Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party of the United States is composed of various factions with some overlap and enough agreement between them to coexist in one party.

Progressive wing

Progressives tend to advocate a relatively social democratic agenda.[1] Unifying issues among progressive Democrats include opposition to the War in Iraq, opposition to economic liberalism and social conservatism, opposition to all corporate influence in government, support for universal health care or single-payer health care, revitalization of the national infrastructure and steering the Democratic Party in the direction of being a more forceful party. Compared to other factions of the party, they've been most critical of the Republican Party, and most supportive of direct democracy.

The Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) is a caucus of progressive Democrats, along with one independent, in the U.S. Congress. It is the single largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives. Its members have included Congressmen Dennis Kucinich, Alan Grayson, John Conyers (MI), Barbara Lee (CA), Jim McDermott (WA), John Lewis (GA); as well as Senators Paul Wellstone (MN), Elizabeth Warren (MA), Sherrod Brown (OH), and Bernie Sanders (VT).

Many progressive Democrats are ideological descendants of the New Left of Democratic Presidential candidate/Senator George McGovern of South Dakota; others were involved in the presidential candidacies of Vermont Governor Howard Dean and U.S. Rep. Dennis Kucinich of Ohio; and still others are disaffected former members of the Green Party. This groups consists disproportionately of college-educated professionals.[1] A recent study by the Pew Research Center found that a plurality, 41%, resided in mass affluent households and 49% were college graduates.[2]

Progressive Democratic candidates for public office have had popular support as candidates in metropolitan areas outside the South, and among African-Americans nationwide. Other famous progressives include Eugene McCarthy and Ted Kennedy.

Liberal wing

Liberal Democrats are to the left of centrist Democrats, but more moderate than the progressive wing in the party. The liberal faction was dominant in the party for several decades, although they have been hurt by the rise of centrist forces such as President Bill Clinton. Compared to conservatives and moderates, liberal Democrats have advocated the right to abortion, more spending on welfare and social programs, progressivism, a less militaristic foreign policy, and have a reputation of being more forceful in pushing for civil liberties. In the 1970s, modern liberal politicians began to include consumer protection, opposition to capital punishment, and environmentalism.[3]

Prominent liberal Democrats include current U.S. President Barack Obama, 2016 presidential candidate and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,[4] Senators Barbara Boxer (CA), Russ Feingold (WI), Tom Harkin (IA), and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (CA).

Centrist wing

See also: New Democrats

Centrist Democrats, or New Democrats, are an ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are an economically liberal and "Third Way" faction which dominated the party for around 20 years starting in the late 1980s after the US populace turned much further to the political right. They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition.

The New Democrat Coalition is a pro-business, pro-growth and fiscally conservative wing in the party.[5] Compared to other Democratic factions, they are mostly more supportive of the use of military force, including the war in Iraq, are more supportive of free trade, and are more willing to reduce government welfare, as indicated by their support for welfare reform and tax cuts. One of the most influential factions was the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), a nonprofit organization that advocated centrist positions for the party. The DLC hailed President Bill Clinton as proof of the viability of "Third Way" politicians and a DLC success story, the DLC disbanded in 2011. Much of the former DLC is now represented in the think tank Third Way.[6]

While not representing a majority of the Democratic Party electorate, a decent amount of Democratic elected officials have self declared as being centrists. Some of these Democrats are former President Bill Clinton, former Vice President Al Gore, Senator Mark Warner, former Pennsylvania governor Ed Rendell, former senator Jim Webb, Vice President Joe Biden, and congresswoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz.[7][8]

The Democratic Leadership Council was a group that supported centrist Democrats and called for the Democratic Party to be the party of centrism.[9] The New Democrat Network supports socially moderate, fiscally conservative Democratic politicians and operates the congressional New Democrat Coalition in the House and Senate. Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton was a member of the coalition when in congress and Senator Barack Obama self-described as a New Democrat.

