C. R. Rao

Not to be confused with C. N. R. Rao.

C. R. Rao
Prof. Rao at Indian Statistical Institute, Chennai in April 2012
Born	(1920-09-10) 10 September 1920 Hadagali, Kingdom of Mysore, British India
Residence	India, United Kingdom, United States
Citizenship	United States^[1]
Fields	Mathematics and statistics
Institutions	Indian Statistical Institute Cambridge University Penn State University University at Buffalo
Alma mater	Andhra University University of Calcutta King's College, Cambridge
Thesis	Statistical Problems of Biological Classifications (1948)
Doctoral advisor	Ronald Fisher
Doctoral students	S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan K. R. Parthasarathy Veeravalli S. Varadarajan Debabrata Basu Radha Laha Ravindra Khattree
Known for	Cramér–Rao bound Rao–Blackwell theorem Orthogonal arrays Score test
Notable awards	Padma Vibhushan National Medal of Science (2001) S. S. Bhatnagar Prize Guy Medal (Silver 1965, Gold 2011)

Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, FRS known as C R Rao (born 10 September 1920) is an Indian-born, naturalized American, mathematician and statistician. He is currently professor emeritus at Penn State University and Research Professor at the University at Buffalo. Rao has been honoured by numerous colloquia, honorary degrees, and festschrifts and was awarded the US National Medal of Science in 2002.^[2] The American Statistical Association has described him as "a living legend whose work has influenced not just statistics, but has had far reaching implications for fields as varied as economics, genetics, anthropology, geology, national planning, demography, biometry, and medicine."^[2] The Times of India listed Rao as one of the top 10 Indian scientists of all time.^[3] Rao is also a Senior Policy and Statistics advisor for the Indian Heart Association non-profit focused on raising South Asian cardiovascular disease awareness.^[4]

Early life

C R Rao was born into a Kannada speaking Telugu family in Hadagali, Bellary, Karnataka, India. He received an M.Sc. in mathematics from Andhra University and an M.A. in statistics from Calcutta University in 1943.^[2] He was among the first few people in the world to hold a master's degree in Statistics.

Academic career

Rao worked at the Indian Statistical Institute and the Anthropological Museum in Cambridge before acquiring a Ph.D. degree at King's College in Cambridge University under R. A. Fisher in 1948, to which he added a Sc.D. degree, also from Cambridge, in 1965.

He held several important positions, as the Director of the Indian Statistical Institute, Jawaharlal Nehru Professor and National Professor in India, University Professor at the University of Pittsburgh and Eberly Professor and Chair of Statistics and Director of the Center for Multivariate Analysis at the Pennsylvania State University. As Head and later Director of the Research and Training School at the Indian Statistical Institute for a period of over 40 years, Rao developed research and training programs and produced several leaders in the field of Mathematics. On the basis of Rao's recommendation, the ASI (The Asian Statistical Institute) now known as Statistical Institute for Asia and Pacific was established in Tokyo to provide training to statisticians working in government and industrial organizations.^[5]

Among his best-known discoveries are the Cramér–Rao bound and the Rao–Blackwell theorem both related to the quality of estimators. Other areas he worked in include multivariate analysis, estimation theory, and differential geometry. His other contributions include the Fisher–Rao Theorem, Rao distance, and orthogonal arrays. He is the author of 14 books and has published over 400 journal publications.

Rao has received 38 honorary doctoral degrees from universities in 19 countries around the world and numerous awards and medals for his contributions to statistics and science. He is a member of eight National Academies in India, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Italy. Rao was awarded the United States National Medal of Science, that nation's highest award for lifetime achievement in fields of scientific research, in June 2002. The latest addition to his collection of awards is the India Science Award for 2010, the highest honour conferred by the government of India in scientific domain. He has most recently been honoured with his 38th honorary doctorate by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, on 26 July 2014 for "his contributions to the foundations of modern statistics through the introduction of concepts such as Cramér–Rao inequality, Rao–Blackwellization, Rao distance, Rao measure, and for introducing the idea of orthogonal arrays for the industry to design high-quality products." (Rao's 37th honorary doctorate was given to him by the State University of New York at Buffalo at its 167th commencement in May 2013.)

He has been the President of the International Statistical Institute, Institute of Mathematical Statistics (USA), and the International Biometric Society. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame of India's National Institution for Quality and Reliability (Chennai Branch) for his contribution to industrial statistics and the promotion of quality control programs in industries.

The Journal of Quantitative Economics published a special issue in Rao's honour in 1991. "Dr Rao is a very distinguished scientist and a highly eminent statistician of our time. His contributions to statistical theory and applications are well known, and many of his results, which bear his name, are included in the curriculum of courses in statistics at bachelor's and master's level all over the world. He is an inspiring teacher and has guided the research work of numerous students in all areas of statistics. His early work had greatly influenced the course of statistical research during the last four decades. One of the purposes of this special issue is to recognize Dr Rao's own contributions to econometrics and acknowledge his major role in the development of econometric research in India."

