Calvin S. Brice

Calvin S. Brice
United States Senator
from Ohio
In office
March 4, 1891 – March 4, 1897
Preceded by Henry B. Payne
Succeeded by Joseph B. Foraker
Personal details
Born (1845-09-17)September 17, 1845
Denmark, Ohio
Died December 15, 1898(1898-12-15) (aged 53)
New York City
Political party Democratic
Alma mater University of Michigan

Calvin Stewart Brice (September 17, 1845 – December 15, 1898) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. Born at Denmark in Morrow County, Brice dropped out of Miami University in 1861 to join the Union Army. After a short stint in the Army, he returned to Miami University and earned his undergraduate degree from there in 1863. After the Civil War, Brice studied law at the University of Michigan and then started a business career where he amassed a fortune, largely in railroads. In 1879, he became president of the Lake Erie and Western Railroad and built the Nickel Plate Road in 1882. A Democrat, Brice was the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1889 until 1892 and won elected to the Senate in 1890, serving a single term in office.

Early life

Calvin Brice was born on September 17, 1845 in the small town of Denmark, Ohio, to Elizabeth Stewart and William Kirkpatrick Brice, a Presbyterian minister of no great wealth. Originally home-schooled, he later entered the Columbus Grove public school system in Putnam County. Showing some promise as a student, Brice began preparations for higher education and in 1859 gained admission to Miami University. After graduating in 1863 with high honors,[1] he would become a devoted alumnus later in life. His efforts in 1885 and 1888 to provide funding for the University were largely responsible for its survival, and a science building, Brice Hall (now demolished) was named in his honor.

Military and early legal career

Brice's first attempt to join the army in 1861 met with little success, after being turned down because of his young age. In the summer of 1862, however, Brice enlisted and served three months in the 86th Regiment of the Ohio Volunteer Infantry,[2] seeing action in West Virginia. In 1863 he returned to and graduated from Miami University and worked as a schoolmaster, before he joined the army again in 1864, this time serving as captain to a company of volunteers he recruited for the 180th Ohio Infantry. Brice rose rapidly through the ranks of the Union Army and, by the end of the war, attained the position of Lieutenant-Colonel.

With "no desire for an army career," according to historian Thomas Mach, Brice ended his military career soon after to pursue a career in law. He earned his law degree from the University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, in 1865 and passed the Ohio bar in 1866.

Business career

Brice found his break into both the business and political worlds under unusual circumstances. Around 1880, when his law practice was proving unsuccessful and his mother's home was at risk of foreclosure, Brice wrote to the holder of the mortgage, the then governor Charles Foster, and offered to attend to any legal interests he needed help with. Foster declined the legal help, but offered instead to pay Brice five hundred dollars to negotiate a business deal on Wall Street on his behalf.[3] Brice accepted, and proved a shrewd businessman; Foster would later name Brice "the most remarkable man [he] ever met […] the most successful borrower [he] ever saw." [4] Ignoring Foster's explicit instructions for his work on the business proceedings in New York and instead following his instincts, Brice returned with a shocking profit of $40,000, and earned the trust and friendship of the governor.[5]

After working as a private lawyer, Brice joined the Lake Erie and Louisville Railroad law department, where he gained his initial experience with the railroad industry, learning how to operate, fund, and expand its lines. Foster became impressed with Brice after he unveiled a plan to save a foundering rail project running from Toledo to Ohio's coal fields. With Foster's support, Brice managed to guide the railroad through the Panic of 1873 and expand it into Lima and other areas. Brice eventually rose to president of the company in 1887, which by then had become known as the Lake Erie and Western Railroad.

Over time, Brice netted a great fortune, laying claim to ten different railroads while spreading into numerous other businesses, including the National Telegraph Company and the Chase National Bank of New York. Perhaps his most marked achievement came with his role in the construction of the Nickel Plate Road in 1882, which ran from New York to St. Louis. He later sold this road for a generous profit to William Henry Vanderbilt, who recognized it as a dangerous competitor.[6]

Later in life, Brice became involved with railroad projects in China. He was a founding member of the American Asiatic Association, an organization responsible for pursuing American trade interests in China under the Open Door Policy.[7] In the late 1890s, he began an attempt to build a railroad between Canton and Hankou on Mainland China.[8] However, he died before the project was completed.