Libertarian wing

Main article: Libertarian Democrat

Civil liberties advocates, and people against national debt, also often support the Democratic Party because its positions on such issues as civil rights and separation of church and state are more closely aligned to their own than the positions of the Republican Party, and because the Democrats' economic agenda may be more appealing to them than that of the Libertarian Party.[10]

They oppose gun control, the "War on Drugs," protectionism, corporate welfare, governmental borrowing, and an interventionist foreign policy. Some civil libertarians also support the party because of their support of habeas corpus for unlawful combatants, opposition to torture of suspected terrorists, extraordinary rendtition, warrantless wiretapping, indefinite detention without trial or charge, the Patriot Act, the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and what they see as the erosion of the protections of the Bill of Rights.[11][12]

In the 2010s, following the revelations by Edward Snowden about NSA surveillance in 2013, the increasing advent of online decentralization and cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, the perceived failure of the War on Drugs, and the police violence in places like Ferguson, Democratic lawmakers such as Senators Ron Wyden, Kirsten Gilibrand, and Cory Booker and Representative Jared Polis have worked alongside libertarian Republicans like Senator Rand Paul and Representative Justin Amash to curb what is seen as government overreach in each of these areas, earning plaudits from such traditional libertarian sources as Reason Magazine.[13][14][15][16] The growing political power of Silicon Valley, a longtime Democratic stronghold that is friendly to economic deregulation and strong civil liberties protections while maintaining traditionally liberal views on social issues, has also had a serious impact on the increasingly libertarian leanings of young Democrats.[17][18][19]

Many anti-war and civil libertarian Democrats were energized by the 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns of Ron Paul,[20][21] a constituency that has arguably embraced the 2016 presidential campaign of independent Democrat Bernie Sanders for the same reasons.[22][23] Additionally, Alaska Senator and presidential aspirant Mike Gravel left the Democratic Party midway through the 2008 presidential election cycle to seek the Libertarian Party presidential nomination.[24]

The Democratic Freedom Caucus (DFC) is an organized group of this faction, although it prefers to use terms such as "freedom Democrats" or "freedom-oriented Democrats". The DFC does not use the term "libertarian" on its website, because while it advocates individual liberty and limited government power, it considers its economic policies to be more progressive than, for example, the Libertarian Party. This is especially so because the DFC is in the tradition which holds that land and natural resources are subject to fundamentally different economic laws than human-made products (such as machinery, buildings, etc.), so its view of economic freedom advocates somewhat different economic policies. Specifically, the DFC advocates in its platform a tax shift away from things like labor, (and the products thereof), and sales and towards spatial-locations and natural resources.[25]

Another group, The Libertarian Democratic Caucus (LDC) seeks to build libertarian coalitions on issues regardless of political party. The Democratic Freedom Caucus tends to focus on taxation while the LDC targets civil liberty issues such as legalizing victimless crimes. The LDC is a Democratic organization, but it advocates working with the Libertarian Party and libertarian Republicans, such as the Libertarian Republican Caucus, on issues they have in common.[26]

Conservative wing

Conservative Democrats are Democratic Party members with conservative political views, or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party. While such members of the Democratic Party can be found throughout the nation, actual elected officials are disproportionately found within the Southern states, and to a lesser extent within rural regions of the several states generally, more commonly in the West.

The Democratic Party had a conservative element, mostly from the South and Border regions, into the 1980s. Their numbers declined sharply as the Republican Party built up its Southern base. They were sometimes humorously called "Yellow dog Democrats," or "boll weevils," "Dixiecrats." Nowadays, they are often called a Democrat In Name Only. In the House, they form the Blue Dog Democrats, a caucus of fiscal and social conservatives and moderates, primarily southerners, willing to broker compromises with the Republican leadership. They have acted as a unified voting bloc in the past, giving its forty plus members some ability to change legislation. The Blue Dogs added nine new members as a result of the 2006 midterm elections.[27] Occasionally, the term "conservative Democrat" is also made to describe politicians who are left-of-center on economic issues but conservative on social issues, or communitarians, rather as many "liberal Republicans" are fiscal conservatives.

Prominent communitarian or more conservative Democrats of recent time include Senators Ben Nelson (NE), Zell Miller (GA), Mary Landrieu (LA), and John Breaux (LA); as well as Congressmen Ike Skelton (MO), Gene Taylor (MS), Henry Cuellar (TX), Collin Peterson (MN), and Jim Marshall (GA).

Many conservative Southern Democrats defected to the Republican Party, beginning with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the general leftward shift of the party. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, Billy Tauzin of Louisiana, Kent Hance and Ralph Hall of Texas, and Richard Shelby of Alabama are examples of this. The influx of conservative Democrats into the Republican Party is often cited as a reason for the GOP's shift further to the right during the late 20th century, as well as the shift of its base from the Northeast and Midwest to the South.

A newly emerging trend is the return of active pro-life Democratic groups and candidates. Some of these candidates have won office or are backed by the party establishment in their state. The largest national pro-life group within the party is the Democrats for Life of America. Pro-life candidate Bob Casey, Jr. (PA) was elected as a U.S. Senator in the 2006 midterm elections.