Areas of research contributions

Awards and medals

Sardar Patel Lifetime Achievement Award (Sardar Ratna) of the Sardar Patel Foundation India (2015)
Guy Medal in Gold (2011) of the Royal Statistical Society^[6]
India Science Award 2010 (the highest award in a scientific field presented by government of India)^[7]
International Mahalanobis Prize (2003) of the International Statistical Institute^[8]
Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal (2003) of the Indian National Science Academy
President George W. Bush, on June 12, 2002, honoured him with the National Medal of Science, the highest award in U.S. in the scientific field, as a "prophet of new age" with the citation, "for his pioneering contributions to the foundations of statistical theory and multivariate statistical methodology and their applications, enriching the physical, biological, mathematical, economic and engineering sciences."
Padma Vibhushan (2001) by the Government of India^[9]
Mahalanobis Centenary Gold Medal (1993?) of the Indian Science Congress
Wilks Memorial Award (1989) of the American Statistical Association
Padma Bhushan (1968)^[9]
Megnadh Saha Medal (1969) of the Indian National Science Academy
Guy Medal in Silver (1965) of the Royal Statistical Society
S. S. Bhatnagar Award (1963) of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
JC Bose Gold Medal of the Bose Institute
Gold Medal of the University of Calcutta
He was also awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by the University of Calcutta in 2003.^[10] Also honorary doctorates from a number of universities and institutes around the world.

In his honor

The Pennsylvania State University has established C. R. and Bhargavi Rao Prize in Statistics,
CR Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science
National Award in Statistics established by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Government of India.
The road from IIIT Hyderabad passing along Central University of Hyderabad crossroads to Alind Factory, Lingampally is named as "Prof. C.R. Rao Road".^[11]

