Edward Gurney

Edward John Gurney
United States Senator from Florida
In office January 3, 1969 – December 31, 1974
Preceded by	George Smathers
Succeeded by	Richard Stone
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida's 5th district
In office January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1969
Preceded by	Albert S. Herlong, Jr.
Succeeded by	Louis Frey, Jr.
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida's 11th district
In office January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1967
Preceded by	New district
Succeeded by	Claude Pepper
Personal details
Born	January 12, 1914 Portland, Maine
Died	May 14, 1996 (aged 82) Winter Park, Florida
Political party	Republican
Alma mater	Colby College Harvard Law School Duke Law School
Religion	Congregationalist
Military service
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1941–1946
Rank	Lieutenant Colonel
Battles/wars	World War II

Edward John Gurney (January 12, 1914 – May 14, 1996) was an attorney and an American politician based in Florida, where he served as a Representative and a United States Senator. Born and reared in Portland, Maine, Gurney moved to Florida after his service in World War II. Becoming active in politics in the Democratic Party, he shifted to the Republican Party before being elected to the House of Representatives in 1962, the second Republican elected to Congress from Florida in the 20th century.

In 1968 Gurney was elected as the first Republican Senator from Florida since Reconstruction. Indicted in an influence peddling scandal in 1974, he did not run for re-election. He was acquitted of all charges. After being defeated in a run for Congress in 1978, Gurney retired from politics and resumed his law practice.

The Republican Party had suffered hollowing out in the South since Reconstruction, due to white efforts to suppress the black vote and finally to disenfranchise most African Americans through new state constitutions and laws at the turn of the century. At the time, they made up most of the Republican Party.^[1] Florida was effectively a one-party, Democratic-dominated state for decades. In 1962 Gurney was the second member of the Republican Party in the 20th century to be elected to Congress from Florida; he and others were building a new party based on white conservatives. After regaining the power to vote, most African Americans in the South shifted their allegiance to the national Democratic Party that had supported the civil rights movement.

Early life, education and military service

Gurney was born in Portland, Maine in 1914. He attended public schools and graduated in 1935 from Colby College in Waterville, Maine. He graduated in 1938 from Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the Bar of New York the following year and began practicing law in New York City.

After the United States entered World War II, Gurney enlisted as a private in the United States Army. He was commissioned as an officer and saw action in the European Theatre of conflict. By the time of his discharge in 1946, he had achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel.

After his return to civilian life, Gurney entered Duke Law School, earning a degree in 1948.

Career

Gurney started his work life after Duke by moving to Winter Park in Orange County in central Florida. He set up a law practice, partnering with Lou Frey, future US Representative. Gurney became politically active in the Democratic Party. Florida and other states of the South were effectively one-party states following their disenfranchisement of African Americans at the turn of the century, which crippled the Republican Party in the South.^[1]

In 1952, Gurney was elected city commissioner of Winter Park. He served until his election as city attorney for Maitland. He completed his career in local office with service as mayor of Winter Park from 1961 to 1962.^[2]

House and Senate service

Gurney shifted to the Republican Party. He was elected to the United States Congress in 1962, 1964, and 1966, the second Republican elected from Florida in the 20th century. Gurney was credited with modernizing Florida politics, using "sophisticated advertising and other media tools for his statewide campaigns."^[2]

In 1968, Gurney was elected to the United States Senate for the seat of retiring Democrat George Smathers. The election coincided with Richard Nixon's victory in the presidential race that year, and Gurney was among the candidates who benefited by his political 'coattails.' The national Republican campaign conducted a Southern Strategy, trying to appeal to conservative white voters.

Gurney defeated his opponent, former governor Leroy Collins, with 55.9 percent of the vote to Collins' 44.1 percent. Many supporters of third-party presidential candidate George C. Wallace, also voted for Gurney. They were part of a coalition of an increasing number of Republicans in Florida allied with a declining number of conservative white Democrats.

Gurney ran on a record that included votes against civil rights legislation (major bills were passed by Congress in 1964 and 1965 to protect constitutional rights of minorities and enforce their ability to vote), foreign aid, and what he called that "expensive boondoggle," President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty.^[3] Despite such conservative criticism of the federal government, Florida has been one of the states that are net beneficiaries of such federal programs, gaining more in federal funding than its residents pay in taxes.^[4]

During that campaign, Gurney was assisted by George W. Bush from Texas, future U.S. President, who worked as a traveling aide.^[5] Bush was placed on inactive duty status from the Air National Guard so that he could volunteer in the campaign.^[6]

In 1973, Gurney was named to the Senate select committee which investigated the Watergate scandal of the Nixon administration; it was led by Democratic Senator Sam J. Ervin of North Carolina. Gurney was the administration's strongest supporter on the panel,^[2] in contrast to the ranking Republican member, Howard Baker of Tennessee.

