2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers

2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers

Eyal Yifrach, Gilad Shaar, Naftali Fraenkel
Time Approximately 22:00 IDT (UTC+03:00)
Date 12 June 2014 (2014-06-12)
Location Gush Etzion, the West Bank
Outcome The three kidnapped teenagers were killed and their bodies found on 30 June.
Deaths Naftali Fraenkel, 16, from Nof Ayalon
Gilad Shaer, 16, from Talmon
Eyal Yifrah, 19, from El'ad
Suspect(s) 2 Hamas members from Hebron: Marwan Kawasmeh (29) and Amar Abu-Isa (32)[1][2]

On 12 June 2014, three Israeli teenagers were kidnapped at the bus/hitchhiking stop at the Israeli settlement of Alon Shvut in Gush Etzion, in the occupied West Bank, as they were hitchhiking to their homes.[3] The three teens were Naftali Frenkel (16, from Nof Ayalon), Gilad Shaer (16, from Talmon), and Eyal Yifrah (19, from Elad).[4][5]

Gilad Shaer called a police emergency hotline to report the kidnapping.[6] The emergency call recording, initially under a gag order, was leaked to the public.[6] After Gilad Shaer's whispered message "They kidnapped me", the taped call also recorded shouting in Arabic from the kidnappers and several volleys of automatic gunfire.[6][7] Within days, Israeli investigators, though lacking conclusive proof, strongly suspected the teenagers had been killed, and, if so, knew where the victims' bodies would probably have been dumped.[8][9]

IDF's Nahal Brigade conducting a search in the Hebron area

The Israel Defense Forces initiated Operation Brother's Keeper in search of the three teenagers.[10] As part of the operation, in the following 11 days Israel arrested around 350 Palestinians,[11][12][13] including nearly all of Hamas' West Bank leaders.[14] Five Palestinians were killed during the military operation.[15][16][17][18]

On 15 June, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the teens had been kidnapped by Hamas,[3][19] which Hamas denied.[3] Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas maintained that as of 22 June there was no evidence that Hamas was behind the kidnapping.[20]

On 25 July, BBC correspondent Jon Donnison tweeted that Israeli police spokesman Mickey Rosenfeld stated that the kidnappings did not occur on the orders of, or with the knowledge of the Hamas leadership, and that the crime was the action of a "lone cell".[21][22][23] Sheera Frenkel had reported similar views from Israel and Palestinian sources some ten days earlier.[24][25] Rosenfeld later denied having used the words "lone cell".[25] On 5 August, Israel said that it had arrested Hussam Qawasmeh on 11 July, who is suspected of having organized the killing of the three teenagers. According to court documents, Qawasmeh stated that Hamas members in Gaza financed the recruitment and arming of the killers.[26][27] Hussam Qawasmeh's lawyers stated that he confessed under "heavy torture" from Israeli security services, Shin Bet. Qawasmeh lawyer stated "What he said during interrogation was that he was responsible for ordering the kidnapping," and that "The orders came from him personally."[28]

On 26 June, the Israel Security Agency released the identities of two Hamas suspects in the kidnapping.[1] Both ISA and Palestinian authorities said that the two men have been missing since the night of the kidnapping, and the ISA stated that both had engaged in terrorism, been arrested, and served time in the past, and were considered suspects immediately after the kidnapping. A senior Palestinian intelligence official said off the record that their disappearance constituted clear evidence the two suspects have links with the abduction.[2]

On 30 June, search teams found the bodies of the three missing teenagers in a field north-west of Hebron.[29][30] They had apparently been killed shortly after their abduction.[31] Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu vowed a tough response to the killings.[32]

On 20 August 2014, a Hamas official Salah al-Arouri, who had been publicly identified as the mastermind of the operation several days after the kidnapping, on 19 June,[33] said that the organization's armed wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, was behind the kidnapping and murder.[34][35][36][37][38][39] The Shin Bet had been investigating him in the belief that he ran a major Hamas network in the West Bank, headed by Riad Nasser of Deir Qadis, near Ramallah, and that he was behind the kidnapping. Following this line of investigation may have delayed the capture of Hussam al-Qarasme, who was only arrested on 10 July.[33] al-Arouri, one of the founders of Hamas's military wing, made his comments at a conference in Istanbul, where he lives in exile.[40][40] The Israeli Defense establishment thinks that Arouri is unconnected with the kidnapping, and was engaged in boasting.[33] Hamas leader Khaled Mashal said that some Hamas members had kidnapped and murdered the Israeli teens but stated that they were not acting on orders from the Hamas leadership, which he said, were "not aware of this action taken by this group of Hamas members in advance" and the first he heard about it was through the Israeli investigation into the events.[41][42][43][44] Meshaal, who has headed Hamas' exiled political wing since 2004, has denied being involved in the "details" of Hamas "military issues".[45] He initially praised the kidnappers hoping the action could lead to the release Palestinian prisoners.[46] According to J. J. Goldberg, the military indictment contains no evidence of orders from Hamas itself and strengthens the thesis that the incident was organized by the Qawasmeh family alone from start to finish.[47] According to Amos Harel and Chaim Levinson, the kidnappers planned to wait a few days, then contact senior Hamas operatives in the Hebron area, to manage the hostage and negotiate a prisoner swap with Israel. In their view it appears doubtful that any senior Hamas official would have been ready to accept that kind of risk.[33]

On 23 September 2014, after Israel killed the two suspects Marwan Kawasmeh and Amar Abu-Isa in a shootout, IDF Chief Lt. Gen. Benny Gantz announced that Operation Brother's Keeper "has come to an end."[48]

On 6 January 2015, Hussam Qawasmeh, a member of Hamas, was jailed and sentenced to three life terms in prison for the murders. He must also pay $63,000 in compensation to the victims' families.[49]

Background

2013 was a calm period with the November 2012 ceasefire being largely respected, despite 50 rockets fired by Palestinians and 10 airstrikes by Israel.[50] According to PCHR 44 Palestinians were killed and over 100 injured,[51] while the Israeli Security Agency reported six Israeli fatalities (all but one from the West Bank) and 44 injuries.[52] The first half of 2014 saw an increase in tension manifested by a higher rate of injuries. Among Palestinians there were 43 fatalities in the first half of the year plus 1860 injuries.[53] Tension was also increased by Israel’s opposition to the formation of a Hamas-Fatah unity government, with threats of sanctions[54] and the burgeoning issue of prisoners and the violation of the Shalit agreement[55][56][57] Mutual attacks on each other by Israel and Gaza continued, as did the Israeli blockade of Gaza.[58]