Selected Publications

2009. (with PEREIRA, B. de B.) Data Mining Using Neural Networks: A Guide for Statisticians. State College, Pennsylvania, 2009. 186 p.
2014. (with B de Bragança Pereira and Marepalli B. Rao).Data Mining Using Neural Networks: A Guide for Statisticians.Chapman&Hall,CRC
1999. (with Helge Toutenburg, Andreas Fieger et al.). Linear Models: Least Squares and Alternatives, 2ed, Springer Series in Statistics. Springer
1998. (with M. Bhaskara Rao). Matrix Algebra & Its Applications to Statistics & Econometrics. World Scientific
1997. Statistics And Truth: Putting Chance To Work, 2ed. Wspc
1996. Principal Component and Factor Analyses. PN
1996. Extensions of a Characterization of an Exponential Distribution Based on a Censored Ordered Sample.
1996. Bootstrap by Sequential Resampling. PN
1993. Applications of Multivariate Analysis. PN
1992. Signal Estimation, Multitarget Tracking and Related Areas.
1989. Multivariate Analysis and Its Applications. PN
1988. Linear Transformations, Projection Operators and Generalized Inverses; A Geometric Approach. PN
1984. Recent Results on Characterization of Probability Distributions: A unified Approach through Extensions of Deny's Theorem. PN
1973. Linear Statistical Inference and Its Applications, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Interscience
1973. On a Unified Theory of Estimation in Linear Models. PN
1973. (with A.M. Kagan et al.). Characterization Problems in Mathematical Statistics, Wiley Series in Probability & Mathematical Statistics.
1972. (with Sujit Kumar Mitra). Generalized Inverse of Matrices and Its Applications, Probability & Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley & Sons
1963. Essays on econometrics and planning. Statistical Pub. Society
2015. (Ed. with Marepalli B. Rao). Handbook of Statistics 32: Computational Statistics with. Elsevier
2013. (Ed. with Venu Govindaraju). Handbook of Statistics 31: Machine Learning: Theory and Applications. North Holland
2012. (Ed. with Tata Subba Rao and Suhasini Subba Rao). Handbook of Statistics 30: Time Series Analysis: Methods and Applications . North Holland
2009. (Ed. with Danny Pfeffermann). Handbook of Statistics 29A: Sample Surveys: Design, Methods and Applications. North Holland
2009. (Ed. with Danny Pfeffermann). Handbook of statistics 29B Sample Surveys: Inference and Analysis. North Holland
2012. (Ed. with Ranajit Chakraborty and Pranab K. Sen). Handbook of Statistics 28: Bioinformatics in Human Health and Heredity. North Holland
2007. (Ed. with J. Philip Miller and D.C. Rao). Handbook of Statistics 27: Epidemiology and Medical Statistics. North Holland
2006. (Ed. with Sandip Sinharay). Handbook of Statistics, Volume 26: Psychometrics. North Holland
2005. (Ed. with Dipak K. Dey). Handbook of Statistics 25: Bayesian Thinking, Modeling and Computation. North Holland
2005. (Ed.). Handbook of Statistics 24: Data Mining and Data Visualization. North Holland
2004. (Ed. with N. Balakrishnan). Handbook of Statistics 23: Advances in Survival Analysis. North Holland
2003. (Ed. with Ravindra Khattree). Handbook of Statistics 22: Statistics in Industry. North Holland
2001. (Ed. with N. Balakrishnan). Handbook of Statistics 20: Advances in Reliability, North-Holland Mathematics Studies. Elsevier
2001. (Ed. with D. N. Shanbhag). Handbook of Statistics 19: Stochastic Processes: Theory and Methods. North-Holland
2000. (Ed. with Pranab Kumar Sen). Handbook of Statistics 18: Bioenvironmental and Public Health Statistics. North-Holland
1998. (Ed. with N. Balakrishnan). Handbook of Statistics 17: Order Statistics: Applications. North-Holland
1998. (Ed. with N. Balakrishnan). Handbook of Statistics 16: Order Statistics: Theory & Methods. North-Holland
1997. (Ed. with G.S. Maddala). Handbook of Statistics 15: Robust Inference. Elsevier
1996. (Ed. with G.S. Maddala). Handbook of Statistics 14: Statistical Methods in Finance. Elsevier
1996. (Ed. with S. Ghosh). Handbook of Statistics 13: Design and Analysis of Experiments. North Holland
1994. (Ed. with G.P. Patil). Handbook of Statistics 12: Environmental Statistics. Elsevier
1993. (Ed. with G. S. Maddala and H. D. Vinod). Handbook of Statistics 11: Econometrics, Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry. Elsevier
1993. (Ed. with N. K. Bose). Handbook of Statistics 10: Signal Processing and its Applications, Elsevier
1993. (Ed.). Handbook of Statistics 9: Computational Statistics. North-Holland
1991. (Ed. with R. Chakraborty). Handbook of Statistics 8: Statistical Methods in Biological and Medical Sciences. North-Holland.
1988. (Ed. with Krishnaiah P.R.). Handbook of Statistics 7: Quality Control and Reliability.
1988. (Ed. with P. R. Krishnaiah). Handbook of Statistics 6: Sampling. North-Holland.
NOTE: Handbook of Statistics 1-5 were not edited by C. R. Rao, but by P. R. Krishnaiah.
2011. (Ed. with Dipak K. Dey). Essential Bayesian Models. North Holland
2011. (Ed. with Danny Pfeffermann). Essential Methods for Design Based Sample Surveys. North Holland
1994. (Ed. with G.P. Patil). Multivariate Environmental Statistics., Volume 6 in North-Holland Series in Statistics and Probability. North Holland
1970. Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometric Research. Macmillan
1969. (Ed. with R. C. Bose, I. M. Chakravarti et al.). Essays in Probability and Statistics, Monograph Series in Probability and Statistics. The University of North Carolina Press
1995. Advances in Econometrics and Quantitative Economics, Essays in Honor of Professor C.R. Rao. (Eds.) G. S. Maddala, T. N. Srinivasan, and Peter C. B. Phillips. Wiley-Blackwell
1982. Statistics and Probability: Essays in Honor of C. R. Rao. (Ed.). Kallinapur. Elsevier
1996. Selected Papers of C.R. Rao 3. (Ed). S. Das Gupta et al. Wiley-Interscience
1994. Selected Papers of C.R. Rao 1. (Ed). S. Das Gupta et al. Wiley-Interscience

References

↑ "The Numberdars". The Times of India. 1 October 2011.
1 2 3 "Statisticians in History: Calyampudi R. Rao". American Statistical Association.
↑ "C.R.Rao in News". C.R.Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science.
↑ "Indian Heart Association". Indian Heart Association Webpage. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
↑ "Profile". C.R.Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science.
↑ "Indian American C.R. Rao receives the RSS Guy Medal Award". Silicon India. 2 August 2011.
↑ "C.R. Rao Receives the India Science Award". Eberly College of Science, Penn State University. 19 October 2010.
↑ "The previous winners of the Award are Professor C.R. Rao (India) in 2003..." http://www.isi-web.org/component/content/article/43-about/about/588-2013-mahalanobis-international-award-in-statistics-announcement
1 2 "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
↑ "Recipients of Honorary Degrees". University of Calcutta.
↑ "Road to be named after Prof. C.R. Rao". The Hindu. 10 September 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2012.