Dispute with Bill Cramer

Gurney competed in the Republican Party with Bill Cramer, a senior leader in Florida who in 1954 had been the first of his party elected to Congress from the state in the 20th century. They were prospective primary opponents for a vacant Senate seat in 1968 until Cramer yielded to Gurney. He believed that Gurney would support him for the other Senate seat, which Spessard Holland was expected to vacate in 1970.^[7]

Cramer's former law partner Herman Goldner had been mayor of St. Petersburg for one term and was a Moderate Republican. He ran in the primary against Gurney in 1968 but, underfunded and distrusted by many conservative Republican voters, Goldner received few votes. Gurney handily won the Senate seat, carrying all but four counties in the race against Democrat LeRoy Collins, a former governor. Gurney and Cramer traveled in the state in various party-building ventures.

In the fall of 1969, Cramer declared his candidacy for the Senate, urged by President Richard M. Nixon to do so.^[8] Spessard Holland soon announced his expected retirement. Cramer expected Gurney's support.

But in 1970, Gurney and Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. opposed Cramer's nomination; they supported an intraparty rival, George Harrold Carswell. He had been nominated that year to the Supreme Court and was rejected by the Senate, with critical comments about his "mediocrity and past "racism."^[9] Carswell stepped down from his seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in New Orleans in order to run for the Senate race.

Cramer easily defeated Carswell in the primary for the Republican nomination, but relations within the party became bitter. Gurney did not agree that he and Cramer had a "gentlemen's agreement" about the Senate seat. ^[10] That fall, Cramer lost to the Democratic senatorial nominee, State Senator Lawton Chiles of Lakeland. The Democrats also took the governorship in Florida, and that year they were generally victorious over Republican candidates in a sweep across the South.

After the election, in his remaining months in office Governor Kirk selected Gurney's Orlando law firm as the counsel for the Florida Turnpike Authority, at a $100,000 annual retainer. Cramer's law firm received no state business.^[11]

Legal troubles

In 1974 Gurney was indicted in an influence peddling scandal; he did not seek re-election that year. Jack Eckerd, the drugstore magnate, won the Republican primary but he was defeated in the general election by the Democrat Richard Stone.

Federal prosecutors indicted Gurney and political aides for collecting payoffs from Florida builders in return for federal housing contracts.^[12] Gurney was tried on seven counts of bribery and related offenses. During the first trial, he was acquitted on five counts, and the jury could not reach a verdict on two counts. Later, he was retried on those two counts and was acquitted.^[12] His standing was damaged by the trials, although he was acquitted.

Later years

In 1978, Gurney ran again for Congress but was defeated by Democrat Bill Nelson. Gurney retired from politics and resumed the practice of law in Winter Park. He died there in 1996.

Marriage and family

Gurney married Natalie, whom he met while in law school. They had three children together, a son and two daughters: Edward, Jill, and Sarah. Edward Gurney 3rd committed suicide in 1968. Natalie Gurney suffered a stroke in 1971 and was bedridden for years before her death in 1978. Gurney married again, to Leeds Dye of Winter Park. She and his two daughters survived his death.^[2]

Honors and awards

• On November 2, 1968, Gurney was initiated as an Honorary brother of Alpha Phi chapter of Alpha Kappa Psi at the University of Florida.^[13]

References

1. Richard M. Valelly, The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement University of Chicago Press, 2009, pp. 146-147
2. Tom Leithauser, "Ex-senator Ed Gurney Dies", Orlando Sentinel, 22 May 1996, 11 February 2016
3. Time Magazine, 15 November 1968
4. Dean Lacey, "Blame FDR and LBJ for ‘Moocher’ Paradox in Red States", Bloomberg View, 19 September 2012, accessed 11 February 2015
5. George W. Bush, Decision Points, London: Random House, 2010, p. 38
6. Bush Chronology, Frontline, 2000
7. Billy Hathorn, "Cramer v. Kirk: the Florida Republican Schism of 1970," Florida Historical Quarterly (April 1990), p. 410
8. "Wolfgang Saxon, "William C. Cramer, 81, a Leader of G.O.P. Resurgence in South", October 27, 2003". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
9. The New York Times, April 9, 26, and July 15, 1970
10. "Cramer v. Kirk", p. 411
11. "Cramer v. Kirk", p. 414
12. Leithauser, Tom (22 May 1996). "Ex-senator Ed Gurney Dies". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
13. Alpha Phi Chapter roll

External links

• Biographical Directory of the US Congress