Aeolic Greek
Aeolic Greek | |||||||
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Region | Boeotia, Thessaly, Aeolis | ||||||
Era | c. 800 – 300 BC | ||||||
Indo-European
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Language codes | |||||||
ISO 639-3 | – | ||||||
Linguist list |
grc-aeo | ||||||
Glottolog | None | ||||||
Distribution of Greek dialects in the classical period.[1]
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In linguistics, Aeolic Greek (/iËˈɒlɪk/; also Aeolian /iËˈoÊŠliÉ™n/, Lesbian or Lesbic dialect) is the set of dialects of Ancient Greek spoken mainly in Boeotia (a region in Central Greece); Thessaly, in the Aegean island of Lesbos; and the Greek colonies of Asia Minor (Aeolis).
The Aeolic dialect shows many archaisms in comparison to the other Ancient Greek dialects (Attic/Ionic, Doric, Northwestern and Arcadocypriot), as well as many innovations.
Aeolic Greek is widely known as the language of Sappho and of Alcaeus of Mytilene. Aeolic poetry, which is exemplified in the works of Sappho, mostly uses four classical meters known as the Aeolics: Glyconic (the most basic form of Aeolic line), hendecasyllabic verse, Sapphic stanza, and Alcaic stanza (the latter two are respectively named for Sappho and Alcaeus).
In Plato's Protagoras, Prodicus labelled the Aeolic dialect of Pittacus of Mytilene as "barbarian" (barbaros),[2] because of its difference from the Attic literary style:[3]
he didn't know to distinguish the words correctly, being from Lesbos, and having been raised with a barbarian dialect
Phonology
Consonants
Labiovelars
Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek *kÊ· changed to Aeolic p everywhere. By contrast, PIE *kÊ· changed to Attic/Ionic, Arcadocypriot, and Doric t before e and i.
- PIE *kÊ·etwores → Lesbian pÃsures, Boeotian péttares ~ Attic téttares, Ionic tésseres, Doric tétores "four"
Labiovelars were treated the same way in the P-Celtic languages and the Sabellic languages.
Sonorant clusters
A Proto-Greek consonant cluster with h (from Indo-European *s) and a sonorant (r, l, n, m, w, y) changed to a double sonorant in Aeolic (rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy) by assimilation. In Attic/Ionic and Doric, the h assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by compensatory lengthening.
- PIE *hâ‚ésmi → Proto-Greek *ehmi → Aeolic emmi ~ Attic/Ionic Ä“mi (= εἰμί) "I am"
Loss of h
Lesbian Aeolic lost in initial h- (psilosis "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European s- or y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it.
- PIE *sehâ‚‚u̯elios → Proto-Greek *hÄwelios → Lesbian Äélios, Ionic ēélios ~ Attic hÄ“lios "sun"
Retention of w
In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and Doric, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel w (digamma) was retained at the beginning of a word.
- PIE wekÊ·-es- → Boeotian, Doric wépos ~ Attic-Ionic épos "word", "epic" (compare Latin vÅx "voice")
Vowels
Long a
In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long Ä remains. By contrast, in Attic, long Ä changes to long Ä“ in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere.[5]
- PIE *mehâ‚‚ter- → Aeolic, Doric mÄtÄ“r ~ Attic/Ionic mÄ“tÄ“r "mother"
Boeotian
In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation.
- Attic/Ionic αι /ai/ ~ Boeotian η /eË/ ~ Modern Greek αι /e/
- Attic/Ionic ει /eË/ ~ Boeotian ει /iË/ ~ Modern Greek ει /i/
- Attic/Ionic οι /oi/ ~ Boeotian Ï… /yË/ ~ Mediaeval Greek and Old Athenaean οι /yË/ ~ Modern Greek οι /i/
Accent
In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent of all words is recessive (barytonesis), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects.[6]
- Attic/Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river"
Morphology
Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are thematic in Attic/Ionic are often athematic (-mi) in Aeolic.[7]
- Ionic philéÅ, Attic philô ~ Aeolic phÃlÄ“mi "I love"
The same is also found in Irish, where this selection has been generalized, i.e. -im, also in Slovak -m (as opposed to other Slavic languages which still retain the original (based on PIE) opposition -u/-m).
Aeolic athematic infinitive active ends in -men or (Lesbian) -menai. ~ Attic/Ionic has -enai.
- Lesbian émmen, émmenai; Thessalian, Boeotian eîmen ~ Attic/Ionic eînai (spurious diphthong) "to be"
In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic/Ionic has -ein. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer.