The 2006 Congressional elections also brought to Congress a significant bloc of conservative Democrats who are likely to support protectionist policies.[28]

Voter base

A large portion of the Democratic voting base are ethnic minorities. The Democrats' positions on affirmative action and civil rights, the economy, and immigration have attracted many minorities to the party.

African Americans

Originally, the Republican Party was favored by African Americans after the end of the civil war and emancipation of black slaves. This trend started to gradually change in the 1930s with Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs that gave economic relief to all minorities including African Americans and Hispanics. Support for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s by Democratic presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson helped give the Democrats even larger support among the African American community, although their position also alienated the Southern white population. Today African Americans have as strong support for the Democratic Party as any group has for either party, voting 90% Democratic in the 2000 presidential election,[29] 88% Democratic in the 2004 presidential election[30] and 95% Democratic in the 2008 presidential election.[31]

Hispanic Americans

The Hispanic population, particularly the large Mexican American population in the Southwest and large Puerto Rican, Dominican, and South American populations in the Northeast have been strongholds for the Democratic Party. Hispanic Democrats commonly favor liberal views on immigration, which supersedes in priority over the socially conservative views that many Hispanics hold. In 1996 presidential election, Democratic President Bill Clinton received 72% of the Hispanic vote.

After a period of incremental gains under George W. Bush, the Republican Party's support among Hispanics seriously eroded after a heated and acrimonious debate within the party during the 109th Congress over immigration reform. Nationwide protests helped galvanize Hispanic political participation, and in the 2006 mid-term elections, Democrats increased their share the Hispanic vote from 2004 by 14 points to 69%.[32] The trend continued in 2008, as Barack Obama carried the Latino vote with 67%.[31] Obama expanded his share of the Latino vote to 71% in the 2012 Presidential election

Muslim Americans

Muslims make up about 0.6% of Americans and in the 2008 election, 89% of Muslim Americans voted for Barack Obama.[33] Muslim Americans tend to be financially well off, as many in the community are small businessmen and educated professionals. They also tend to be socially conservative. However, after 9/11 many experienced hostility and discrimination,[34] and many right-wing religious and political leaders attacked Islam as both a violent religion and a threat to American values.[35][36] Furthermore, most Muslim Americans opposed the Iraq War, solidifying their shift to the Democratic Party.[37]

Islamic convert Keith Ellison was elected as first Muslim Congressman in 2006. He was elected as Democrats' Representative for Minnesota's 5th congressional district.

Jewish Americans

Jewish communities tend to be a stronghold for the Democratic Party, with more than 70% of Jewish voters having cast their ballots for the Democrats in the 2004 through 2012 presidential elections. Of the 29 Jewish Senators and Congressmen currently serving in Congress, 28 are Democrats (Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont is a Democrat as of 2015;[38] he had been the longest-serving independent in U.S. congressional history, though his caucusing with the Democrats had entitled him to committee assignments, and at times gave Democrats a majority.[39]).[40]

Native Americans

Carl Venne, Crow Indian Tribal Chairman, shows support for Democratic Presidential nominee Barack Obama in 2008.

The Democratic Party also has strong support among the Native American population, particularly in Arizona, New Mexico, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Alaska, Idaho, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Oklahoma[41] and North Carolina. Though now a small percentage of the population (virtually non-existent in some regions), most Native American precincts vote Democratic in margins exceeded only by African-Americans.[42]

Modern-day Democratic Native American politicians include former Congressman Brad Carson of Oklahoma and Lieutenant Governor Byron Mallott of Alaska, as well as Principal Chief Bill John Baker of the Cherokee Nation and Governor Bill Anoatubby of the Chickasaw Nation.

Asian Americans

The Democratic Party also has considerable support in the small but growing Asian American population. The Asian American population had been a stronghold of the Republican Party until the United States presidential election of 1992 in which George H. W. Bush won 55% of the Asian American vote, compared to Bill Clinton winning 31%, and Ross Perot winning 15% of the Asian vote. Originally, the vast majority of Asian Americans consisted of strongly anti-communist, pro-democracy Vietnamese refugees, Chinese Americans, Taiwanese Americans, Korean Americans, and socially conservative Filipinos who fled Ferdinand Marcos in the 1960s through the 1980s, and the general Republican Party's socially conservative, fervently anti-communist position strongly resonated with this original demographic. The Democratic party made gains among the Asian American population starting with 1996 and in 2006, won 62% of the Asian American vote. Exit polls after the 2008 presidential election indicated that Democratic candidate, Barack Obama won 62% of the Asian American vote nationwide.[43] In the 2012 Presidential election, 73% of the Asian American electorate voted for Obama's re-election.[44]

