Commercial Crew Development

Commercial Crew Program logo
NASA Commercial Crew and Cargo
Initiative Period
Development
Commercial Cargo Development 2006 - 2013
Commercial Space Transportation Capabilities 2007 - 2010
Commercial Crew Development (phase 1) 2010 - 2011
Commercial Crew Development (phase 2) 2011 - 2012
Commercial Crew integrated Capability (phase 3)
(base period milestones) 		2012 - 2014
Commercial Crew integrated Capability (phase 4)
(optional period milestones) 		2014 - 2017
Certification
Certification Products Contract (crew) 2012 - 2014
Commercial Crew Transportation Capability 2014 - 2017
Services
Commercial Resupply Services (cargo) 2011 - 2016
ISS Crew Transportation Services (crew) 2017 -
NASA's COTS program
Private spaceflight companies

Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) is a multiphase, space technology development program that is funded by the U.S. government and administered by NASA. The program is intended to stimulate development of privately operated crew vehicles to be launched into low Earth orbit. The program is run by NASA's Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Office (C3PO).[1] William Gerstenmaier, NASA's Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations, stated in 2012 it was likely only one competitor would be chosen to deliver crew to the International Space Station (ISS);[2] the chosen spacecraft is expected to begin doing so around 2017.[3]

In 2010, in the first phase of the program, NASA provided $50 million combined to five American companies; the money was intended for research and development into private-sector human spaceflight concepts and technologies. NASA solicited a second set of CCdev proposals for technology development projects lasting for a maximum of 14 months in October the same year.[4] In April 2011, NASA announced they would award up to nearly $270 million to four companies as they met their CCDev 2 objectives.

NASA awarded Space Act Agreements for the third phase, named CCiCap, in August 2012; this would last until 2014.[5] CCiCap is followed by CCtCap with Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 15 contracts, which formed the fourth and final phase of the program. Contracts were awarded to SpaceX and Boeing in September 2014.[6]

Requirements

The key, high-level requirements for the Commercial Crew vehicles include:

Program overview

Flag left aboard ISS by the crew of STS-135 is to be retrieved by the next crew launched on an American vehicle

The NASA CCDev program followed Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), a program for developing commercial launch capability to send cargo into low Earth orbit. In December 2009, NASA provided the following description of the CCDev program:[10]

The objectives of the Commercial Crew & Cargo Program are to implement U.S. Space Exploration policy with investments to stimulate the commercial space industry; facilitate U.S. private industry demonstration of cargo and crew space transportation capabilities with the goal of achieving safe, reliable, cost effective access to low-Earth orbit; and create a market environment in which commercial space transportation services are available to Government and private sector customers.[10]

The Commercial Crew & Cargo Program is applying Recovery Act funds to stimulate efforts within the private sector to develop and demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities. NASA plans to use funds appropriated for "Exploration" under the American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) through its C3PO to support efforts within the private sector to develop system concepts and capabilities that could ultimately lead to the availability of commercial human spaceflight services. These efforts are intended to foster entrepreneurial activity leading to job growth in engineering, analysis, design, and research and to promote economic recovery as capabilities for new markets are created.[10]

ARRA provided $400 million for space exploration related activities. Of this amount, $50 million is to be used for the development of commercial crew space transportation concepts and enabling capabilities. This effort is known as CCDev. The purpose of this activity is to provide funding to assist viable commercial entities in the development of system concepts, key technologies, and capabilities that could ultimately be used in commercial crew human space transportation systems. This development work must show, within the timeframe of the agreement, significant progress on long lead capabilities, technologies and commercial crew risk mitigation tasks in order to accelerate the development of their commercial crew space transportation concept.[10]

Contract funding for the CCDev program is different from traditional space industry contractor funding used on the Space Shuttle, Apollo, Gemini, and Mercury programs. Contracts are explicitly designed to fund subsystem technology development objectives that NASA wants for NASA purposes; all other system technology development is funded by the commercial contractor. Contracts are issued for fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones. "NASA's contribution is fixed".[11]

Funding and effect on schedule

Requested vs appropriated funding by year

The first flight of the CCDev program was planned to occur in 2015, but insufficient funding caused delays.[12][13] Administrator of NASA Charles Bolden attributed the delays to insufficient funding from Congress.[14][15] Michael López-Alegría, President of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation, also attributed the delays in the program to funding problems.[16]

