time of Vernanimalcula (580 million years ago), but none of these have bilaterian affinities.[6] Burrows believed to have been created by bilaterian life forms have been found in the Tacuarí Formation of Uruguay, and are believed to be at least 585 million years old.[7]

Phylogeny

There are two main superphyla (main lineages) of Bilateria. The deuterostomes include the echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates, and a few smaller phyla. The protostomes include most of the rest, such as arthropods, annelids, mollusks, flatworms, and so forth. There are a number of differences, most notably in how the embryo develops. In particular, the first opening of the embryo becomes the mouth in protostomes, and the anus in deuterostomes. Many taxonomists now recognize at least two more superphyla among the protostomes, Ecdysozoa[8] (molting animals) and Lophotrochozoa (also referred to as Spiralia).[8] Within the latter, some researchers also recognize another superphylum, Platyzoa,[9] while others reject the Platyzoa monophyly.[10][11][12] The arrow worms (Chaetognatha) have proven particularly difficult to classify, with some taxonomists placing them among the deuterostomes and others placing them among the protostomes. The two most recent studies to address the question of chaetognath origins support protostome affinities.[13][14]

A modern (2011) consensus phylogeny for bilateria is shown below, although the position of certain clades are still controversial and the tree has changed considerably between 2000 and 2010.[15] Nodes marked with * have received broad consensus. A prominent alternative tree is championed by Nielsen (2001).[16][17]


Xenoturbellida


Acoelomorpha

Nemertodermatida

Acoela




Nephrozoa*
Deuterostomia*
Chordata

Cephalochordata


Olfactores

Urochordata

Craniata (including Vertebrata)




Ambulacraria

Echinodermata

Hemichordata




Protostomia*

Chaetognatha


Ecdysozoa*
Nematozoa

Nematoda

Nematomorpha

Tardigrada

Onychophora

Arthropoda



Scalidophora

Priapulida

Loricifera

Kinorhyncha




Spiralia*
Polyzoa

Bryozoa

Entoprocta

Cycliophora




Trochozoa*

Annelida

Mollusca

Nemertea

Brachiopoda

Phoronida




Platyzoa*

Gastrotricha

Platyhelminthes


Gnathifera

Gnathostomulida

Micrognathozoa

Rotifera








See also

References

  1. ↑ Martin, M. W.; Grazhdankin, D. V; Bowring, S. A; Evans, D. A; Fedonkin, M. A; Kirschvink, J. L. (2000). "Age of Neoproterozoic bilatarian [sic] body and trace fossils, White Sea, Russia: implications for metazoan evolution". Science 288: 841–5. doi:10.1126/science.288.5467.841. PMID 10797002.
  2. ↑ Knoll, Andrew H. and Sean B. Carroll. (1999) Early Animal Evolution: Emerging Views from Comparative Biology and Geology. Science. 25 June 1999: Vol. 284. no. 5423, pp. 2129–2137. Found at — URL retrieved November 15, 2006
  3. ↑ Balavoine, Guillaume, & Adoutte, Andre. 2003. The segmented Urbilateria: A testable scenario. Integrative & Comparative Biology 43: 137–147. Found at — URL retrieved November 15, 2006
  4. ↑ For refs see Ediacara biota
  5. ↑ For refs see Vernanimalcula
  6. ↑ For refs see Fossil embryos
  7. ↑ Aubet, Natalie R.; et al. (June 29, 2012). "Bilaterian burrows and grazing behavior at >585 million years ago". Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 336 (6089): 1693+. doi:10.1126/science.1216295.
  8. 1 2 Halanych, K.; Bacheller, J.; Aguinaldo, A.; Liva, S.; Hillis, D.; Lake, J. (17 March 1995). "Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals". Science 267 (5204): 1641–1643. doi:10.1126/science.7886451. PMID 7886451.
  9. ↑ Giribet, Gonzalo; at al (September 2000). "Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology.". Systematic Biology 49 (3): 539–62. doi:10.1080/10635159950127385. PMID 12116426.
  10. ↑ Paps, J.; Baguna, J.; Riutort, M. (14 July 2009). "Bilaterian Phylogeny: A Broad Sampling of 13 Nuclear Genes Provides a New Lophotrochozoa Phylogeny and Supports a Paraphyletic Basal Acoelomorpha". Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (10): 2397–2406. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp150. PMID 19602542.
  11. ↑ Telford, Maximilian J. (2008). "Resolving Animal Phylogeny: A Sledgehammer for a Tough Nut?". Developmental Cell 14 (4): 457–459. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.03.016. PMID 18410719.
  12. ↑ The Invertebrate Animals
  13. ↑ Helfenbein, Kevin G.; Fourcade, H. Matthew; Vanjani, Rohit G.; Boore, Jeffrey L. (2004). "The mitochondrial genome of Paraspadella gotoi is highly reduced and reveals that chaetognaths are a sister group to protostomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (29): 10639–10643. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400941101. PMID 15249679.
  14. ↑ Papillon, Daniel; Perez, Yvan; Caubit, Xavier; Yannick Le, Parco (2004). "Identification of chaetognaths as protostomes is supported by the analysis of their mitochondrial genome". Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (11): 2122–2129. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh229. PMID 15306659.
  15. ↑ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity and evolution 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4.
  16. ↑ Nielsen, C. 2001. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  17. ↑ "Bilateria". Tree of Life Web Project. 2002. Retrieved August 11, 2014.

External links

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