Sources

Calyampudi Radhakrishnan Rao. University of Minnesota Morris
Statisticians in History: Calyampudi R. Rao". American Statistical Association
"Prof. C R Rao : An Eminent Statistician" By Bibhuprasad Mohapatra. Govt. of Odisha.

External links

For the Cramér–Rao inequality and the Rao–Blackwell theorem see the relevant entries on

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics

For Rao contribution to information geometry

Cramer-Rao Lower Bound and Information Geometry

Photograph of Rao with Harald Cramér in 1978

Padma Vibhushan award recipients

Arts	Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M. F. Husain Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R. K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D. K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S. H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M. S. Subbulakshmi K. G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla

Civil Service	Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T. N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P. N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M. S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H. V. R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K. B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M. G. K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T. V. Rajeswar C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao V. K. R. V. Rao Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra

Literature and Education	V. S. R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D. P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Kuvempu O. N. V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidanda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R. K. Narayan Amrita Pritam K. N. Raj C. Rangarajan Raja Rao Ramoji Rao Hormasji Maneckji Seervai Rajaram Shastri Kalu Lal Shrimali Govindbhai Shroff Khushwant Singh Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey Mahadevi Varma Bashir Hussain Zaidi

Medicine	Jasbir Singh Bajaj B. K. Goyal Purshotam Lal A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar S. I. Padmavati Autar Singh Paintal Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti Balu Sankaran V Shanta Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar Prakash Narain Tandon Brihaspati Dev Triguna M. S. Valiathan

Other	Sunderlal Bahuguna B. K. S. Iyengar Rambhadracharya Sri Ravi Shankar

Public Affairs	L. K. Advani Montek Singh Ahluwalia Aruna Asaf Ali Fazal Ali Adarsh Sein Anand Madhav Shrihari Aney Parkash Singh Badal Sikander Bakht Milon K. Banerji Mirza Hameedullah Beg P. N. Bhagwati Raja Chelliah Chandra Kisan Daphtary Niren De C. D. Deshmukh Anthony Lancelot Dias Uma Shankar Dikshit Kazi Lhendup Dorjee P. B. Gajendragadkar Benjamin A. Gilman Zakir Husain V. R. Krishna Iyer Jagmohan Lakshmi Chand Jain Aditya Nath Jha Mehdi Nawaz Jung Ali Yavar Jung Vijay Kelkar Hans Raj Khanna V. N. Khare Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jivraj Narayan Mehta V. K. Krishna Menon Hirendranath Mukherjee Ajoy Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee Padmaja Naidu Gulzarilal Nanda Govind Narain Fali Sam Nariman Hosei Norota Nanabhoy Palkhivala K. Parasaran Hari Vinayak Pataskar Naryana Raghvan Pillai Sri Prakasa N. G. Ranga Ravi Narayana Reddy Y. Venugopal Reddy Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Lakshmi Sahgal M. C. Setalvad Karan Singh Nagendra Singh Swaran Singh Walter Sisulu Soli Sorabjee Kalyan Sundaram Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Atal Bihari Vajpayee M. N. Venkatachaliah Kottayan Katankot Venugopal Jigme Dorji Wangchuck

Science and Engineering	V. K. Aatre Salim Ali Norman Borlaug Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Rajagopala Chidambaram Charles Correa Satish Dhawan Anil Kakodkar A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan Har Gobind Khorana Daulat Singh Kothari Verghese Kurien Raghunath Anant Mashelkar G. Madhavan Nair Roddam Narasimha Jayant Narlikar Rajendra K. Pachauri Benjamin Peary Pal Yash Pal I. G. Patel Venkatraman Ramakrishnan K. R. Ramanathan Raja Ramanna C. R. Rao C. N. R. Rao Palle Rama Rao Vikram Sarabhai Man Mohan Sharma Obaid Siddiqi E. Sreedharan M. R. Srinivasan George Sudarshan M. S. Swaminathan

Social Work	Baba Amte Pandurang Shastri Athavale Janaki Devi Bajaj Mirabehn Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay Durgabai Deshmukh Nanaji Deshmukh Nirmala Deshpande Mohan Dharia U. N. Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta

Sports	Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Sachin Tendulkar

Trade and Industry	Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal N. R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J. R. D. Tata Ratan Tata