Mainstream western media ascribe the initiation of the major 2014 conflict to the kidnapping of the three Israeli teenagers.[59] Some news analysts believe that earlier clashes might also have played a role in the chain of events. On 15 May two Palestinian teenagers were shot dead during the Nakba commemorations in the Beitunia killings. An autopsy report published on 9 June proved the death of one of them to be due to "live fire", i.e. not rubber bullets."[60][61][62][63][64][65][66]

The Israeli Foreign Ministry web site emphasizes rocket fire from Gaza as being the reason for the IDF war on Gaza.[67][68]

Victims

Eyal Yifrach, 19, lived in El'ad, Naftali Fraenkel (also spelled Frenkel), 16, was a dual Israeli-American citizen and lived in Nof Ayalon. Gilad Shaer was a resident of the Israeli settlement of Talmon. Eyal Yifrah was a student at the Shavei Hevron Yeshiva on Al-Shuhada Street in Hebron.[69] The other two were students (talmidim) of the Mekor Chaim yeshiva at Kfar Etzion in the West Bank's Area C under full Israeli administration.[70][71]

Suspects

Initial suspected perpetrators

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that Hamas killed the teenagers.[32] But opinions were divided within Israel's security services as to whether or not the two suspects had direct ties to Hamas.[72] On 26 June, the Israel Security Agency identified two Hamas members as key suspects in the kidnapping, whom Palestinian police noted, had gone missing since the night of the kidnapping.[1][73][74] High-ranking members of Hamas denied that the group had any involvement or foreknowledge of the incident.[13] The two named suspects hail from the Qawasameh clan which is notorious for consistently acting against Hamas's policies and its attempts to reach an entente with Israel.[75] Hamas political chief Khaled Meshal said that he could neither confirm nor deny the kidnapping of the three Israelis, and he congratulated the abductors, because 'our prisoners must be freed from the prisons of the occupation.'[76]

Initially a number of groups, some previously unknown, claimed responsibility for the kidnappings: The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (subsequently denied);[77] a West Bank Branch of Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, Brigades of Global Jihad, Ahrar ar-Khalil (Liberators Battalion of Hebron), and Regiments of Hezbollah.[5][78] It was not clear how true their claims were, and the middle three were not considered credible.[79]

Suspects arrest

After the kidnap of the Israeli teens,Israel commenced Operation Brother's Keeper in the West Bank. Israel killed 9 Palestinians and raided 1300 properties including commercial and residential buildings. 800 Palestinians were arrested without charge or trial.[80] On 5 August 2014 Israel announced that Israeli security forces arrested Hussam Kawasme, in Shuafat, in connection with the murders.[81] During interrogation, Kawasme admitted to being the mastermind behind the attack, in addition to securing the funding from Hamas.[82] Kawasme stated that after the boys were killed, Marwan Kawasme and Amer Abu Aysha drove to his house, and they proceeded to bury them in Halhoul, the land Kawasme purchased only a few weeks prior.[83]

By the time of his arrest, Kaswasme had shaved his beard and received a fake passport, in what is believed to be, part of a plan to escape to Jordan.[84]

Officials have stated that additional people arrested in connection with the murders are still being held, but no names have been released.[85]

On 20 August, Hamas member Saleh al-Arouri, who lives in Turkey, claimed Hamas' involvement in the abduction and murder, according to an Israeli channel 2 translation. He continued on calling the men who perpetrated the act heroic.[86] Hugh Lovatt of the European Council on Foreign Relations said al-Arouri's claim was "suspicious": it might reflect a desire to assert his relevance within the Hamas leadership or it may be true, and reflect a power struggle within Hamas itself.[40] On 21 August Hamas leader Khaled Mashal claimed Hamas leadership had no prior knowledge of the abductions and murders and had learned about them through the Israeli military.[41]

The following day, NGO Shurat HaDin, contacted US Attorney General Eric Holder to request extradition of al-Arouri. Although Turkey and Israel do not have an extradition agreement, the US and Turkey do, which it can use to extradite those who commit terrorists acts against US citizens.[87]

Suspects killings

The two suspects Marwan Kawasme and Amar Abu Aysha were staying in a house in Hebron when IDF soldiers and Israeli counter-terrorism members, Yamam, surrounded the building at dawn on 23 September in an attempt to arrest the suspects. Israeli forces opened fire on the building and reportedly called on the two suspects to come out. With no response the Israeli force began using a bulldozer to bring down the building. According to Israeli forces, they shot one of the men as his head rose out of a hole and began firing a rifle. After this man fell back into the home, likely dead, Israeli forces again opened fire on the house, utilizing grenades and other explosives this time, killing both men.[88][89]

Hebron governor Kamel Hmeid and Hamas spokesman Salah Bardawil both called the suspects martyrs.[90][91] Hamas leader Khaled Mashal also called the suspects "martyrs" and "heroes".[92]

Investigation conclusion

The investigation concluded that the kidnapping operation's costs ran to NIS220,000, a sum procured by Hossam Hassan Kawasmeh (40), with the assistance of his brother, Mahmoud, who was exiled to the Gaza Strip in the Gilad Shalit exchange in November 2011, to purchase the two vehicles and weaponry. The cars were purchased from Nuh Abu-Eisha, the weapons from Hamas operative Adnan Mahmad Izzat Zru (34) both Hebronites. His attempt to escape to Jordan, thwarted when he was arrested in the Shuafat refugee camp on 11 July, was assisted by his relatives Hisham Kawasmeh (45), Jamil Kawasmeh (38) and Hassan Kawasmeh (45) a Hamas militant. Two other Hebronites, Ahmad Ibrahim Mahmad Kawasmeh (64) and his brother, senior Hamas operative Arafat Ibrahim Mahmad Kawasmeh (50) for assistance in going into hiding, and the latter concealed them on his property.[93] On 6 January 2015, Hussam Qawasmeh was sentenced to three life terms in prison for the murders as well as a compensation payment of $63,000 to the victims' families.[49]

Sequence of events

Prelude

According to Israeli investigations, the seizure and killing of the three was organized by Hussam Qawasmeh, who had received $39,000 from his brother Mahmoud in Gaza, via a go-between still at large. The money financed the purchase of three M-16 rifles, a jeep, and the Israeli car, which was bought from a used-car dealer in Hebron after it was stolen from the settlement of Tzur Hadassah.[33] Altogether, he met with Marwan five or six times before the kidnapping. The plan was to conceal one kidnapped Israeli in Marwan Qawasme's barbershop in Hebron, then transfer him to Marwan’s aunt’s vacant house. A first attempt on 10 June failed to find any hitchhikers.[33] There was no intention to release the boys: from the outset the plan, considered amateurish and not professional, envisaged murdering the captives. The plot of land where they were buried had been purchased to that end some time earlier, and a refuge to escape detection had been prepared in an old house near Tufah where the two suspects hid in a disused cesspit for five days.[94] The car for the kidnapping had been stolen.