For the fiscal year (FY) 2011 budget, US$500 million was requested for the CCDev program, but Congress granted only $270 million.[17] For the FY 2012 budget, $850 million was requested but Congress approved a budget of $406 million, and as a result the first flight of CCDev was postponed from 2016 to 2017.[13] For the 2013 budget, 830 million was requested but Congress approved $488 million.[18] For the FY 2014 budget, $821 million was requested, Congress approved $696 million.[12][19] In FY 2015, NASA received $805 million from Congress for the CCDev program; 95% of the $848 million requested by the Obama administration and the largest annual amount since the beginning of the program.[20]

Phases

CCDev 1

Construction of the CST-100 pressure vessel was one of Boeing's CCDev 1 milestones

Under CCDev phase 1, NASA has entered into funded Space Act Agreements with several companies working on technologies and systems for human space flight. Funding was provided as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. A total of $50 million for 2010 was awarded to five American companies with the intention of fostering research and development into human spaceflight concepts and technologies in the private sector.[10][21][22] The phase 1 amount was originally intended to be $150 million, most of which was diverted to the Constellation program by Senator Richard Shelby (R-AL).[23] All 53 delivery milestones for the five companies were scheduled to be completed by the end of 2010.[11]

Proposals selected

NASA awarded development funds to five companies under CCDev 1:

Proposals received

During the evaluation phase of CCDev1 proposals were received from the following participants:[33]

CCDev 2

The construction of a Dragon crew mock-up was one of SpaceX's CCDev 2 milestones, it is seen here during an event

NASA sought a second set of Commercial Crew Development proposals in October 2010. These could be both new concepts and proposals that mature the design and development of system elements, such as launch vehicles and spacecraft. NASA originally planned to issue about $200 million of Space Act Agreements in March 2011.[4] On April 18, 2011, NASA awarded nearly $270 million to four companies for developing U.S. vehicles that could fly astronauts after the Space Shuttle fleet's retirement.[34]

In August the same year, NASA provided status on the progress milestones of the four companies developing crew vehicle technologies under CCDev 2.[35] There are nine-to-eleven specific milestones, spread over the second quarter of 2011 through to the second quarter of 2012, that each company must meet to receive their performance-based funding for CCDev 2.[36]

Proposals selected

Winners of funding in the second round of the CCDev were:[37]

Proposals selected without NASA funding

Proposals not selected

Proposals that were not awarded funds in the second round of the CCDev program were:

Commercial Crew integrated Capability

Flight testing of the Dream Chaser Engineering Test Article was one of Sierra Nevada's CCiCap milestones

The Commercial Crew integrated Capability (CCiCap) initiative is the third round of the CCdev program and was originally called CCDev 3.[66] For this phase of the program, NASA wanted proposals to be complete, end-to-end designs including spacecraft, launch vehicles, launch services, ground and mission operations, and recovery. In September 2011, NASA released a draft request for proposals (RFP).[67]

The U.S. government's was originally intended to use a new contracting mechanism for CCiCap that differed from the Space Act Agreement's fixed-price, milestone-based contracts of the previous phases. As of October 2011, NASA was planning to award competitive contracts under the more traditional Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) system instead of using Space Act Agreements.[67] After some months of planning for the new-style contracting approach, NASA announced in mid-December 2011 it would resume use of Space Act Agreements because of Congressional funding reductions to the program for Fiscal Year 2012.[68][69] NASA planned to use FAR contracts for the certification of Commercial Transportation Services to the ISS.[70] The final RFP was released on February 7, 2012, with proposals due on March 23, 2012.[71][72]

The funded Space Act Agreements were awarded on August 3, 2012, and amended on August 15, 2013. CCiCap contracts were planned to be completed by August 2014.[5][73] NASA hoped facilitating development of this U.S. capability will provide safe, reliable and cost effective human transportation to low-Earth orbit (LEO).[66]

Proposals selected

Winners of funding in the third round of the Commercial Crew Development program, announced on August 3, 2012, were:

Proposals that passed acceptability screening

Proposals not selected

Development achievements

NASA reported that as of November 2014, Boeing had completed its CCiCap milestones;[41] Sierra Nevada had completed 10 of 13 its milestones; SpaceX had completed 13 of 18 its milestones. SpaceX received an extra milestone that is to be completed by March 2015.[75] The milestones are listed in the appendixes to the Funded Space Act Agreements.[N 1][76] In May 2014, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corporation and Space Exploration Technologies completed reviews detailing plans to meet NASA's certification requirements to transport crew members to and from the ISS. This completes the first phase of certifying the new Crew Transportation Systems.[77]