Portal Category WikiProject

Padma Bhushan awards

1954–59 1960–69 1970–79 1980–89 1990–99 2000–09 2010–19

Recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Mathematical Science

K. S. Chandrasekharan & C. R. Rao (1959) K. G. Ramanathan (1965) A. S. Gupta & C. S. Seshadri (1972) P. C. Jain & M. S. Narasimhan (1975) K. R. Parthasarathy & S. K. Trehan (1976) M. S. Raghunathan (1977) E. M. V. Krishnamurthy (1978) S. Raghavan & S. Ramanan (1979) R. Sridharan (1980) J. K. Ghosh (1981) B. L. S. Prakasa Rao & J. B. Shukla (1982) I. B. S. Passi & Phoolan Prasad (1983) S. K. Malik & R. Parthasarathy (1985) T. Parthasarathy & U. B. Tewari (1986) Raman Parimala & T. N. Shorey (1987) M. B. Banerjee & K. B. Sinha (1988) Gopal Prasad (1989) R. Balasubramanian & S. G. Dani (1990) V. B. Mehta & A. Ramanathan (1991) Maithili Sharan (1992) Karmeshu & Navin M. Singhi (1993) N. Mohan Kumar (1994) Rajendra Bhatia (1995) V. S. Sunder (1996) Subhashis Nag & T. R. Ramadas (1998) Rajeeva Laxman Karandikar (1999) Rahul Mukerjee (2000) Gadadhar Misra & T. N. Venkataramana (2001) Dipendra Prasad & S. Thangavelu (2002) Manindra Agrawal & V. Srinivas (2003) Arup Bose & Sujatha Ramdorai (2004) Probal Chaudhuri & K. H. Paranjape (2005) Vikraman Balaji & Indranil Biswas (2006) B. V. Rajarama Bhat (2007) Rama Govindarajan (2007) Jaikumar Radhakrishnan (2008) Suresh Venapally (2009) Mahan Mitra & Palash Sarkar (2011) Siva Athreya & Debashish Goswami (2012) Eknath Prabhakar Ghate (2013) Kaushal Kumar Verma (2014) K Sandeep & Ritabrata Munshi (2015)

All branches:	Biological Science Chemical Science Engineering Science Mathematical Science Medical Science Physical Science Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences

United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

1960s	1964: Roger Adams Othmar H. Ammann Theodosius Dobzhansky Neal Elgar Miller

1980s	1986: Herbert A. Simon 1987: Anne Anastasi George J. Stigler 1988: Milton Friedman

1990s	1990: Leonid Hurwicz Patrick Suppes 1991: Robert W. Kates George A. Miller 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson 1994: Robert K. Merton 1995: Roger N. Shepard 1996: Paul Samuelson 1997: William K. Estes 1998: William Julius Wilson 1999: Robert M. Solow

2000s	2000: Gary Becker 2001: George Bass 2003: R. Duncan Luce 2004: Kenneth Arrow 2005: Gordon H. Bower 2008: Michael I. Posner 2009: Mortimer Mishkin

2010s	2011: Anne Treisman 2014: Robert Axelrod

Biological sciences

1960s	1963: C. B. van Niel 1964: Marshall W. Nirenberg 1965: Francis P. Rous George G. Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke 1966: Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann William C. Rose Sewall Wright 1967: Kenneth S. Cole Harry F. Harlow Michael Heidelberger Alfred H. Sturtevant 1968: Horace Barker Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk Jay Lush Burrhus Frederic Skinner 1969: Robert Huebner Ernst Mayr

1970s	1970: Barbara McClintock Albert B. Sabin 1973: Daniel I. Arnon Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. 1974: Britton Chance Erwin Chargaff James V. Neel James Augustine Shannon 1975: Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy Sterling B. Hendricks Orville lvin Vogel 1976: Roger Guillemin Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Racker E. O. Wilson 1979: Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Paul Alfred Weiss

1980s	1981: Philip Handler 1982: Seymour Benzer Glenn W. Burton Mildred Cohn 1983: Howard L. Bachrach Paul Berg Wendell L. Roelofs Berta Scharrer 1986: Stanley Cohen Donald A. Henderson Vernon B. Mountcastle George Emil Palade Joan A. Steitz 1987: Michael E. DeBakey Theodor O. Diener Harry Eagle Har Gobind Khorana Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988: Michael S. Brown Stanley Norman Cohen Joseph L. Goldstein Maurice R. Hilleman Eric R. Kandel Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1989: Katherine Esau Viktor Hamburger Philip Leder Joshua Lederberg Roger W. Sperry Harland G. Wood

1990s	1990: Baruj Benacerraf Herbert W. Boyer Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. Edward B. Lewis David G. Nathan E. Donnall Thomas 1991: Mary Ellen Avery G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks Folke K. Skoog Paul C. Zamecnik 1992: Maxine Singer Howard Martin Temin 1993: Daniel Nathans Salome G. Waelsch 1994: Thomas Eisner Elizabeth F. Neufeld 1995: Alexander Rich 1996: Ruth Patrick 1997: James Watson Robert A. Weinberg 1998: Bruce Ames Janet Rowley 1999: David Baltimore Jared Diamond Lynn Margulis