Barack Obama has the support of 85% of Indian Americans, 68% of Chinese Americans, and 57% of Filipino Americans.[45] The Asian American community's increasing number of young voters has also helped to erode traditionally reliably Republican voting blocs such as Vietnamese and Filipino Americans, leading to an increase in support for Democrats. Prominent Asian-American Democrats include Senators Daniel Inouye, Daniel Akaka and Mazie Hirono, former Governor and Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke, and Representatives Mike Honda, Judy Chu, Doris Matsui, and Norman Mineta.

LGBT Americans

Since the 1970s, LGBT Americans become a key core consistency within the Democratic Party. In 1971, the Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club of San Francisco was formed as the first registered political action committee for LGBT Democrats in the nation. Both presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama heavily targeted LGBT voters. Exit polling going back to 1990 to the present show that LGB voters overwhelming prefer the Democratic Party over the Republican Party. On average, about 72.5% of LGB voters voted Democratic in exit polling for the US presidential elections dating from 1992 to the present. On average, about 74.42% of LGB voters voted Democratic in exit polling for House of Representatives elections dating from 1990 to the present. In the 2012 election exit polls, Obama won 76% of LGB voters.

Labor

Since the 1930s, a critical component of the Democratic Party coalition has been organized labor. Labor unions supply a great deal of the money, grass roots political organization, and voting base of support for the party. Democrats are far more likely to be represented by unions, although union membership has declined, in general, during the last few decades. This trend is depicted in the following graph from the book, Democrats and Republicans—Rhetoric and Reality.[46] It is based on surveys conducted by the National Election Studies (NES).

The historic decline in union membership over the past half century has been accompanied by a growing disparity between public sector and private sector union membership percentages. The three most significant labor groupings in the Democratic coalition today are the AFL-CIO and Change to Win labor federations, as well as the National Education Association, a large, unaffiliated teachers' union. Both the AFL-CIO and Change to Win have identified their top legislative priority for 2007 as passage of the Employee Free Choice Act. Other important issues for labor unions include supporting industrial policy (including protectionism) that sustains unionized manufacturing jobs, raising the minimum wage and promoting broad social programs such as Social Security and universal health care.

Working class

While the American working class has lost much of its political strength with the decline of labor unions,[47] it remains a stronghold of the Democratic Party and continues as an essential part of the Democratic base. Today, roughly a third of the American public is estimated to be working class with around 52% being either members of the working or lower classes.[48][49] Yet, as those with lower socioeconomic status are less likely to vote, the working and lower classes are underrepresented in the electorate. The working class is largely distinguished by highly routinized and closely supervised work. It consists mainly of clerical and blue-collar workers.[48] Even though most in the working class are able to afford an adequate standard of living, high economic insecurity and possible personal benefit from an extended social safety net, make the majority of working class person left-of-center on economic issues. Most working class Democrats differ from most liberals, however, in their more socially conservative views. Working class Democrats tend to be more religious and likely to belong to an ethnic minority. Socially conservative and disadvantaged Democrats are among the least educated and lowest earning ideological demographics. In 2005, only 15% had a college degree, compared to 27% at the national average and 49% of liberals, respectively. Together socially conservative and the financially disadvantaged comprised roughly 54% of the Democratic base.[50]> The continued importance of the working class votes manifests itself in recent CNN exit polls, which shows that the majority of those with low incomes and little education vote for the Democratic Party.[51][52][53][52][53] However, there has been a noticeable decline in support for the Democratic Party among white working class voters.[54][55][56] In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama only carried 36% of white working class voters to Mitt Romney carrying 61%, and in the 2014 midterms, Democratic candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives only carried 34% of the white working class vote compared to 64% for the Republican candidates.[57][58][59]

Secular Americans

The Democratic Party receives support from secular organizations such as the Secular Coalition for America,[60] and many agnostic and atheist Americans. Exit polls from the 2008 election showed that although a religious affiliation of "none" accounted for 12% of the electorate, they overwhelmingly voted for Obama by a 75–25% margin.[61] In his inaugural address, Obama acknowledged atheists by saying that the United States is not just "Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus but non-believers as well."[62] In the 2012 election cycle, Obama has moderate to high rankings with the Secular Coalition for America, whereas the majority of the Republican candidates have ratings in the low-to-failing range.[63]