Week 1 (12–19 June)

Netanyahu asserted that the attack originated from PA-controlled areas, and criticized the Fatah-Hamas pact.[95]

In the first week, Israel added a further three to the six combat brigades already present in the West Bank.[96] Close to 40 battalions were engaged in rounding up suspects,[97] notably the Paratroopers' 35th Division and the Kfir's 900th Division.[98] Other specialized groups, such as the Duvdevan Unit,[99] the Egoz Reconnaissance Unit and the Airborne Rescue And Evacuation Unit 669[97] supplement the search force.[97] Skylark mini UAV drones were deployed, and the Yahalom combat engineering unit conducted tunnel searches.[100] Fifty Bedouin IDF trackers were also used.[79]

Day 1

Late into the night of Thursday, 12 June, teenagers Yifrach, Fraenkel, and Shaer were waiting at Geva’ot Intersection, west of the settlement of Alon Shvut in the Etzion Bloc south of Jerusalem, soon after 22:15, looking to catch a ride heading west on Route 367 toward Beit Shemesh and from there to locations in central Israel where each of them lived. The kidnappers intended to kidnap one Israeli. Apparently Yifrach, after accepting a ride, waved to the other two to join him. The Palestinians, afraid of giving their identity away if they spoke Hebrew, didn't dare object.[33] After the car veered off from the declared direction of Ashkelon, the three realized they had been kidnapped and Shaer telephoned the police at 22:25, whispering, "I’ve been kidnapped."[33][101] Eight attempts were made to page the caller's cellphone, without checking its ownership, and his whispered remark was taken to be one of the many pranks that night. No check was made to find out the phone's owner, or whether he was missing. Later, analysis of the tape revealed what the police failed to realize at the time, that the murders had occurred while the hotline operator was listening.[33][102][103]

Four and a half hours passed before Shaer's family finally phoned the Talmon security coordinator at 3:10 am to inform him their son Gil-Ad had not returned home. Only then did the security establishment take the case seriously, and Shin Bet and the IDF were alerted by the police.[104][105] According to the Palestinian Ma'an News Agency, the army succeeded in tracing the call to the Sanjar region, the last cellphone signal being made at 23:20 in the Hebron area, when Fraenkel’s and Shaer’s cellphones had been switched off.[33][106][107] Meanwhile, at 1 a.m. on Friday morning, Marwan knocked on Hussam's door and said, "I’ve murdered three Jews."[33]

A gag order was immediately placed regarding the abduction on Israeli news services (the presumed identities of the kidnappers, acolytes of senior Hamas members, were known almost from the beginning to everyone in Hebron, but kept from the Israeli public).[108][109]) and, in lieu of concrete details, rumours proliferated.[110] Controversy soon raged in Israel over the police delay in reporting the call.[111] At 11:00 on 13 June, a "Hannibal" alert (meaning 'kidnapping') was issued.

Based on cellphone and other data, Israeli investigators deduced that the kidnappers' car had stopped near Beit Kahil, west of Halhul, for 28 minutes.[33] According to Palestinian security sources, a Hyundai i35, with seating for 5,[112] with Israeli license plates, was torched on the night of 12 June, and subsequently found by Palestinian police 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the village of Beit Einun near Hebron.[70][113] This vehicle was believed to be connected to the abduction.[71][106] The suspicion arose that the use of the car displaying Israeli license plates was a trick to lull the hitchhikers into believing the vehicle was driven by Israelis.[70] The Israeli authorities had placed the emergency call recording under a gag order but it was leaked to the public, after which the gag order was partially lifted.[6] It then emerged that on the first day, after Gilad Shaer's whispered message "They kidnapped me," the taped emergency call also recorded a cry ("heads down!"), sounds of shouting, a volley of automatic fire, a weak voice sighing "Ai," silence, another volley of automatic fire and then singing.[6][7] The burnt car discovered that morning yielded evidence of numerous blood-stains. Israeli police assumed correctly that bodies must have been buried in that vicinity. What they did not know is that the bodies had been taken from the provisory burial site and reburied 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) beyond the radius of research.[33] Notwithstanding this, the Israeli authorities began to broadcast the message that the boys were abducted, not that they had been murdered.[7][114][115]

Days 2–3

On 14–15 June, the Hebron and South Hebron Hills areas were the focus of investigations by a large number of troops. Soldiers numbering 2,500[116] together with security agents, police, and special forces[71] engaged in a manhunt, scouring numerous villages, including Beit Ummar,[117] Beit Einun,[113] Halhul, Dura, as-Samu, Tarqumiyah, Beit Kahil,[118] Yatta,[119] Taffuh,[120][121] and Tapuah[122] in what the IDF termed 'Operation Shuvu Achim (Return, Brothers/Bring Back Our Brothers),'[116] and referred to in English as 'Brother's Keeper'.[123] An anonymous "security source" claimed that little resistance was encountered because the local populations have become accustomed in recent years to regular night raids by the IDF.[124] The sound of rubber-coated bullets and tear-gas canisters were heard.[113]

IDF troops entering a building to search on 15 June.
Weapons found during Operation Brother's Keeper in Nablus

Over the weekend, Israeli security forces also arrested around 80 Palestinians, among them senior members of Hamas, accused of being connected to the kidnapping,[3][13] in a sweep that rounded up former government leaders, clerics, university lecturers, and militants of both Hamas and Islamic Jihad across the West Bank.[125] In Hebron's Ein Deir Baha neighborhood Israeli forces broke down a door, apparently by firing a missile, after surrounding the house of Akram al-Qawasami.[126][127] He, his 8-year-old son Muhammad and younger daughter Sujoud were injured by shrapnel, and two Hamas operatives, among them Zaid Akram al-Qawasami, were arrested inside.[126][127] The military also fully closed the Hebron area and Gaza crossings, only allowing passage for humanitarian cases.[13]