Preparation for the next phase

In June 2014, Boeing announced it intended to send out preliminary lay-off notices to 215 employees—approximately 170 in Houston and 45 in Florida—to prepare for the possibility that Boeing would not be selected to continue work into the next phase following the expected NASA shortlist in mid-2014. These advance notices are required under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) legislation under U.S. law, and must be issued 60 days before any large lay-off is expected to take effect. If Boeing was selected to continue, the lay-offs would not occur and Boeing would hire an additional 75 personnel. Sierra Nevada "is not preparing any WARN notices to its Dream Chaser workforce".[78]

Certification Products Contract (CPC) phase 1

The first phase of the Certification Products Contract (CPC) involved the review of the integrated crew transportation systems through the creation of a certification plan that would result in the development of engineering standards, tests and analyses of the systems' designs.[79] This phase of CPC was expected to run from January 22, 2013, to May 30, 2014.[79]

Proposals selected

Winners of funding of phase 1 of the CPC, announced on December 10, 2012, were:[79]

Certification Products Contract (CPC) phase 2

The second phase of the CPC was expected to begin in mid-2014; it would involve a full and open competition and would include the final development, testing and verifications to allow crewed demonstration flights to the ISS.[79] Phase 2 is called Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap).[80] NASA proposed the second phase of the program would begin purchasing commercial astronaut transportation services with the CCtCap solicitation. Contract award and funding occurred in 2014; flights of NASA astronauts on CCtCap-provided vehicles would not occur before 2017.[81] In a change from previous CCDev programs where commercial providers tested the developed technology to NASA contractual requirements, CCtCap will include Joint Test Teams (JTT) with NASA personnel operating in a traditional NASA acquisition approach in which NASA oversees some design choices and offers flexible-price cost-sharing to pay for the tests.[81] NASA issued the draft CCtCap contract's Request For Proposals (RFP) on July 19, 2013; the response date was August 15, 2013.[80]

According to the letter and Executive Summary:

There are four separate Contract Line Items (CLINs) for CTS certification; ISS mission support, special studies and additional cargo capability if proposed.[82]:p. 4 NASA was to supply four Docking System Block 1 Units on a no-charge-for-use basis. The first unit would be available in February 2016.[82]:p. 8 NASA held a Commercial Crew Pre-proposal Conference at Kennedy Space Center on December 4, 2013, after formally requesting proposals for CCtCap in late November that year.[83]

NASA's 2014 budget for CCtCap was US$696 million; it was reduced from an Obama Administration request of US$821 million.[81] In May 2014, NASA announced each awardee was to perform at least one crewed test flight to verify the spacecraft could dock with the ISS and all its systems performed as expected. NASA intended to meet its station crew rotation requirements by including at least two, and ato most six crewed, post-certification missions in the contracts.[84] NASA also intended CCtCap would allow U.S. providers to supply other customers.[84]

Awards

On September 16, 2014, NASA announced that Boeing and SpaceX had received contracts to provide crewed launch services to the ISS. For completing the same contract requirements, Boeing could receive up to US$4.2 billion, while SpaceX could receive up to US$2.6 billion.[6] Both Boeing CST-100 flying on United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V and SpaceX Dragon V2 flying on Falcon 9 were awarded for the same set of requirements: completing development and certification of their crew vehicle then flying a certification flight followed by up to six operational flights to the ISS. The contracts included at least two operational flights for each company.[85]

The total program award of US$6.8 billion covers development costs through CCtCap program funding—$3.42 billion over the years 2015-2019 with $848 million in the commercial crew budget request for FY 2015—and $3.4 billion for operational crew resupply to the ISS—12 flights with four astronauts on each flight, where NASA assumed the same per-seat price of $70.7 million it would pay for each Soyuz seat in 2016.[85][86] With the program awards in September, NASA did not release the number of proposals it received or any details about the selection process; it stated such information would be released "at an 'appropriate' but unspecified date".[85]

On September 26, 2014, Sierra Nevada Corporation submitted a protest of the CCtCap awards, stating to have undercut Boeing by $900 million while scoring close to its competitors in the other criteria.[87] The Government Accountability Office (GAO) had until January 5, 2015, to rule on the protest.[88] By October 1, 2014, NASA had instructed Boeing and SpaceX to halt work on the CCtCap contracts.[89] On October 8, 2014, NASA instructed the contractors to proceed with contract work during the GAO review.[90] In January 2015, the GAO denied Sierra Nevada Corporation's protest.[91]

CCtCap contract progress

As of December 2014, both SpaceX and Boeing had started work on their Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contracts.[92]