- Homeric agémen
Proto-Greek -ans and -ons → -ais and -ois (first- and second declension accusative plural). ~ Attic/Ionic -Äs and -Ås (= -ους).[8][9]
Dative plural -aisi and -oisi. ~ Attic/Ionic -ais and -ois.
The participle has ois and ais for Attic Ås (= ους), Äs.[10]
Glossary
Aeolian
- á¼€Îλιος Äélios "sun" Doric also (Attic hÄ“lios; Cretan abelios; Laconian bela; Pamphylian babelios) ( PIE *sawel- )
- ἄγωνος ágÅnos "struggle" (Attic ἀγῶν agÅn; Elean dat. pl. agÅnois for agÅsi)
- ἀθÏήματα athrÄ“Ìmata gifts sent by kin to Lesbian brides (Sappho fr.) (compare Homeric hedna, eedna)
- Αἰολίωνες AiolÃÅnes "Aeolians" (Attic Αἰολεῖς Aioleîs) (aiolizÅ "speak Aeolic, compose in the Aeolian mode, trick out with false words" Sophocles Fr.912 ) (aioleÅ vary, adorn, diversify (aiolos quick-moving, glittering, shifty)
- ἀκλάδες aklades (unpruned vineyards) (Attic akladeutoi ampeloi)
- ἀκόντιον akontion (part of troops) (Attic spear) (Macedonian rhachis, spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone)
- ἀμÎνης -τος amenÄ“s -tos (Attic ὑμήν humÄ“n) thin skin, membrane.
- ἀμώνες amÅnes (Attic ἀνεμώνες anemones
- ἄοÏος aoros (Attic ἄϋπνος ahypnos, without sleep) Μηθυμναῖοι
- ἄÏπυς arpys (Attic á¼”Ïως Eros, Love) attested in Crinagoras, á¼Ïπάζειν harpazein to snatch. Homeric harpaleos attractive,devouring
- ἄσφε asphe to them (Attic sphe, sphi)
- βακχόα bakchoa (Attic βόθÏος bothros sacred dungeon, pit)
- βάλλα balla threshold (Attic βῆλος bēlos) (Doric balos)
- βελφιν belphin dolphin (Attic delphis) and Î’Îλφοι Belphoi Delphi
- βᾶμα bama Doric also (Attic βῆμα bema walking, step)
- Î²Î»á¿†Ï blÄ“r incitement (Attic delear) τὸ δὲ αá½Ï„ὸ καὶ αἶθμα. παÏá½° Ἀλκαίῳ ἡ λÎξις
- βÏαδανίζω bradanizÅ brandish, shake off. (Cf.Elean bratana Common rhatane)
- βÏαδινός bradinos slender, soft (Attic rhadinos) Sapph.90,104.
- βÏάιδιον braidion (Attic ῥάιδιον rhaidion easy)
- βÏάκειν brakein to understand (dysbrakanon imprehensible)
- βÏάκος brakos long robe, Sapph.70 Homeric ῥάκος ÏÏάκος rhakos wrakos
- βÏίζα briza root (Attic rhiza)
- βÏόδον brodon (Attic ῥόδον rhodon, rose) and vagina metaphorically in Erotic Glossary.