On Sunday, Netanyahu said what he had only hinted at previously, that Israel "knew for a fact" that the abduction had been carried out by Hamas,[128] a position the IDF had avoided explicitly stating.[105] He did, however, not provide any evidence.[19] Security officials remained more cautious, tending to accept the probability that a Hebronite Hamas cell was involved, but uncertain whether it was a local initiative to secure prisoner releases or an operation approved by the Hamas leadership in Gaza.[104] A remark by Moshe Ya'alon about the "very heavy price" Hamas leaders might pay was interpreted by one journalist as hinting Israel might be mulling the option of resuming its campaign of targeted killings, this time against the Hamas leadership.[102] Israel's Deputy Minister of Defense, Danny Danon, threatened "possible actions" in Gaza and Ramallah.[129]

Day 4

Overnight on 16 June, the IDF clashed with Palestinians in Jenin, where they ransacked the offices of Mustafa Barghouti's Palestinian National Initiative and confiscated computers,[130] and 400 soldiers raided the Jalazone refugee camp near Ramallah, killing Ahmad Arafat Samada (Ahmad Sabarin) (21) with a gunshot wound in the chest. The Israeli army said he threw a brick at the Israeli soldiers.[131][132] A dragnet rounded up a further 50 people, bringing the total of Palestinians detained to 150. Many arrests, including the former speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council Aziz Duwaik, 66, were part of what IDF Chief of Staff Benny Gantz described as an extensive operation, and were not linked to the search for the youths, but were part of a crackdown to apply pressure on Hamas.[127][133] Netanyahu's approach has been interpreted as aimed at driving a wedge between Fatah and Hamas in order to break up the reconciliation between the two negotiated in April 2014,[134] and discredit both Abbas and his government, which has been backed by Western countries.[135] PA sources noted that Hamas, in the unity negotiations, had undertaken to desist from attacks and bloodshed, and if its involvement were proven, it would be a breach of the agreement that would render the reconciliation null and void,[136] a point repeated later in the week by the Palestinian Foreign Minister.[137]

Weapons found in Nablus during Operation Brother's Keeper on the night of 16 June

Day 5

Overnight 16–17 June, the IDF arrested more than 200 Palestinians.[12] Anything linked to Hamas was being targeted, an official source said.[124] The IDF shifted its attentions north, and deployed 1,000 soldiers from the Nahal Brigade for operations around Nablus. In particular the Balata refugee camp and the village of Awarta were scoured in what a spokesman called '"cleaning house" in the "terror capital of Nablus"', and a further 41 Palestinians were detained, among them the manager of the Hamas-run television channel Al-Aqsa TV, bringing the number of arrests to 200.[12] Israeli soldiers confiscated a large cache of weapons and uncovered a weapons manufacturing lab in Nablus.[138]

Conflicting reports emerged on Israel's collaboration with both the PNA and other regional governments. Israel's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, Yoav Mordechai, denied on 16 June that Israel coordinated the search with Palestinian or Egyptian authorities.[127] However, Israel military intelligence confirmed that Israel was working closely with both the PA authorities and Egypt.[139] Egyptian sources stated the same day that Israel had requested their assistance, and that President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi had issued directives to his security services to undertake negotiations with all parties.[140] On 17 June, Israel defence sources said PNA assistance had been "very professional".[12]

Day 6

IDF troops in the West Bank on the night of 18 June.

On the night of 18 June, Israel seized a further 64 Palestinians, of whom 51 were Hamas members who had been previously arrested but released in the Gilad Shalit exchange in 2011, bringing to 240 the number of arrests. In six days, the government sources announced, they had searched 800 structures, including the Al-Aqsa radio station in Ramallah and the Hebron-based TransMedia communications company, both linked to Hamas.[141] They were taken in operations in Hebron, Jenin, Nablus, Yatta, Taffuh, Dura, Beit Kahil, East Jerusalem, Idhna, Surif, Beit Ula, Beit Awwa, Deir Sharaf, Salfit, Audla, Tell, Beit Furik[142] and Qabatiya.[143] The overnight operations also secured the defenses of Israeli settlements. However, in the process 300,000 Palestinians were left under curfew, 600,000 in the area had their movements restricted,[144] and Hebronites with permission to work in Israel, an estimated 20,000,[145] were denied entrance into Israel and thus their livelihood, and, according to an IDF spokesmen, Palestinians preparing for the Ramadan holiday have "taken a hit." Home Front Defense Minister Gilad Erdan also stated that Israel had identified the Hamas cell responsible for the kidnapping.[143]

Day 7

Overnight on 19 June, troops raided the Bir Zeit University's student union searching for incriminating evidence, finding promotional material for Hamas.[99] The Prime Minister declared at a press conference: "We know more today than we did a few days ago."[99] The IDF arrested 25 wanted Palestinians in the West Bank, and searched 200 homes. Nine more raids were launched against Hamas social services (Dawah) centers.[146] Moshe Ya'alon outlawed West Bank activities of the British Muslim charity, Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW) because some of its offices employed Hamas members. In East Jerusalem, a social centre operated from a Beit Safafa mosque in Beit Safafa village, and a Sur Baher charity were also closed down.[147] By night's end, 49 Palestinians had been arrested. One of the refugee camp detainees complained that soldiers had stolen $580 from his wallet.[148]

Week 2 (20–26 June)

The funeral of 15-year-old Mohammed Dudeen, killed by the IDF in Dura during operation Brother’s Keeper, June 2014

Day 8

Throughout the week, the arrest of Hamas leaders went quietly as they acceded to their detention, but by Friday, 20 June, sporadic popular resistance began to emerge.[149] Three Palestinians were wounded in a raid on Qalandiya refugee camp, near Jerusalem, while another five[150] were wounded in clashes at the Dheisheh refugee camp by Bethlehem, whose Ibdaa cultural center was wrecked, cheques and money from its safe, together with five computers, confiscated.[151] Four of the victims were reportedly run over by an Israeli jeep.[150][152] Also on 20 June, Israeli soldiers near the Qalandiya checkpoint in Ramallah fired live rounds at a group of Palestinians who had thrown homemade grenades at them. Mustafa Hosni Aslan, 22, received a gunshot wound to the head, and died on 25 June.[153][154][155] Live fire was used according to the IDF in response to Molotov cocktails, pipe bombs, one makeshift grenade, firecrackers, and stones being thrown at soldiers at the camps.[156] In Dura's Haninia neighbourhood, after a night-long raid, involving many clashes with local youths, to detain a person Israelis consider to be a terrorist, as troops were withdrawing, eyewitness testimonies reported that a retreating Israeli soldier fired six shots and killed[157] 15-year-old Mohammed Dudeen.[149][157][158][159] Twenty-five more Palestinians were arrested at Dura and Dheisheh, bringing the number of detainees to 320, of which 240 are considered Hamas operatives. The number of sites searched mounted to 1,150,[156] of which 1,000 buildings were damaged,[99] the figure including over 750 homes.[157] According to Palestinian Foreign Minister Riyad al-Malki Israel had destroyed 150 homes by week's end.[160] In another dawn raid on the Dean's Office and Student Union of the Arab American University in Jenin papers were seized, and Amir Saadi, 17, was shot in the shoulder. The villages of Arraba,[161] Al-Louz, and Artas were also raided.[150]