Flights

As of February 2016, the SpaceX Dragon V2.0 was scheduled to carry out an in-flight abort test in 2016, followed by an unmanned test flight to the ISS in 2017.[93] Following this, a manned test flight should launch in 2017. The Boeing CST-100 is scheduled for an unmanned test flight in April 2017, followed by a manned test flight in July that year. The first contracted crew delivery, known as USCV-1, is tentatively scheduled for late 2017.[94] On May 28, 2015, NASA awarded Boeing the first contract to launch a crew to the ISS with the CST-100 spacecraft under the CCtCap initiative. The launch, tentatively scheduled for late 2017, is provisional on its certification.[95]

Funding summary

The funding of all commercial crew contractors for each phase of the CCP program is as follows—CCtCap values are maxima and include post-development operational flights

Funding Summary (millions of US$)
Round
(years)		 CCDev1[96]
(2010–2011)		 CCDev2[97][98]
(2011–2012)		 CCiCap[5][73]
(2012–2014)		 CPC1[79]
(2013–2014)		 CCtCap[86] Total
(2010–2017)
Manufacturers of spacecraft
The Boeing Company 18.0 92.3 + 20.61 460.0 + 203 9.9 4,200.0 4,820.9
Blue Origin 3.7 22.0 – – – 25.7
Sierra Nevada Corporation 20.0 80.0 + 25.61 212.5 + 153 10.0 – 362.1
SpaceX – 75.0 440.0 + 203 9.6 2,600.0 3,144.6
Excalibur Almaz – 02 – – – 0
Manufacturers of launch vehicles
United Launch Alliance 6.7 0 – – – 6.7
Alliant Techsystems (ATK) – 0 – – – 0
Others
Paragon Space Development Corporation 1.4 – – – – 1.4
Total: 49.8 315.5 1,167.5 29.6 6,800.0 8,307.4

1 Additional amount awarded in 2011.
2 Space Act Agreement signed in 2011 in the frame of CCDev2.[57]
3 Additional amount awarded in 2013.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Agreements and amendments are linked to from the CCiCap page of the NASA web site and in the External links below.[76]