- βÏοδόπαχυς brodopachus with pink, rosy forearms (Attic rhodopuches) (βÏοδόπαχυν brodopachun Sappho) and brododaktulos with rosy fingers
- βÏοχÎως brocheos or βÏουκÎων broukeon (Attic βÏÎ±Ï‡Ï brachy short) (Sapph.fr. 2,7)
- δÏάσειν drasein (Attic θÏειν to sacrifice)
- δνόφος dnophos darkness Ionic also (Attic ζόφος zophos) (akin to knephas)
- εἴδη eide (Attic ὕλη, forest) (εἴδη Ionian also)
- Ἐννησιάδες Ennesiades Lesbian Nymphs
- á¼Ï€Î¹Î¬Î»Ï„ης epialtÄ“s and epialÄ“s nightmare (Attic ephialtÄ“s) (wiki Ephialtes)
- ζάδηλον zadelon with holes in it, open (Attic diadelon obvious) (Alcaeus 30 D 148P)
- ἴμβηÏις imbÄ“ris eel (Attic ἔγχελυς enchelys) Μηθυμναῖοι
- á¼´Ïον iron holy (Attic ἱεÏόν hierón) (Doric hiarón) (Ionic hirón)
- Ἰσσα Issa old name of Lesbos Island Cf. Antissa
- ἴσσασθαι issasthai (Attic κληÏοῦσθαι klerousthai to take sth by lot)
- καγκÏλη kankulÄ“ (Attic κηκῖς kÄ“kis wet,vapour, mordant dyeing)
- κάμμαÏψις kammarpsis dry Measure (Attic ἡμιμÎδιμνον hemimedimnon, one half of a medimnos)
- καÏαβίδες karabides (Attic γÏᾶες graes) Μηθυμναῖοι
- καυαλÎον kaualeon Hsch (Attic αἶθος aithos fire, burning heat) (Cf.kaiÅ burn)
- κλᾷδες klaides Doric also (Attic kleides bars, bolts, keys)
- MεσοστÏοφώνια Mesostrophonia Lesbian festival
- μÎσσυϊ messui (Attic á¼Î½ μÎσῳ in the middle)
- μόλσος molsos (Attic δημός, fat)
- ξÎννος xennos foreigner, guest-friend, strange (Attic xenos) (Ionic xeinos)
- ξίμβα ximba (Attic ῥοιά rhoia pomegranate-tree) (Boeotian sida)
- ὄθματα othmata (Attic ommata eyes)
- ὄν ónὄνα óna (Attic ἀνά aná) upon,through,again (Arcadocypriot also)
- πασσÏÏιον passyrion (Attic passydia totally,all together,with the whole army)
- πεδαμείβω pedameivÅ (Attic metameivo exchange) (πεδÎχω pedecho μετÎχω metecho), pedoikos metoikos peda for meta
- Ï€Îμπε pempe five (Attic Ï€Îντε pente, Pamphylian Ï€Îδε pede ) ( πεμπάσσειν pempassein to count per five) (Attic pempe imp. of pempÅ send)
- Î Îῤῥαμος Perrhamos Priamus (Alcaeus 74D,111P (it means also king)
- Ï€Îσδος pésdos pedestrian,infantry) (Attic πεζός pezós)
- Ï€Îσσον pesson plain (Attic πεδίον pedion)
- Ï€ÎσσυÏες pessyres four (Lesbian πίσυÏες pisyres) (Boeotian Ï€ÎτταÏες pettares) (Attic Ï„ÎσσαÏες tessares) (Doric tetores)
- σάωμι saÅmi save (Attic σῴζω sÅizÅ ) (Homeric σαόω saoÅ)
- σίγλαι siglai ear-rings (Attic enÅtia, Laconian exÅbadia)
- σκίφος skiphos Attic xiphos sword (skiptÅ, given as etym. of skiphos and xiphos, Sch.Il.1.220; cf. skipei: nussei, it pricks,pierces)
- σπόλα spóla(Attic στολή stolē) equipment, garment (spaleis, the sent one, for staleis)
- στÏότος strótos (Attic stratós) army
- συÏξ syrx (Attic σάÏξ flesh) (dative plural σÏÏκεσιν syrkesi Attic σαÏξίν sarxin)
- τενεκοῦντι tenekounti (Attic enoikounti dative singular of á¼Î½Î¿Î¹Îºá¿¶Î½ enoikÅn inhabiting)
- Ï„Ïάγαις tragais you break, grow rough and hoarse and smell like a goat
- τῦδε tude tudai and tuide here) (Ionic tēde)
- ὔσδος usdos (Attic ozos twig, branch)
- φαυόφοÏος phauophoros priestess (Attic á¼±ÎÏεια hiereia) (light-keeper) (Aeolic phauÅ for Homeric phaÅ shine) (Homeric phaos light, Attic phÅs and phÅtophoros)
- φηÏία phÄ“ria (Attic θηÏία thÄ“ria beasts)
- Ψάπφω PsapphÅ, (Attic Σαπφώ SapphÅ)
Boeotian
- ἄας aas ἀεστητόν aestÄ“ton tomorrow (Attic αὔÏιον aurion) (Cf.Attic Ä“Ås dawn)
- ἀμίλλακας amillakas wine Theban (Attic oinos)
- ἀνωδόÏκας anÅdorkas a fish βÏίγκος ὠἰχθῦς, ὑπὸ Θηβαίων
- βαιδÏμην baidumÄ“n (Attic á¼€ÏοτÏιᾶν arotrian to plough)
- βανά bana (βαλάÏα balara) woman ( Attic gunÄ“ ) (βανῆκες, banÄ“kes βάττικες battikes women ( Attic gunaikes )
- βάστÏαξ bastrax or bastax (Attic Ï„Ïάχηλος trachÄ“los neck) pl.bastraches
- βλεεÏεῖ bleerei (Attic οἰκτείÏει he feels pity) Cf. eleairei
- γάδου gadou (Ïάδου wadou) (Attic á¼¡Î´Ï hÄ“dú) (Corinna.17)
- ΔεÏÏ‚ Deus instead of Zeus. Attested also in Laconian and Rhodian.