Riyad al-Malki demanded Israel produce evidence that Hamas was culpable, stating that Netanyahu cannot "keep blaming one side without showing evidence." He said Israel's massive military sweeps were unacceptable, with 300 Palestinians taken in exchange for three Israeli kids,[149] but the Palestinian authority would act to prevent an uprising, for "if the situation continues as it is, this will end up (with) the destruction of what we have built in Palestine."[137][160]

On Friday night, Israeli security spokesmen said the "noose was tightening" as troops were concentrated near Hebron, with intelligence officials confident that attempts to move the youths to either Jordan, Gaza, or the Sinai had failed.[162] A spokesman for the Prime Minister, Amos Gilead, stated that Netanyahu's view that Hamas was responsible was "built on the base of firm intelligence."[163] IDF forces ransacked Bethlehem's biggest Islamic charity, devoted to orphan's care, in the Jabal al-Mawalih neighborhood and took away computers and files.[164]

Day 9

On 21 June, Israeli forces concentrated their investigations on villages north of Hebron, searching wells, pits, and houses.[163] According to Palestinian reports, an elderly man, Ali Abed Jabir, either died during an altercation with Israeli troops who broke into his home while ransacking houses in the village of Haris, or was denied passage for medical treatment after suffering a heart attack.[165] Israel sources state the house was not raided and, on being told of the heart-attack, an Israeli ambulance was called.[166] A further 39 Palestinians, primarily in Hebron and Bethlehem, were arrested in overnight raids, bringing the number seized to roughly 370, 75 of whom had been released in the 2011 prisoner swap. IDF sources challenged the report, saying only 10 Hamas 'terrorists' were seized. Further claims of soldiers stealing money were made by villagers in Beit Kahil.[167] In the village of al-Bireh, several houses were ransacked, and soldiers broke into the Noon Center for Islamic Studies and the Palmedia TC company where they confiscated computers and damaged furniture.[168] The IDF said cash had been confiscated in 21 homes of the 146 homes searched overnight.[169] Palestinian sources also stated that in a predawn raid in Nablus, a female reporter was assaulted and troops shot and injured two Palestinian teenagers.[170] In the late afternoon three fire trucks, with pumps to empty pools of water, and an ATV rescue unit were rushed to assist special forces searching an area riddled with caves and wells north of Hebron, between Highway 35 and Highway 60, reportedly without concrete intelligence leads.[169][171] Netanyahu reaffirmed that 'the information in Israel's hands unequivocally indicates that Hamas is responsible for the abduction of the youths.'[171]

Day 10

Street in Ramallah after IDF raid during Operation Brother's Keeper, June 2014

On 22 June, Israeli units shot dead two Palestinians and wounded another 11 in overnight clashes in Ramallah and Nablus, while nine (Israeli statistic) to 38 (Palestinian statistic)[172] were arrested and five charity offices were raided. Israeli forces also raided Abu Dis and Al-Quds University's law faculty, seizing flags and several computers.[173] Ahmad Said Suod Khalid (27), an epileptic,[174] of Ein Beit al-Ma' refugee camp was shot in the abdomen, back, and thigh,[175] for refusing an order to turn back as he insisted on going to a mosque for dawn prayers. Muhammad Ismail Atallah Tarifi (30) was found dead on the roof of a building opposite an Israeli sniper position,[176][177] an autopsy found he was shot dead by an M16, a rifle in use with the IDF.[178][179] Mourners at his funeral in al-Bireh later complained that settlers from Psagot had fired at them, injuring one.[180] Palestinians, protesting at the cooperation given Israeli forces by their own police, who dispersed crowds by firing live ammunition in the air, smashed four local police cars in Ramallah, and, once Israelis had withdrawn from the city, raided a police station in Al Manara Square.[175] Abbas, affirming that he was not convinced Hamas was responsible, called on Netanyahu to condemn two earlier killings, and asked if the criminal kidnapping justified 'the killing of Palestinian youth in cold blood?'[181] The Palestinian Prisoners' Society named 420 people so far arrested, claimed Israel consistently understated the numbers and refused to disclose where they are detained.[172]

On Sunday, the Palestinian Authority asked for an urgent convening of the UN Security Council, while mulling an appeal both to the High Contracting Parties of the Fourth Geneva Convention and the UN General Assembly to put an end what it considered to be "collective punishment," "Israeli terrorist aggression against the State of Palestine," and what Hanan Ashrawi termed "a reign of terror directed against a captive Palestinian population."[182]

Day 11

On 23 June, 80 locations, including seven Hamas-linked charities, were raided from the Nablus to Hebron and Jenin areas, with a further 37 Palestinians detained overnight. Four money-changing shops in Hebron and one in Bethlehem were also searched, and their computers confiscated. The number of Palestinians under detention rose to 471.[183] An officer interviewed on Walla! said that Israel, having achieved most of its "band of targets", would close the operation, and that the military incursion pattern in the West Bank, apart from detention raids, would stop within days. No clue to the teenagers' whereabouts, had turned up, but the operation, in crippling Hamas's infrastructure, had been a success.[184] Netanyahu declared: "We've pretty much figured out who are the kidnappers—the actual perpetrators, the supporters, the command structure—and there's no question, these are members of Hamas."[79]

Day 12

Mess in Hebron home after IDF search, 24 June 2014

On 24 June 120 buildings were searched and four to 13[185] Palestinians were rounded up by Israeli forces in the Hebron area, Beit Kahil, Beit Awwa, al-Arrub refugee camp, and the Hebron neighbourhoods of al-Mahawir, al-Bassa, and al-Hawooz,[185] bringing the number of sites examined to 1,800 and the number of detained Palestinians, in the IDF calculation, to 354,[186] or according to Palestinian sources, over 500.[185] As town searches and arrests wound down, investigators shifted their focus to interrogations of detainees and scrutiny of the 150 security cameras in the area in which the kidnapping is believed to have taken place.[187] The IDF said it had no substantial lead on the boys' whereabouts, or fate.[188] A lawyer for the PA said that in the wake of the West Bank round-up, the number of Palestinian minors detained in Israeli jails exceeded 250, and that the hunt for the missing Israeli youths served to cover up this fact.[189]