References

  1. ↑ Commercial Crew & Cargo Program Office. NASA website, June 3, 2014, accessed December 16, 2015.
  2. ↑ "Recent Developments in NASA’s Commercial Crew Acquisition Strategy". United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  3. ↑ Leone, Dan (20 June 2012). "NASA Banking on Commercial Crew To Grow ISS Population". Space News. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  4. 1 2 "NASA Seeks More Proposals On Commercial Crew Development". press release 10-277. NASA. October 25, 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "NASA Announces Next Steps in Effort to Launch Americans from U.S. Soil". NASA. August 3, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  6. 1 2 Bolden, Charlie. "American Companies Selected to Return Astronaut Launches to American Soil". NASA.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Bayt, Rob (July 26, 2011). "Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough". NASA. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 "Commercial Crew Program - fact sheet" (PDF). NASA. February 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  9. ↑ Memi, Ed (July 2005). "Space Shuttle upgrade lets astronauts at ISS stay in space longer". Boeing. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Selection Statement For Commercial Crew Development" (PDF). JSC-CCDev-1. NASA. December 9, 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
  11. 1 2 "Moving Forward: Commercial Crew Development Building the Next Era in Spaceflight" (PDF). Rendezvous. NASA. 2010. pp. 10–17. Retrieved February 14, 2011. Just as in the COTS projects, in the CCDev project we have fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones," Thorn said. "There’s no extra money invested by NASA if the projects cost more than projected.
  12. 1 2 Norris, Guy (31 May 2013). "NASA Chief Repeats Warnings On Commercial Crew Delays". Aviation Week. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  13. 1 2 Clark, Stephen (2011-11-23). "Reduced budget threatens delay in private spaceships". Spaceflightnow. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  14. ↑ Bolden, Charles (30 April 2013). "Launching American Astronauts from U.S. Soil". Retrieved 1 May 2013. If NASA had received the President's requested funding for this plan, we would not have been forced to recently sign a new contract with Roscosmos for Soyuz transportation flights. Because the funding for the President's plan has been significantly reduced, we now won’t be able to support American launches until 2017. Even this delayed availability will be in question if Congress does not fully support the President's fiscal year 2014 request for our Commercial Crew Program, forcing us once again to extend our contract with the Russians.
  15. ↑ Leone, Dan (4 March 2015). "NASA Making Plans for Russia’s Secession From ISS". SpaceNews. Retrieved 5 March 2015. Had we gotten the funding that was first requested when I became the NASA administrator [in 2009], we would have been all joyously going to the Kennedy Space Center later this year to watch the first launch of some commercial spacecraft with our crew members on it.
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  21. ↑ "NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds". press release (NASA). February 1, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  22. ↑ "Commercial Crew and Cargo Program" (PDF).
  23. ↑ "Shelby wins battle on stimulus funding".
  24. ↑ Jeff Foust. "Blue Origin proposes orbital vehicle".
  25. 1 2 3 4 "CCDev awardees one year later: where are they now?". NewSpace Journal. February 4, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
  26. ↑ NASA Selects Boeing for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Award to Study Crew Capsule-based Design
  27. ↑ "Boeing CCDev". Commercial Crew & Cargo. NASA. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  28. ↑ "CCDev Information". NASA. July 20, 2010.
  29. ↑ "SNC receives largest award of NASA's CCDev Competitive Contract". SNC. February 1, 2010.
  30. ↑ Bourzac, Katherine (January 18, 2011). "A Private Space Shuttle Replacement". Technology Review. MIT. Retrieved January 22, 2011. This spacecraft, the size of a business jet, will take cargo and up to eight people into low Earth orbit, where the space station is located, and then return and land on commercial airport runways.
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  32. ↑ "United Launch Alliance CCDev". Commercial Crew & Cargo. NASA. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
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  34. ↑ Dean, James. "NASA awards $270 million for commercial crew efforts". space.com, April 18, 2011.
  35. ↑ Bergin, Chris (August 1, 2011). "NASA oversight of CCDev-2 Partners reveals progress milestones". NASA Spaceflight. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
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  38. ↑ , p. 2-1
  39. ↑ " Blue Origin Technology". Blue Origin. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 "Commercial Crew Program Update" (PDF). NASA. December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  41. 1 2 "RELEASE 14-317 NASA Commercial Crew Partners Continue System Advancements". NASA.gov. NASA. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  42. 1 2 Orbital Aims For Station With Lifting Body. Aviation Week, 2010-12-17, accessed 2010-12-20. "will use Virgin to market its services. But Sierra is also in discussions about using Virgin’s WhiteKnightTwo carrier aircraft as a platform for drop trials of the Dream Chaser atmospheric test vehicle"
  43. ↑ Companies submit plans for new NASA spacecraft. Daily Record, 2010-12-17, accessed 2010-12-20.
  44. 1 2 Virgin joins forces with two companies on CCDev, NewSpace Journal, 2010-12-16, accessed 2010-12-18.
  45. ↑ Trivers, Elise (2011-02-05). "NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver touts Colorado's role in space exploration". Boulder Daily Camera. 00:18. Retrieved 2011-02-06. Behind me is the Dream Chaser. It's the core structure that will become an atmospheric flight test vehicle in 2012 for drop tests. We're gonna take it up on the Virgin Galactic White Knight 2, the big airplane, that's gonna carry it underneath, drop it, and we'll do approach and landing tests, much like what was done for the Space Shuttle before it flew into space.
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  51. ↑ Bergin, Chris. "NASA and ULA agree SAA to complete the human rating of Atlas V". nasaspaceflight.com, July 18, 2011.
  52. ↑ "NASA inks agreement with maker of Atlas V rocket"
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  57. 1 2 "CCP and Excalibur Sign Space Act Agreement". NASA.
  58. ↑ "Excalibur Almaz, NASA sign commercial spaceflight deal"
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  74. 1 2 3 4 Commercial Crew Integrated Capabilities Selection Statement
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  84. 1 2 Anna Heiney. "NASA and Industry Complete First Phase to Certify New Crew Transportation Systems". NASA.gov. NASA. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
  85. 1 2 3 Foust, Jeff (2014-09-19). "NASA Commercial Crew Awards Leave Unanswered Questions". Space News. Retrieved 2014-09-21. “We basically awarded based on the proposals that we were given,” Kathy Lueders, NASA commercial crew program manager, said in a teleconference with reporters after the announcement. “Both contracts have the same requirements. The companies proposed the value within which they were able to do the work, and the government accepted that.”
  86. 1 2 "RELEASE 14-256 NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station". www.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
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  88. ↑ "Court Rejects Sierra Nevada Motion to Reinstate Commercial Crew Stop-Work Order". SpaceNews.com.
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  93. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2014-02-04). "SpaceX seeks to accelerate Falcon 9 production and launch rates this year". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
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  95. ↑ Clark, Stephen (May 28, 2015). "Boeing gets first order for commercial crew mission". spaceflightnow.com.
  96. ↑ "NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds". press release (NASA). February 1, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  97. ↑ "NASA Awards Next Set Of Commercial Crew Development Agreements". press release (NASA). April 18, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  98. ↑ "NASA Releases Commercial Crew Draft RFP, Announces CCDEV2 Optional Milestones". press release (NASA). September 19, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2012.

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