- á¼Î¼Ï€Ï…Ïία empyria divination (Attic manteia) (Hsch. public oath, Koine ordeal by fire)
- ζεκελτίδες zekeltides gourds [11] Amerias zakeltides (Phrygian zelkia vegetables)
- ἴδηφιν idephin sweet-voiced. Hsch.: ἴδηφιν ἴδαις· Βοιωτοί. [καὶ ὠἡδυλάλος διὰ τῆς διφθόγγου] (Attic hÄ“duphÅnon) ( Aeolic wad-, ad- )
- ἰστάκη istake scythe (Attic δÏÎπανον drepanon)
- ἰυγοδÏομεῖν iugodromein (Attic á¼ÎºÎ²Î¿Î·Î¸Îµá¿–ν, ekboÄ“thein, and boÄ“dromein, run to help) (ἸÏγγυϊ Dionysus, ἰυγή voice,scream (Soph. Phil. 752))(Iungios Thessalian month)
- á¼°ÏŽ iÅ and hiÅn (Attic á¼Î³ÏŽ egÅ, I) (hiÅnga iÅga for egÅge)
- ΚαÏαιός Karaios Boeotian epithet for Zeus meaning tall,head. Boeotian eponym Karaidas[12]
- κᾶÏουξ karoux[13] (Attic kÄ“ryx herald)
- κÏιδδÎμεν kriddemen (Attic γελᾶν gelan to laugh) (Strattis fr. 47) Cf. (Cf.Attic krizÅ creak,screech)
- κόÏιλλα korilla little girl (Koine korasion from Attic korasis girl) (Aetolian korudion)
- μηλάτας mēlatas (Attic ποιμήν poimen shepherd) (homeric μῆλον mēlon sheep) (Attic mēlon apple, Aeolic-Doric malon)
- μνάÏιον mnarion (Attic κάλλυντÏον kallyntron broom, brush)
- ὀπισθοτίλα opisthotila (Attic σηπία sēpia cuttlefish) (Strattis. fr. 47,3) (squirts its liquor from behind)
- ὀπίττομαι opittomai (homeric opizomai I care,respect) (Laconian opiddomai)
- ὀφÏυγνᾷ ophrygnai (Attic ὀφÏυάζειophryazei he winks raising the eyebrow,to be haughty)
- σεῖα seia I persecuted (Attic á¼Î´Î¯Ï‰Î¾Î± edioxa) (Cf.Homeric seuÅ move quickly,chase)
- συοβοιωτοί syoboiÅtoi Hog-Boeotians (Cratinus.310)
- Ï„Ïίπεζα tripeza (Attic trapeza,table)(from tetrapeza four-footed) (tripeza three-footed) (in Aeolic it would-be tripesda)
- ψώσματα psÅsmata Boeotian word acc. Aristonymus
Thessalian
- ἀβÏεμής abremÄ“s (Attic ἀβλεπής ablepÄ“s ἀνάξιος του βλÎπεσθαι unworthy seeing, despicable (Cypriotic also) (Hes. text ἀβλεπής ΚÏÏ€Ïιοι καὶ Θετταλοί
- ἀγοÏά agora (Attic λιμήν limen port, harbour) (Hes. text Θετταλοὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν λιμÎνα ἀγοÏὰν καλοῦσιν ΚÏῆτες δὲ τὴν á¼ÎºÎºÎ»Î·ÏƒÎ¯Î±Î½
- ἀλφινία alphinia white poplar (PIE *albho- 'white') (Attic leukē, PIE *leuk- 'bright,light') (Macedonian aliza)
- Ἄπλουν Aploun Apollo (Attic Ἀπόλλων ApollÅn) (Doric,Pamphylian ἈπÎλο̄ν Apelon)
- ἀσπάλεια aspaleia safeness (Attic asphaleia)[14]
- ἀστÏαλός astralos (Attic ÏˆÎ¬Ï -ος psar Starling)
- βεβυκῶσθαι bebukousthai to be swollen (Homeric βυκτάων buktaon blowing)
- βουσία bousia (Attic γογγυλίδι gongylidi turnip)
- δάμοσσος dámossos public (Attic dÄ“mósios) opp. ἰδδιοÏστικος iddioûstikos privative (Attic idiÅtikós)[15][16]
- δάÏατος daratos Thessalian bread (Macedonian dramis) (Athamanian dramix) (PIE *der- cut,split)
- δÎσποινα despoina woman (Attic gunÄ“, Doric guna) (fem. of despotes)
- ἔνοÏμος enormos (agora,assembly,market and chÅra) (Attic enormeÅ get in a harbour, hormos bay,anchorage
- á¼ÏÎας ereas children (Hsch.Attic Ï„Îκνα tekna) (Homeric ernos young sprout,scion) (Neo-Phrygian eiroi children)
