Protein tag

Protein tags are peptide sequences genetically grafted onto a recombinant protein. Often these tags are removable by chemical agents or by enzymatic means, such as proteolysis or intein splicing. Tags are attached to proteins for various purposes.

Affinity tags are appended to proteins so that they can be purified from their crude biological source using an affinity technique. These include chitin binding protein (CBP), maltose binding protein (MBP), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The poly(His) tag is a widely used protein tag; it binds to metal matrices.

Solubilization tags are used, especially for recombinant proteins expressed in chaperone-deficient species such as E. coli, to assist in the proper folding in proteins and keep them from precipitating. These include thioredoxin (TRX) and poly(NANP). Some affinity tags have a dual role as a solubilization agent, such as MBP, and GST.

Chromatography tags are used to alter chromatographic properties of the protein to afford different resolution across a particular separation technique. Often, these consist of polyanionic amino acids, such as FLAG-tag.

Epitope tags are short peptide sequences which are chosen because high-affinity antibodies can be reliably produced in many different species. These are usually derived from viral genes, which explain their high immunoreactivity. Epitope tags include V5-tag, Myc-tag, and HA-tag. These tags are particularly useful for western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation experiments, although they also find use in antibody purification.

Fluorescence tags are used to give visual readout on a protein. GFP and its variants are the most commonly used fluorescence tags. More advanced applications of GFP include using it as a folding reporter (fluorescent if folded, colorless if not).

Protein tags may allow specific enzymatic modification (such as biotinylation by biotin ligase) or chemical modification (such as reaction with FlAsH-EDT2 for fluorescence imaging). Often tags are combined, in order to connect proteins to multiple other components. However, with the addition of each tag comes the risk that the native function of the protein may be abolished or compromised by interactions with the tag. Therefore, after purification, tags are sometimes removed by specific proteolysis (e.g. by TEV protease, Thrombin, Factor Xa or Enteropeptidase).

List of protein tags

(See Proteinogenic_amino_acid#Chemical_properties for the A-Z amino-acid codes)

Peptide tags

Covalent peptide tags

Protein tags

Others

Applications

References

  1. ↑ Einhauer, A.; Jungbauer, A. (2001). "The FLAG™ peptide, a versatile fusion tag for the purification of recombinant proteins". Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 49 (1–3): 455–65. doi:10.1016/S0165-022X(01)00213-5. PMID 11694294.
  2. ↑ Prakriya, Murali; Feske, Stefan; Gwack, Yousang; Srikanth, Sonal; Rao, Anjana; Hogan, Patrick G. (2006). "Orai1 is an essential pore subunit of the CRAC channel". Nature 443 (7108): 230–3. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..230P. doi:10.1038/nature05122. PMID 16921383.
  3. ↑ Keefe, Anthony D.; Wilson, David S.; Seelig, Burckhard; Szostak, Jack W. (2001). "One-Step Purification of Recombinant Proteins Using a Nanomolar-Affinity Streptavidin-Binding Peptide, the SBP-Tag". Protein Expression and Purification 23 (3): 440–6. doi:10.1006/prep.2001.1515. PMID 11722181.
  4. ↑ Gelerter, Bruce (June 11, 2014). "PEMF For Treatment Of Corneal Disorders And Injuries".
  5. ↑ Schmidt, Thomas G.M.; Koepke, Jürgen; Frank, Ronald; Skerra, Arne (1996). "Molecular Interaction Between the Strep-tag Affinity Peptide and its Cognate Target, Streptavidin". Journal of Molecular Biology 255 (5): 753–66. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0061. PMID 8636976.
  6. ↑ McNutt, Markey C.; Lagace, Thomas A.; Horton, Jay D. (2007). "Catalytic Activity is Not Required for Secreted PCSK9 to Reduce Low Density Lipoprotein Receptors in HepG2 Cells". Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (29): 20799–803. doi:10.1074/jbc.C70009520. PMID 17537735.
  7. ↑ Zakeri, Bijan; Howarth, Mark (2010). "Spontaneous Intermolecular Amide Bond Formation between Side Chains for Irreversible Peptide Targeting". Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (13): 4526–7. doi:10.1021/ja910795a. PMID 20235501.
  8. ↑ Zakeri, Bijan; Fierer, Jacob O.; Celik, Emrah; Chittock, Emily C.; Schwarz-Linek, Ulrich; Moy, Vincent T.; Howarth, Mark (2012). "Peptide tag forming a rapid covalent bond to a protein, through engineering a bacterial adhesin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (12): E690–7. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E.690Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.1115485109. PMC 3311370. PMID 22366317.
  9. ↑ Veggiani, Gianluca; Nakamura, Tomohiko; Brenner, Michael; Gayet, Raphael; Yan, Jun; Robinson, Carol; Howarth, Mark (2016). "Programmable polyproteams built using twin peptide superglues". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (5): 1202–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.1519214113. PMID 26787909.
  10. ↑ Minde, David P; Halff, Els F; Tans, Sander (2013). "Designing disorder: Tales of the unexpected tails". Intrinsically Disordered Proteins 1: 5–15. doi:10.4161/idp.26790.
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