Day 13

On 25 June, 17 Palestinians were arrested overnight in Yatta, Beit Ummar, Hebron and Bethlehem among them legislative council members Khalid Tafish and Anwar Zaboun,[190][191] both of Bethlehem, bringing the number of Palestinian legislators arrested in the campaign to 12.[192] Of the 19 people arrested in Beit Ummar since the start of the search, 14 are minors.[191] A Palestinian youth in Khursa, Younis al-Rjoub (18), was shot in the abdomen during a clash with Israeli soldiers.[193]

Day 14

On 26 June, the Israel Security Agency released the names of two Hamas suspects.[1][73] The ISA stated that both men had engaged in terrorism, been arrested and served time in the past, and were immediately considered suspects. ISA and Palestinian authorities said they had disappeared from their homes on the night of the kidnapping, and ISA believed them to be integral members of the kidnapping group.[1][73][194]

Overnight, 136 structures were searched and a further 10 Palestinians were arrested in the Hebron area on suspicion of being terrorists.[78] Fatima Ismail Issa Rushdi (78) died of a heart attack during an Israeli raid on the Arruba refugee camp. Nine youths were injured by tear gas or rubber bullets. Two boys, aged 13 and 14, were arrested in Dura.[195] 44-year-old Ismail Ahmad al-Hawamda was shot in the foot, running away from a checkpoint in the Hebron district town of al-Samu.[196] Despite the Oslo Accords stipulating coordination with the PA security service for Israeli entry into West Bank Areas in the Area A, in what was called an "unprecedented" move, Israeli units raided the Tunis and Rafidia neighbourhoods of Nablus and Balata refugee camp without prior clearance. Two hundred homes in Awarta were also raided.[197]

According to Israeli figures, state detentions numbered 381, of whom 282 are affiliated to Hamas. The number of locations searched rose to 1,955, including 64 Hamas institutions.[78] Palestinian figures state that 566 were detained, six were shot dead, and over 120 wounded; two elderly people died of heart attacks during Israeli operations, and more than 1,200 homes were searched.[198]

Week 3 (27 June – 3 July)

Day 18

Graves of the three teenagers, Modi'in Cemetery

On 30 June, a search team located the bound bodies of the three boys on land purchased recently by the Qawasmeh family[108] in an open field near Khirbet Aranava in the Wadi Tellem area, between Halhul and Karmei Tzur, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of the former, just north of Hebron.[31][199][200] A high security source revealed that:

The quick solving of the crime by the Shin Bet, which within a 24-hour period identified the kidnappers, together with military pressure in the field, prevented the kidnappers from hiding the bodies and negotiating with Israel for their return.[199]

The ambulance carrying the three bodies was attacked by Palestinians as it left Halhul, the location where the bodies had been found. The Palestinians hurled rocks and paint at the ambulance, smashing its windshield and blinding the windows, but failed to cause the driver to lose control.[201]

Just after midnight, Israeli military used explosives to demolish the Hebron homes of the two main suspects, Marwan Qawasmeh and Amer Abu Aisha.[202]

Day 19

The joint funeral of Yifrach, Fraenkel, and Shaer was scheduled for 17:30 on 1 July. Huge crowds delayed it for over an hour.

Israeli jets and helicopters struck 34 locations in the Hamas-run Gaza Strip in response to more than 20 rockets being fired at Israel from Gaza. A 19-year-old Palestinian man, Yousouf Al-Zagha, was shot dead by Israeli troops during a raid in the northern town of Jenin. An IDF spokesperson said the man had thrown a grenade at the troops, while his family maintained he had been carrying eggs home for suhoor, the predawn meal during the fast of Ramadan.[203][204]

Day 20

A Palestinian teenager was abducted from East Jerusalem and murdered. Israeli police located the body within hours, and arrested Israeli nationalist suspects several days later.[205] The kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir was soundly denounced by all of the families of the Israeli kidnapping victims as well as by many Israeli governmental and non-governmental public figures.

Week 4 and on (4 July and after)

On 4 July, Israel stated it was searching for a third suspect, Husam Dofsh, absent from his home since the kidnapping. A relative, Jihad Dofsh, had blown himself up in a "work accident" in a Hamas explosives laboratory in Hebron, and one of Qawasmeh's relatives had died in the same incident.[114] Husam Dofsh was arrested in a Hebron coffee-shop the following day, after phoning an Israeli news site to protest his innocence.[206]

For about two weeks in July, Israeli military preparations began for direct fighting inside of Gaza, whilst Hamas rocket fire into Israel took place. The military publicly announced on 17 July that it would go into Gaza, an intervention that caused at least 25 soldiers killed and scores injured on the Israeli side over the 20 to 21 July period. Public opinion in the nation is strongly divided, with, for example, the newspaper Haaretz editorializing that the "soft Gaza sand... could turn into quicksand" and warning about the "wholesale killing" of Palestinian civilians.[207] The campaign in the Gaza is referred to by Israel as Operation Protective Edge.

On 20 August, Hamas official Saleh Al-'Arouri spoke at the conference of the International Union of Muslim Scholars in Istanbul, where he said the group's military wing was responsible for the kidnapping of the three Israeli teens, saying it was an expression of popular will.[208] Khaled Mashal, the Hamas leader, while recognizing that Hamas members were responsible, attempted to distance his organization from the killing two days later. Stating Hamas’s opposition to killing civilians, he said the leadership had no advance knowledge of the abduction, which he regarded as a legitimate act by a frustrated people living under occupation, and that it had only learnt of its details from Israeli investigations.[209]

Aftermath

Following the kidnappings and the escalating firing of missiles by Palestinian militants towards civilians in southern Israel, Israel decides to embark on Operation Protective Edge. On 3 July 2014, the Israeli Air Force conducted 15 air strikes in Gaza directed at Hamas targets in response to a rocket attack from Palestinian militants. The previous night, Fifteen Palestinians were injured in the IAF strikes and two buildings ruined[210][211]Operation Protective Edge, became a ground war on 8 July 2014, and is believed to have been triggered by the kidnapping and continuous indiscriminate Palestinian rocket fire on Israeli civilians.