- θεανῶσται theanoustai (Attic ξυστῆÏες xysters)
- ἰθείη itheiÄ“ (Attic á¼Î¼Î±Î¾Î¹Ï„ός hamaxitos chariot-road) (Homeric ἰθεῖα á½€Ïθή Ψ 580) (Attic ithys,eytheia straight line)
- ἴμψας impsas past participle of impto (Attic ζεÏξας zeuxas zeugnymi join together)(Ἴμψιος Impsios Ποσειδῶν ὠζÏγιος Poseidon Zygius on horses)
- κάλαφος kalaphos (Attic ἀσκάλαφος, Ascalaphus a bird (Magnesian)
- καπάνη kapanē chariot (Attic ἀπήνη apēnē) also, a helmet(kapanikos plenteous
- κίς kis who, anyone (Attic tis) (Laconian tir) (Arcadocypriot sis)
- καÏπαία karpaia Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also Carpaea) Homeric karpalimos swift (for foot) eager,ravenous.
- κῦῤῥος kyrrhos or kyrros sir,master (Attic kyrios)
- Μακετοὺν Maketoun[17] 'Macedonian man' (Attic Μακεδών MakedÅn) (Thessalian -ουν-oun suffix for Attic ων Ån in both nominative and genitive of participles,pronouns and nouns.
- ματτÏη mattuÄ“ a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin (Athenaeus)[18](Macedonian mattuÄ“s a kind of bird)
- ναελεῖς naeleis new-comers, newly caught ones (Cf.nealeis,neēludes)
- νεβεÏω[19] nebeuÅ pray (Macedonian neuÅ) (Attic euchomai, neuÅ wink)
- ὀνάλα onala, ὀνάλουμα onalouma (Attic analÅma expense cost) ( on- in the place of Attic prefix ana-, ongrapsantas SEG 27:202
- Î Îτθαλος Pétthalos and Πεθθάλειος (Boeotian ΦÎτταλος Phéttalos) (Attic Θετταλός Thettalós) (Ionic, Koine Θεσσαλός Thessalós) 'Thesalian man' (Πετθαλια Petthalia Thessalia) (Petthaloi Thessalians) (Koine thessalisti the thessalian way) ( Attic á¼Î½Ï„εθετταλίζομαι entethettalizomai become a Thessalian, i.e. wear the large Thessalian cloak ( Thettalika ptera feathers' ), Eupolis.201. )
- ταγεÏω tageuÅ to be tagos archon in Thessaly ταγευόντουν τοῦμ Πετθαλοῦν
See also
References
- ↑ Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.
- ↑ Protagoras by Plato - Greek text
- ↑ James A. Towle, Commentary on Plato: Protagoras 341c
- ↑ V = vowel, R = sonorant, s is itself. VV = long vowel, RR = doubled or long sonorant.
- ↑ Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 30 and note, 31: Attic long e, long a
- ↑ Smyth, par. 162 note: (Lesbian) Aeolic recessive accent
- ↑ Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 656: contract verbs in Aeolic
- ↑ Smyth, par. 214 note 9: first declension in dialects
- ↑ Smyth, par. 230 note: second declension in dialects
- ↑ Smyth, par. 305 note
- ↑ Athenaeus Deipnosophists -9.369
- ↑ Boiotia —Anthedon
- ↑ Boiotia — Orchomenos — early 1st century BC
- ↑ Krannon — c. 250 - 215 BC SEG 23:437, 7
- ↑ Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History by David Malcolm Lewis, Peter John Rhodes
- ↑ Skotoussa — 197-185 BC SEG 43:311
- ↑ Thessalia — Larisa — 220-210 BC - SEG 27:202
- ↑ Deipnosophists 14.663-4(pp.1059-1062)
- ↑ Magnesia — Demetrias — late 2nd century BC
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