Atheists and secular people, although a diverse group themselves, may include individuals who are fiscally conservative. In this case, fiscally conservative atheists and secularists will come together due to their opposition to the religiously-bound social policies of the Christian right.[64]

There is still a social stigma relating to atheism in the nation and polls show that a majority of the American people would be more comfortable voting for a Muslim or gay candidate than an atheist.[65]

Christian left

Main article: Christian left

The Christian left shares many policy goals with Democratic Party, although the movement is arguably smaller and less influential on the party when compared to the Christian right, which is generally more affiliated with the Republican Party.

Christian left includes Peace churches, elements of Protestant mainline churches, elements of Roman Catholicism and some parts of the evangelical community. Their concerns regarding social justice, welfare, universal health care, education and foreign aid are more in line with the Democratic economic agenda than the laissez-faire economic approach of the Republicans. Their social views of capital punishment, defense and militarism, civil rights and equality are also left-wing. On moral issues such as abortion, euthanasia and homosexuality, the Christian left are often, although not always, more in line with Democrats. They may either disagree with Biblical literalism on these issues or may hold opposition but choose to prioritize social justice and other issues over social issues.

Prominent Christian left Democrats include Jesse Jackson (a Democratic presidential candidate in 1984 and 1988) and Al Sharpton (a Democratic presidential candidate in 2004).

See also

Republican Party:

Libertarian Party:

