Cripto

Cripto, FRL-1, cryptic family 1B

Solution structure of mouse Cripto CFC domain.[1]
Identifiers
Symbols CFC1B ; MGC133213; HTX2; CRYPTIC; FLJ77897
External IDs OMIM: 605194 HomoloGene: 50007 GeneCards: CFC1B Gene
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 653275 12627
Ensembl ENSG00000152093 ENSMUSG00000026124
UniProt P0CG36 P97766
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001079530 NM_007685
RefSeq (protein) NP_001072998 NP_031711
Location (UCSC) Chr 2:
130.52 – 130.53 Mb		 Chr 1:
34.54 – 34.54 Mb
PubMed search

Cripto is an EGF-CFC or epidermal growth factor-CFC, which is encoded by the Cryptic family 1 gene.[2] Cryptic family protein 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFC1B gene.[3][4] Cryptic family protein 1B acts as a receptor for the TGF beta signaling pathway. It has been associated with the translation of an extracellular protein for this pathway.[2] The extracellular protein which Cripto encodes plays a crucial role in the development of left and right division of symmetry. Mutations of it could cause congenital heart disease.[5]

Crypto is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored co-receptor that binds nodal and the activin type I ActRIB (ALK)-4 receptor (ALK4).[2][6]

Structure

Cripto is composed of two adjacent cysteine-rich motifs: the EGF-like and the CFC of an N-terminal signal peptide and of a C-terminal hydrophobic region attached by a GPI anchor,[1] which makes it a potentially essential element in the signaling pathway directing vertebrate embryo development.[7] NMR data confirm that the CFC domain has a C1-C4, C2-C6, C3-C5 disulfide pattern and show that structures are rather flexible and globally extended, with three non-canonical anti-parallel strands.[1]

Function

In the Nodal signaling pathway of embryonic development, Cripto has been shown to have dual function as a co-receptor as well as ligand. Particularly in cell cultures, it has been shown to act as a signaling molecule with the capabilities of a growth factor, and in co-culture assays, it has displayed the property of a co-ligand to Nodal. Glycosylation is responsible for mediating this interface with Nodal. EGF-CFC proteins’ composition as a receptor complex is further solidified by the GPI linkage, making the cell membrane connection able to regulate growth factor signaling of Nodal.[2]

Expression during embryonic development

High concentrations of Cripto are found in both the trophoblast and inner cell mass, along the primitive streak as the second epithelial-mesenchymal transformation event occurs to form the mesoderm, and in the myocardium of the developing heart. Though no specific defect has been formally associated with mutations in Cripto, in vitro studies that disrupt gene function at various times during development have provided glimpses of possible malformations. For example, inactivation of Cripto during gastrulation disrupted the migration of newly formed mesenchymal mesoderm cells, resulting in the accumulation of cells around the primitive streak and eventual embryonic death.[8] Other results of Cripto disruption include the lack of posterior structures.[9][10] and a block on the differentiation of cardiac myocyte,.[11] both of which lead to embryonic death.

Cripto’s functions have been hypothesized from these null mutation studies. It is now known that Cripto is similar to other morphogens originating from the primitive streak in that it is asymmetrically expressed, specifically in a proximal-distal gradient,[9] explaining the failure of posterior structures to form in the absence of Cripto.

Clinical significance

CFC1B has oncogene potential [1] due to the tumor cell proliferation through initiation by autocrine or paracrine signaling.[2] Furthermore, the cryptic protein is highly over-expressed in many tumors [1] such as colorectal, gastric, breast, and pancreatic cancers in homosapiens.[2] Cripto is one of the key regulators of embryonic stem cells differentiation into cardiomyocyte vs neuronal fate.[12] Expression levels of cripto are associated with resistance to EGFR inhibitors.[13]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 PDB: 2J5H​; Calvanese L, Saporito A, Marasco D, D'Auria G, Minchiotti G, Pedone C, Paolillo L, Falcigno L, Ruvo M (November 2006). "Solution structure of mouse Cripto CFC domain and its inactive variant Trp107Ala". J. Med. Chem. 49 (24): 7054–62. doi:10.1021/jm060772r. PMID 17125258.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brühlmann W, Rüttimann A (Jun 1976). "[The differentaition between malignant and benign lesions by retrograde pancreaticography]". Mol. Cell. Biol. 124 (6): 4439–4449. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.13.4439-4449.2002. PMC: 133918. PMID 12052855.
  3. ↑ "Entrez Gene: cripto".
  4. ↑ Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (Sep 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
  5. ↑ "CFC1". Retrieved April 2015.
  6. ↑ Lonardo E, Parish CL, Ponticelli S, Marasco D, Ribeiro D, Ruvo M, De Falco S, Arenas E, Minchiotti G (Aug 2010). "A small synthetic cripto blocking Peptide improves neural induction, dopaminergic differentiation, and functional integration of mouse embryonic stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease". Stem Cells 28 (8): 1326–37. doi:10.1002/stem.458. PMID 20641036.
  7. ↑ Minchiotti G, Manco G, Parisi S, Lago CT, Rosa F, Persico MG (2001). "Structure-function analysis of the EGF-CFC family member Cripto identifies residues essential for nodal signalling". Development 128: 4501–4510.
  8. ↑ Jin JZ, Ding J (Sep 2013). "Cripto is required for mesoderm and endoderm cell allocation during mouse gastrulation". Developmental Biology 381 (1): 170–8. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.029. PMID 23747598.
  9. 1 2 Jin JZ, Ding J (Oct 1998). "Cripto is required for mesoderm and endoderm cell allocation during mouse gastrulation". Nature 395: 702–7. doi:10.1038/27215. PMID 9790191.
  10. ↑ Ding J, Yang L, Yan YT, Chen A, Desai N, Wynshaw-Boris A, Shen MM (Oct 1998). "Cripto is required for correct orientation of the anterior-posterior axis in the mouse embryo". Nature 395 (6703): 702–7. doi:10.1038/27215. PMID 9790191.
  11. ↑ Persico MG, Liguori GL, Parisi S, D'Andrea D, Salomon DS, Minchiotti G (Dec 2001). "Cripto in tumors and embryo development". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1552 (2): 87–93. doi:10.1016/S0304-419X(01)00039-7. PMID 11825688.
  12. ↑ Chambery A, Vissers JP, Langridge JI, Lonardo E, Minchiotti G, Ruvo M, Parente A (Feb 2009). "Qualitative and quantitative proteomic profiling of cripto(-/-) embryonic stem cells by means of accurate mass LC-MS analysis". Journal of Proteome Research 8 (2): 1047–58. doi:10.1021/pr800485c. PMID 19152270.
  13. ↑ Park KS, Raffeld M, Moon YW, Xi L, Bianco C, Pham T, Lee LC, Mitsudomi T, Yatabe Y, Okamoto I, Subramaniam D, Mok T, Rosell R, Luo J, Salomon DS, Wang Y, Giaccone G (Jul 2014). "CRIPTO1 expression in EGFR-mutant NSCLC elicits intrinsic EGFR-inhibitor resistance". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 124 (7): 3003–15. doi:10.1172/JCI73048. PMID 24911146.

External links

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