2000s	2000: Nancy C. Andreasen Peter H. Raven Carl Woese 2001: Francisco J. Ayala Mario R. Capecchi Ann Graybiel Gene E. Likens Victor A. McKusick Harold Varmus 2002: James E. Darnell Evelyn M. Witkin 2003: J. Michael Bishop Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky 2004: Norman E. Borlaug Phillip A. Sharp Thomas E. Starzl 2005: Anthony S. Fauci Torsten N. Wiesel 2006: Rita R. Colwell Nina Fedoroff Lubert Stryer 2007: Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O'Malley 2008: Francis S. Collins Elaine Fuchs J. Craig Venter 2009: Susan L. Lindquist Stanley B. Prusiner

2010s	2010: Ralph L. Brinster Shu Chien Rudolf Jaenisch 2011: Lucy Shapiro Leroy Hood Sallie Chisholm 2014: May Berenbaum Bruce Alberts

Chemistry

1980s	1982: F. Albert Cotton Gilbert Stork 1983: Roald Hoffmann George C. Pimentel Richard N. Zare 1986: Harry B. Gray Yuan Tseh Lee Carl S. Marvel Frank H. Westheimer 1987: William S. Johnson Walter H. Stockmayer Max Tishler 1988: William O. Baker Konrad E. Bloch Elias J. Corey 1989: Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell

1990s	1990: Elkan Blout Karl Folkers John D. Roberts 1991: Ronald Breslow Gertrude B. Elion Dudley R. Herschbach Glenn T. Seaborg 1992: Howard E. Simmons, Jr. 1993: Donald J. Cram Norman Hackerman 1994: George S. Hammond 1995: Thomas Cech Isabella L. Karle 1996: Norman Davidson 1997: Darleane C. Hoffman Harold S. Johnston 1998: John W. Cahn George M. Whitesides 1999: Stuart A. Rice John Ross Susan Solomon

2000s	2000: John D. Baldeschwieler Ralph F. Hirschmann 2001: Ernest R. Davidson Gábor A. Somorjai 2002: John I. Brauman 2004: Stephen J. Lippard 2006: Marvin H. Caruthers Peter B. Dervan 2007: Mostafa A. El-Sayed 2008: Joanna Fowler JoAnne Stubbe 2009: Stephen J. Benkovic Marye Anne Fox

2010s	2010: Jacqueline K. Barton Peter J. Stang 2011: Allen J. Bard M. Frederick Hawthorne 2014: Judith P. Klinman Jerrold Meinwald 2015: Geraldine L. Richmond

Engineering sciences

1960s	1962: Theodore von Kármán 1963: Vannevar Bush John Robinson Pierce 1964: Charles S. Draper 1965: Hugh L. Dryden Clarence L. Johnson Warren K. Lewis 1966: Claude E. Shannon 1967: Edwin H. Land Igor I. Sikorsky 1968: J. Presper Eckert Nathan M. Newmark 1969: Jack St. Clair Kilby

1970s	1970: George E. Mueller 1973: Harold E. Edgerton Richard T. Whitcomb 1974: Rudolf Kompfner Ralph Brazelton Peck Abel Wolman 1975: Manson Benedict William Hayward Pickering Frederick E. Terman Wernher von Braun 1976: Morris Cohen Peter C. Goldmark Erwin Wilhelm Müller 1979: Emmett N. Leith Raymond D. Mindlin Robert N. Noyce Earl R. Parker Simon Ramo

1980s	1982: Edward H. Heinemann Donald L. Katz 1983: William Redington Hewlett George M. Low John G. Trump 1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann T. Y. Lin Bernard M. Oliver 1987: R. Byron Bird H. Bolton Seed Ernst Weber 1988: Daniel C. Drucker Willis M. Hawkins George W. Housner 1989: Harry George Drickamer Herbert E. Grier

1990s	1990: Mildred Dresselhaus Nick Holonyak Jr. 1991: George H. Heilmeier Luna B. Leopold H. Guyford Stever 1992: Calvin F. Quate John Roy Whinnery 1993: Alfred Y. Cho 1994: Ray W. Clough 1995: Hermann A. Haus 1996: James L. Flanagan C. Kumar N. Patel 1998: Eli Ruckenstein 1999: Kenneth N. Stevens

2000s	2000: Yuan-Cheng B. Fung 2001: Andreas Acrivos 2002: Leo Beranek 2003: John M. Prausnitz 2004: Edwin N. Lightfoot 2005: Jan D. Achenbach Tobin J. Marks 2006: Robert S. Langer 2007: David J. Wineland 2008: Rudolf E. Kálmán 2009: Amnon Yariv