On 11 July 2014 it has been reported by the nonprofit news organization Washington Free Beacon,[212] that a series of bills in the United States Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives was launched, attempting to solve the boys' murder, based on Yaakov Naftali Fraenkel's dual US-Israeli citizenship. The new legislation, if passed, would offer a $5 million reward for information on the abduction and murder.[213]

Accusations of collective punishment

On Day 7, The Palestinian Authority declared that the Israeli modus operandi, of clamping down on towns with closures and continual arrest of Hamas members, constituted collective punishment.[214][215] Amnesty International issued a statement on 19 June calling both for the release of the Israeli youths, their humane treatment while being held, and for Israel to lift several measures it defined as collective punishment in violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention and customary international humanitarian law.[77]

According to The Economist, "The Israeli security forces closed off the area around Hebron. Some 23,000 local Palestinians were barred from travelling to their jobs in Israel. A series of charitable organisations that used to be run by Hamas were closed down and a dairy, which employs hundreds of Palestinians, was demolished. Hebronites were prevented from travelling abroad."[216]

A number of scholars rejected the claim that Operation Brother's Keeper constitutes collective punishment under international law:

Speculations on kidnapping motives

In an address to the World Economic Forum in May 2013, Mahmoud Abbas stated that a primary concern of Palestinian society is the approximately 5,000 Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prisons. The problem could be handled by negotiated concessions or by abductions, used to get them back. This has been called his Prisoner's dilemma, and he asked if Israel wanted more Shalit kidnapping cases, a practice he maintained went against the grain of Palestinian culture. Hamas quickly challenged his statement as 'unpatriotic'.[218]

Some 300 prisoners are on a hunger strike against the Israeli practice of holding Palestinians in Administrative detention without charges for six months or more.[219] Many Palestinians support the kidnapping of Israeli soldiers and civilians in order to obtain the release of these prisoners.[219][220] In 2011, Israel released more than a thousand Palestinians in detention, many convicted by Israeli courts for lethal attacks,[221] in exchange for Gilad Shalit, an Israeli soldier kidnapped by Palestinian militants.[219]

Some months before the 2014 incident, an 18-page manual on abduction techniques was published by Hamas. Entitled "Guide for the Kidnapper", it provided an operational guide that outlined the use of pistols with silencers, the use of backup cars, the choice of conducting the abductions on rainy days, a command of Hebrew, the renting of hideouts in areas to avoid arousing suspicions and suggestions to refrain from announcing the outcome of the kidnapping until the victims were secured in a safe house.[222] Fatah is reported to believe that Ismail Haniyeh has given the go-ahead to Palestinian cells to pursue such tactics in order to "bring the prisoners affair to an end". The difficulty confronting the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which has an ongoing debate on the issue, is the coordination between the PNA and Israeli security services, which makes executing such operations difficult.[222] Several prior incidents, such as the killings of Givati soldier Gal "Gavriel" Kobi and Baruch Mizrahi, a police intelligence officer, displayed exceptional, high-level skills, strict compartmentalization, and careful preparations for an escape route, features shared by the kidnapping. These elements resemble the carefully planned abductions of IDF soldiers by Hezbollah on Israel's northern border.[104]

Israel said that the IDF and the Shin Bet have foiled between 54[223] and 64 kidnapping plots since 2013. The PA said it had foiled 43 of them.[181] The high success rate (95%) in blocking such plots is due to the very close cooperation between the security forces of both sides.[224] Hamas has put considerable effort into kidnapping attempts through its large network.[96][225]

A week into the search for the missing youth, Avi Issacharoff cast doubts on the premise for West Bank operations, which in his view 'targeted the weak'—since Hamas has neither a large or strong presence there—and argued that the operational order, if there was one, came from either Gaza, or abroad, perhaps Ankara-based deportee Saleh al-Arouri, or Khaled Mashaal, who appeared to hint a month earlier in replying to a letter from an imprisoned Hamas leader, after Netanyahu reneged on releasing a fourth group of Palestinian prisoners,[226] that the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades would be his reply. Issacharoff concluded however that, "There isn't a smoking gun to prove the Hamas leadership is complicit in the kidnapping."[227]

On 20 August, a Hamas official identified the West Bank Qawasmeh clan, a Hamas ally, for the kidnapping of the three Israeli teens and shared their motives. Saleh Al-'Arouri of the Hamas leadership delivered an address on behalf of Khaled Mashal at the conference of the International Union of Muslim Scholars in Istanbul. In it he said: "Our goal was to ignite an intifada in the West Bank and Jerusalem, as well as within the 1948 borders... Your brothers in the Al-Qassam Brigades carried out this operation to support their imprisoned brothers, who were on a hunger strike... The mujahideen captured these settlers in order to have a swap deal."[228]

Hitchhiking debate in Israel

As events unfolded, the dangerous nature of hitchhiking in what Israelis refer to as "the territories" prompted a debate, regarded by some in the settler and religious Zionist communities as a kind of victim blaming,[229] about the practice of hitching rides on roads in the Palestinian territories, widely regarded as a cavalier and irresponsible habit for the costs involved in redeeming anyone who is captured.[219][221] The normal Israeli practice is one where drivers pull up, declaring their destination, and, by their accent, allowing potential hikers at trempiada (hitchhiking stations) an opportunity to examine the cues, before they accept or decline a lift.[219] Such hitchhiking has long been a hallowed method of travel among Israelis, but as abductions and killings of hitchhikers, mainly IDF soldiers, began to take root in the 1980s, one incident in October 1994 led to the passage of regulations that forbade military personnel from resorting to this method of travel. To hammer the message home, recruits doing basic training are required now to view snuff films that highlight the dangers, and military police "abduct" and punish recruits who do not take it seriously.[229]

Israeli governments have not regulated civilian recourse to hitchhiking, and laws delegate responsibility to parents, expecting them to advise their children.[219] The practice however remains widespread among the dati leumi community of religious Zionists for several reasons: many of them, as in this case, have children boarding in West Bank settlements, where public transport facilities are poor. Haaretz reported that for mitzvah-observant adolescents, it is "a rite of passage, a way of life, a declaration of independence and of ownership of the land".[229] Retired Brigadier General, Nitzan Nuriel, a former counter-terrorism officer in the Prime Minister's Office, declared on Israeli television that hitchhiking had an ideological edge: it made a statement about who owns the territory.[221]

Reactions

 Israel

An Israeli government official stated to Reuters news agency that Israel was looking to use the search as a pretext for a wider crackdown on Hamas and were looking into the legal aspects of deporting Hamas leaders from the West Bank.[230] A Hebrew-language Facebook page calling on PM Netanyahu to assume his responsibilities and requesting that a Palestinian "terrorist" be executed every hour until the three youths are restored to their families, gained 10,000 thumb-ups within hours.[231][232]

With a perception in Israel, expressed by Thane Rosenbaum, that the sympathy long lavished on Israel is dwindling,[233] the government stepped up hasbara efforts abroad, especially in Brazil where the 2014 FIFA World Cup has dominated the world's attention. An aircraft trailed a #BringBackOurBoys banner along a Rio de Janeiro beach. The families of the missing boys went to Geneva to address the UN's Human Rights Council.[234]

Social media in Israel

"Bring back our boys" on Jerusalem bus, June 2014.