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Judis, B. J. (11 July 2003). The trouble with Howard Dean. Salon.com.". Retrieved 2007-07-19.
  2. ↑ "Pew Research Center. (10 May 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue.". Retrieved 2007-07-12.
  3. ↑ Hugo Helco, in The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism, "In (the 1970s) the American government began telling Americans what they could and could not do with regard to abortions, capital punishment, and bilingual education. The 1970s also brought new and more sweeping national regulations to deal with environmental challenges, consumer protection, workplace safety, gender discrimination, the rights of those with disabilities, and political spending.", p. 58, Sidney M. Milkis & Jerome M. Mileur, editors, University of Massachusetts Press, 2005, ISBN 978-1-55849-493-0
  4. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/18/upshot/hillary-clinton-and-the-2016-democrats-mostly-liberal-together.html?_r=0
  5. ↑ http://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/about-me
  6. ↑ "How the DLC Does It", Robert Dreyfuss, American Prospect, April 23, 2001
  7. ↑ http://newdemocratcoalition-kind.house.gov/membership
  8. ↑ The Making of the New Democrats
  9. ↑ http://ndn.org/
  10. ↑ Polis, Jared (2014-10-30). "Vote Democratic for Real Libertarian Values". Reason Magazine. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  11. ↑ Moulitsas, Markos (2006-07-07). "The Libertarian Dem". The Daily Kos. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  12. ↑ Blake, Aaron (2013-08-01). "Libertarian Democrats: A movement in search of a leader". Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  13. ↑ Lake, Eli (2013-02-26). "Rand Paul and Ron Wyden, Drone Odd-Couple". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  14. ↑ Shackford, Scott (2014-03-04). "Ban the Dollar!". Reason Magazine. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  15. ↑ Voorhees, Josh (2015-03-13). "Pot's Path Forward". Slate. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  16. ↑ Kim, Seung Min (2014-07-08). "Cory Booker and Rand Paul team up for justice". Politico. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  17. ↑ Roose, Kevin (2013-01-24). "Political Leanings of Silicon Valley". New York Magazine.
  18. ↑ Kotkin, Joel (2014-01-09). "How Silicon Valley Could Destabilize the Democratic Party". Forbes. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  19. ↑ Hamby, Peter (2014-04-07). "Can Silicon Valley disrupt the Democratic Party?". CNN. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  20. ↑ Steinmetz, Katy (2011-12-30). "Six Reasons Ron Paul Has Appeal Beyond the GOP". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  21. ↑ Koerner, Robin (2012-05-29). "Blue Republican or Red Democrat? The reEVOLution Crosses Party Lines". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  22. ↑ Schwarz, Hunter (2015-05-01). "Why Bernie Sanders is the Democratic Ron Paul -- And Why He Isn't". Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  23. ↑ Weber, Peter (2015-05-04). "Why Bernie Sanders is the Ron Paul of 2016". The Week. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  24. ↑ Wheaton, Sarah (2008-03-26). "Gravel to Run for Libertarian Nod". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-06-06.
  25. ↑ "Democratic Freedom Caucus, Platform".
  26. ↑ http://libertariandemocraticcaucus.org/
  27. ↑ Reiss, Cory (2006-11-16). "House Blue Dogs ready to hunt". The Star-News. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  28. ↑ Brodzinsky, Sibylla; Goodman, Peter S. (2006-11-23). "Latin Americans Wonder If Democrats Are Traders". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-12-02. See also: Weisberg, Jacob (2006-11-08). "The Lou Dobbs Democrats". Slate. Retrieved 2006-12-02.
  29. ↑ CNN https://web.archive.org/web/20070630063715/http://www4.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/results/index.epolls.html. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  30. ↑ "CNN.com Election 2004". CNN. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  31. 1 2 "Local Exit Polls - Election Center 2008 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  32. ↑ "CNN.com – Elections 2006". CNN. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  33. ↑ https://web.archive.org/20090416065234/http://www.newsweek.com:80/id/168062. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  34. ↑ "Many minority groups were victims of hate crimes after 9-11". Bsu.edu. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  35. ↑ "McCain Pastor: Islam Is a 'Conspiracy of Spiritual Evil' – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  36. ↑ Swarns, Rachel L. (2006-12-21). "Congressman Criticizes Election of Muslim". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  37. ↑
  38. ↑ Blomquist, Dan; Robert Way (November 5, 2015). "Bernie Sanders files for Democratic ballot in N.H. primary". Boston Globe. Sanders arrived at the State House... accompanied by Raymond Buckley, chairman of the New Hampshire Democratic Party, who was there to support Sanders' filing in case any challenges were made to his status as a member of the party. None occurred.
  39. ↑ Jones, Van and Conrad, Ariane. Rebuild the Dream, p. 27 (Nation Books 2012).
  40. ↑ "Jewish Members of U.S. Congress: 114th Congress". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  41. ↑ "Paying Attention to the Native American Vote". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
  42. ↑ Dems woo Native American vote. Politico. Published 5/29/08.
  43. ↑ "Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History". Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009
  44. ↑ "Presidential Race - 2012 Election Center - President: Full Results - Exit Polls". CNN. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  45. ↑ "85% Indian-Americans support Obama for second term: Survey". The Times Of India. May 6, 2012.
  46. ↑ Fried, Joseph, Democrats and Republicans: Rhetoric and Reality (New York: Algora Publishing, 2008), 126.
  47. ↑ Zweig, Michael (2004). What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8899-0.
  48. 1 2 Gilbert, Dennis (1998). The American Class Structure. New York: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-534-50520-1.
  49. ↑ Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.
  50. ↑ "Pew Research Center. (May 10, 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue, p. 1 of 8". Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  51. ↑ "CNN. (2000). Exit Poll". Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  52. 1 2 "CNN. (2004). Exit Poll". Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  53. 1 2 "CNN. (2006). Exit Poll". Retrieved 2007-07-11.
  54. ↑ Bouie, Jamelle (November 14, 2014). "Why Democrats Can't Win Over White Working-Class Voters". Slate. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  55. ↑ Teixeira, Ruy (January 2, 2015). Democrats' Problem: White, Working-Class Voters. Interview with Steve Inskeep. NPR. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  56. ↑ Drum, Kevin (November 13, 2014). "Can We Talk? Here's Why the White Working Class Hates Democrats". Mother Jones. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  57. ↑ Judis, John B. (January 31, 2015). "The Emerging Republican Advantage". National Journal. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  58. ↑ Edsall, Thomas B. (November 11, 2014). "The Demise of the White Democratic Voter". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  59. ↑ Teixeira, Ruy; Halpin, John (December 2012). "The Obama Coalition in the 2012 Election and Beyond" (PDF). Center for American Progress. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  60. ↑ "Secular Coalition Flunks U.S. House on Religious Freedom Issues". secular.org.
  61. ↑ "Local Exit Polls - Election Center 2008 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com". CNN.
  62. ↑ "An inaugural first: Obama acknowledges 'non-believers'". USA Today. 2009-01-22.
  63. ↑ "2012 Presidential Primary Candidate Scorecard". secular.org.
  64. ↑ Austin Cline. "Atheists & Voting: How Can Atheists Vote to Positively Influence Government?". About.com Religion & Spirituality.
  65. ↑ Austin Cline. "Polls & Other Surveys on American Attitudes Towards Atheists". About.com Religion & Spirituality.

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