2010s	2011: Sidney Drell Sandra Faber Sylvester James Gates John Goodenough

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

1960s	1963: Norbert Wiener 1964: Solomon Lefschetz H. Marston Morse 1965: Oscar Zariski 1966: John Milnor 1967: Paul Cohen 1968: Jerzy Neyman 1969: William Feller

1970s	1970: Richard Brauer 1973: John Tukey 1974: Kurt Gödel 1975: John W. Backus Shiing-Shen Chern George Dantzig 1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs Hassler Whitney 1979: Joseph L. Doob Donald E. Knuth

1980s	1982: Marshall Harvey Stone 1983: Herman Goldstine Isadore Singer 1986: Peter Lax Antoni Zygmund 1987: Raoul Bott Michael Freedman 1988: Ralph E. Gomory Joseph B. Keller 1989: Samuel Karlin Saunders Mac Lane Donald C. Spencer

1990s	1990: George F. Carrier Stephen Cole Kleene John McCarthy 1991: Alberto Calderón 1992: Allen Newell 1993: Martin David Kruskal 1994: John Cocke 1995: Louis Nirenberg 1996: Richard Karp Stephen Smale 1997: Shing-Tung Yau 1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz 1999: Felix Browder Ronald R. Coifman

2000s	2000: John Griggs Thompson Karen K. Uhlenbeck 2001: Calyampudi R. Rao Elias M. Stein 2002: James G. Glimm 2003: Carl R. de Boor 2004: Dennis P. Sullivan 2005: Bradley Efron 2006: Hyman Bass 2007: Leonard Kleinrock Andrew J. Viterbi 2009: David B. Mumford

2010s	2010: Richard A. Tapia S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan 2011: Solomon Golomb Barry Mazur 2014: Alexandre Chorin Thomas Kailath David Blackwell

Physical sciences

1960s	1963: Luis W. Alvarez 1964: Julian Schwinger Harold Clayton Urey Robert Burns Woodward 1965: John Bardeen Peter Debye Leon M. Lederman William Rubey 1966: Jacob Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring John H. Van Vleck Vladimir K. Zworykin 1967: Jesse Beams Francis Birch Gregory Breit Louis Hammett George Kistiakowsky 1968: Paul Bartlett Herbert Friedman Lars Onsager Eugene Wigner 1969: Herbert C. Brown Wolfgang Panofsky

1970s	1970: Robert H. Dicke Allan R. Sandage John C. Slater John A. Wheeler Saul Winstein 1973: Carl Djerassi Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel Frederick Seitz Robert Rathbun Wilson 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen Paul Flory William Alfred Fowler Linus Carl Pauling Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer 1975: Hans A. Bethe Joseph O. Hirschfelder Lewis Sarett Edgar Bright Wilson Chien-Shiung Wu 1976: Samuel Goudsmit Herbert S. Gutowsky Frederick Rossini Verner Suomi Henry Taube George Uhlenbeck 1979: Richard P. Feynman Herman Mark Edward M. Purcell John Sinfelt Lyman Spitzer Victor F. Weisskopf

1980s	1982: Philip W. Anderson Yoichiro Nambu Edward Teller Charles H. Townes 1983: E. Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber Helmut Landsberg Walter Munk Frederick Reines Bruno B. Rossi J. Robert Schrieffer 1986: Solomon J. Buchsbaum H. Richard Crane Herman Feshbach Robert Hofstadter Chen-Ning Yang 1987: Philip Abelson Walter Elsasser Paul C. Lauterbur George Pake James A. Van Allen 1988: D. Allan Bromley Paul Ching-Wu Chu Walter Kohn Norman F. Ramsey Jack Steinberger 1989: Arnold O. Beckman Eugene Parker Robert Sharp Henry Stommel

1990s	1990: Allan M. Cormack Edwin M. McMillan Robert Pound Roger Revelle 1991: Arthur L. Schawlow Ed Stone Steven Weinberg 1992: Eugene M. Shoemaker 1993: Val Fitch Vera Rubin 1994: Albert Overhauser Frank Press 1995: Hans Dehmelt Peter Goldreich 1996: Wallace S. Broecker 1997: Marshall Rosenbluth Martin Schwarzschild George Wetherill 1998: Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall 1999: James Cronin Leo Kadanoff

2000s	2000: Willis E. Lamb Jeremiah P. Ostriker Gilbert F. White 2001: Marvin L. Cohen Raymond Davis Jr. Charles Keeling 2002: Richard Garwin W. Jason Morgan Edward Witten 2003: G. Brent Dalrymple Riccardo Giacconi 2004: Robert N. Clayton 2005: Ralph A. Alpher Lonnie Thompson 2006: Daniel Kleppner 2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Charles P. Slichter 2008: Berni Alder James E. Gunn 2009: Yakir Aharonov Esther M. Conwell Warren M. Washington