Throughout his business career, two overlying themes appeared dominant - Brice's ability to take a failing or fledgling business and restructure it to make profit, and his involvement with Charles Foster, whose support was crucial to Brice's success. The mining town of Briceville, Tennessee, which he proved instrumental in helping to connect to railroad service, is named for him. At the same time, however, Brice remained selfless in his aims and frugal in his desires, unlike most of the so-called robber barons of his day. According to historian James White, Brice did not accept much compensation for his services during a business transaction and often held himself accountable to the public by "stripping a proposition of every incumbrance and laying it bare for inspection."

Political career

In addition to his business career, Brice played an ongoing role in state and national politics. A Bourbon Democrat, he was an electoral candidate for Samuel J. Tilden in 1876 and later worked for the 1884 presidential campaign of Grover Cleveland. As time passed, Brice became more active in the Democratic Party and was elected as a delegate-at-large to the 1888 Democratic National Convention in St. Louis. In 1889, Brice was chosen to replace the late William H. Barnum as Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, until he was replaced in that position by William Harrity of Pennsylvania in 1892, after expressing doubts about renominating Grover Cleveland at that year's convention. Yet, his wealth and connections made him an influential party chairman, earning him the nickname "Calvin $ellars Brice".[9]

In 1890 Brice won nomination as his party's candidate to succeed George H. Payne, the outgoing U.S. Senator from Ohio. Heavy campaign spending secured the election of a Democratic majority to the Ohio General Assembly, enabling Brice's selection. Because of suspicious circumstances deriving from Payne's initial selection, though, Brice was scrutinized by the Senate before assuming office. Although Brice enacted few memorable measures as Senator, he gained a reputation as one of the most hard-working and intelligent members of Congress, serving on the Democratic Steering Committee, Committee on Appropriations, and as Chairman of the Committee on Pacific Railroads. Brice's reversal on the critical issue of tariff reform, however, cost him the support of many in his Democratic base. Also, Brice's strong ties to New York businesses led some in Ohio to call him "New York's Third Senator".[10] Though Brice fended off a censure motion at the 1894 Democratic party state convention, he lost his bid for reelection to Republican Joseph B. Foraker three years later.[11][12] After his defeat, Brice dropped out of Ohio politics.

He died suddenly and unexpectedly in New York City of an acute attack of pneumonia in 1898.[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ American National Biography, s.v. "Brice, Calvin Stewart."
  2. ↑ American National Biography, s.v. "Brice, Calvin Stewart."
  3. ↑ "Death of Calvin S. Brice" The New York Times, 16 Dec 1898.
  4. ↑ Harvey S. Ford, "Foster on Brice – A Forgotten Interview," Northwest Ohio Quarterly 22 (1950): 206.
  5. ↑ "Death of Calvin S. Brice" The New York Times, 16 Dec 1898.
  6. ↑ Harvey S. Ford, "Foster on Brice – A Forgotten Interview," Northwest Ohio Quarterly 22 (1950): 206-7.
  7. ↑ Calvin S. Campbell Jr., "American Business Interests and the Open Door in China," The Far Eastern Quarterly 1 (November, 1941) 51-52.
  8. ↑ Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. Brice, Calvin Stewart.
  9. ↑ Lafollette, Robert (June 1928). "The Adoption of the Australian Ballot in Indiana". Indiana Magazine of History 24: 105–120.
  10. ↑ Goldman, Ralph (1990). The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top.
  11. ↑ Hoyt Landon Warner, The Life of Mr. Justice Clarke: A Testament to the power of liberal dissent in America (Cleveland, OH: Western Reserve University Press, 1959), 15-17.
  12. ↑ "Foraker will succeed Brice: Ohio's Republican Legislators Vote Solidly for the Ex-Governor" (PDF). New York Times. January 14, 1896.
  13. ↑ Taylor, William A (1900). Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901, with notes and sketches of senators and representatives. the XX Century Publishing Company. p. 89.

Bibliography

External links

United States Senate
Preceded by
Henry B. Payne		 U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Ohio
1891–1897
Served alongside: John Sherman		 Succeeded by
Joseph B. Foraker
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