2010s	2011: Sidney Drell 2014: Burton Richter Sean C. Solomon

Guy Medallists

Gold Medallists

Silver Medallists

John Glover (1893)
Augustus Sauerbeck (1894)
A. L. Bowley (1895)
F. J. Atkinson (1897)
C. S. Loch (1899)
Richard Crawford (1900)
Thomas A. Welton (1901)
R. H. Hooker (1902)
Yves Guyot (1903)
D. A. Thomas (1904)
R. H. Rew (1905)
W. H. Shaw (1906)
N. A. Humphreys (1907)
Edward Brabrook (1909)
G. H. Wood (1910)
R. Dudfield (1913)
S. Rowson (1914)
S. J. Chapman (1915)
J. S. Nicholson (1918)
J. C. Stamp (1919)
A. William Flux (1921)
H. W. Macrosty (1927)
Ethel Newbold (1928)
H. E. Soper (1930)
J. H. Jones (1934)
E. C. Snow (1935)
R. G. Hawtrey (1936)
E. C. Ramsbottom (1938)
L. Isserlis (1939)
H. Leak (1940)
M. G. Kendall (1945)
Harry Campion (1950)
F. A. A. Menzler (1951)
M. S. Bartlett (1952)
J. O. Irwin (1953)
L. H. C. Tippett (1954)
D. G. Kendall (1955)
Henry Daniels (1957)
G. A. Barnard (1958)
E. C. Fieller (1960)
D. R. Cox (1961)
P. V. Sukhatme (1962)
George E. P. Box (1964)
C. R. Rao (1965)
Peter Whittle (1966)
Dennis Lindley (1968)
Robin Plackett (1973)
James Durbin (1976)
John Nelder (1977)
Peter Armitage (1978)
Michael Healy (1979)
M. Stone (1980)
John Kingman (1981)
Henry Wynn (1982)
Julian Besag (1983)
J. C. Gittins (1984)
A. Bissell (1985)
W. Pridmore (1985)
Richard Peto (1986)
John Copas (1987)
John Aitchison (1988)
F. P. Kelly (1989)
David Clayton (1990)
R. L. Smith (1991)
Robert Curnow (1992)
A. F. M. Smith (1993)
David Spiegelhalter (1994)
B. W. Silverman (1995)
Steffen Lauritzen (1996)
Peter Diggle (1997)
Harvey Goldstein (1998)
Peter Green (1999)
Walter Gilks (2000)
Philip Dawid (2001)
David Hand (2002)
Kanti Mardia (2003)
Peter Donnelly (2004)
Peter McCullagh (2005)
Michael Titterington (2006)
Howell Tong (2007)
Gareth Roberts (2008)
Sylvia Richardson (2009)
Iain M. Johnstone (2010)
P. G. Hall (2011)
David Firth (2012)
Brian Ripley (2013)
Jianqing Fan (2014)

Bronze Medallists

William Gemmell Cochran (1936)
R. F. George (1938)
W. J. Jennett (1949)
Peter Armitage (1962)
James Durbin (1966)
F. Downton (1967)
Robin Plackett (1968)
M. C. Pike (1969)
P. G. Moore (1970)
D. J. Bartholomew (1971)
G. N. Wilkinson (1974)
A. F. Bissell (1975)
P. L. Goldsmith (1976)
A. F. M. Smith (1977)
Philip Dawid (1978)
T. M. F. Smith (1979)
A. J. Fox (1980)
S. J. Pocock (1982)
Peter McCullagh (1983)
Bernard Silverman (1984)
David Spiegelhalter (1985)
D. F. Hendry (1986)
Peter Green (1987)
S. C. Darby (1988)
S. M. Gore (1989)
Valerie Isham (1990)
M. G. Kenward (1991)
C. Jennison (1992)
J. A. Tawn (1993)
R. F. A. Poultney (1994)
Iain M. Johnstone (1995)
J. N. S. Matthews (1996)
Gareth Roberts (1997)
D. Firth (1998)
P. W. F. Smith
J. Forster (1999)
J. Wakefield (2000)
Guy Nason (2001)
Geert Molenberghs (2002)
Peter Lynn (2003)
Nicola Best (2004)
Steve Brooks (2005)
Matthew Stephens (2006)
Paul Fearnhead (2007)
Fiona Steele (2008)
Chris Holmes (2009)
Omiros Papaspiliopoulos (2010)
Nicolai Meinshausen (2011)
Richard Samworth (2012)
Piotr Fryzlewicz (2013)
Ming Yuan (2014)

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 86622399 LCCN: n50054917 ISNI: 0000 0001 0922 1406 GND: 119285924 SUDOC: 030498813 BNF: cb12190099c (data) MGP: 40000 NDL: 00453692

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