A social media campaign was started soon after the kidnapping advocating for the safe return of the teens under the hashtag #BringBackOurBoys. According to Robert Mackey, the campaign was initiated by a "group of Israelis trained to promote their country online"[253][254] The campaign's label attempted to make the link between the then-recent #BringBackOurGirls campaign following the Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping in Nigeria. One of the organizers stated the social media effort "is simply a cry out to the world to bring those boys back", adding that "We're only trying to do whatever we can to help the international community to put pressure to release those kids".[254] On 15 June, around 25,000 people gathered for a prayer at the Western Wall for the release of the kidnapped teenagers.[255]

Violent Israeli reactions

On the night of 1 July a Palestinian family registered a complaint at police concerning an attempt to kidnap their child, 10-year-old Moussa Zalum, on Shu'fat's main street in Jerusalem. At the time, they reported, he was walking with his mother and brother when a car stopped and people tried to pull him into the vehicle. The child managed to wriggle free, and the car sped off.[256]

After the bodies of the three boys were found, settlers attacks on Palestinians in the West Bank were reported. Settlers from Tel Rumeida in Hebron were in the streets, attacking Palestinians and internationals. The Border Police stormed the hill towards the gathered crowd of Palestinians and internationals, exploded a sound grenade and injured a Palestinian in the following clash.[246]

On 2 July a 16-year-old Palestinian from Shu'fat camp, Mohammed Abu Khdeir, was killed; preliminary results from the autopsy suggest he was burnt alive. The boy's family believes the killing to be an act of revenge from Jewish settlers for the murder of the three Israeli teenagers.[257] Netanyahu urged a swift inquiry into the "reprehensible murder" and called on people to respect the rule of law.[258]

On the evening of 3 July, Palestinians of Shu'fat reported to the Israeli police that four settlers from Pisgat Zeev had attempted to kidnap a 7-year-old local child, and had fled on being thwarted.[259] On Friday Palestinians of Osarin near Nablus in the West Bank complained that one of them, 22-year-old Tariq Ziad Zuhdi Adeli, had been sprayed with a gas by settlers, abducted in a car, taken outside the village and then sustained injuries from a hatchet attack to his legs.[260]

Three days later, a video was aired, that appeared as the beating up of 15-year-old American citizen Tariq Abu Khdeir by Israeli security forces. Tariq, a second-cousin of murdered Mohammed Abu Khdeir, is a student who attends Universal Academy of Florida high school in Tampa, Florida.[261][262][263] Israeli authorities then detained Tariq. The US State Department has called for "a speedy, transparent and credible investigation and full accountability for any excessive use of force".[264] Israeli Border Police started an official investigation on 5 July.[265]

 Palestine

Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas, defying widespread popular Palestinian support for the kidnapping as a means of securing the release of Palestinians held in Israeli jails,[218] criticized the action, saying the youths must be returned,[266] and that Palestinian Authority security was cooperating with Israel to try to locate them.[267] Abbas' office released a statement condemning the kidnapping and the Israeli response of raids and arrests.[230] At US urging, Abbas was working closely with Israel to coordinate the search for the teens.[268] A PA spokesman stated that holding Palestinian authorities responsible for kidnappings in Area C of the West Bank, where Israel exercises full military control and prohibits a Palestinian police presence places the PA in an impossible position.[269]

The Palestinian Authority's official newspaper marked the kidnapping with a cartoon that spoofed the World Cup logo. Three hands hold the globe in the FIFA World Cup logo, but in Al-Hayat Al-Jadida, three hands held small helpless figures with their hands up in surrender. While the World Cup logo says "Brazil" under it, the spoof says Khalil, the Arabic name for Hebron, a city near the site of the kidnapping.[270]

A cartoon on a Fatah Facebook page presented the three kidnapped Israeli teenagers as rats caught on three hooks on a fishing rod. Each rat was emblazoned with a Star of David, and the title of the cartoon read "Masterstroke". A picture on the same Facebook page showed a hand with words written on three of the fingers. Read in succession they said: "Three Shalits, long live Palestine".[270][271][272]

Hamas spokesmen Sami Abu Zuhri and Fawzi Barhoum criticized the PNA collaboration with Israel to track down the culprits,[273] and Barhoum called the kidnappers "heroes".[220][274]

In social media, many Palestinians criticized what they see as the strong emphasis placed by Israel on the teenagers' disappearance to the detriment of Palestinian suffering, citing the case of two Palestinian boys shot dead by Israelis at a protest in Beitunia during a Nakba Day protest on 15 May 2014.[107]

On Twitter, in response to the IDF campaign, Palestinian sympathizers appropriated the hashtag as their own, drawing attention to both Palestinian prisoners in Israeli goals and Palestinian children killed by Israeli actions. One mentioned 5,271 Palestinian political prisoners, 192 administrative detainees, 17 women and 196 children.[275] Senior Hamas and Islamic Jihad officials have stated that kidnapping Israeli soldiers and settlers is the only route to obtain the release of Palestinian prisoners.[276] Palestinian Fatah and Hamas activists called on Palestinian shopkeepers and businessmen in Hebron, via Facebook, Twitter and other social media, to destroy any CCTV footage that could be used by Israel to help locate the teens. Fatah activists in Hebron also confiscated security cameras in order to frustrate the search.[277]

In the Gaza Strip, families of Palestinians imprisoned by Israel celebrated the kidnapping by handing out sweets to passersby from a protest tent that had been erected to express solidarity.[277][278] Gazan Palestinians also released a song on social networks mocking the kidnappings, and called for additional abductions.[279] A Palestinian group mounted a video on YouTube parodying the abduction, in a fictional scenario featuring an "Abu Saqer el Khalili Brigades, the Kick Ass Branch", apparently taking the event to be an Israeli plot with Arab complicity while mocking Islamic extremism.[280]

International

See also

References

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  89. ↑ "WATCH: Dramatic footage of Israeli SWAT team hunting Palestinian murderers of three Jewish teens". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  90. ↑ "Israel says its troops kill Hamas men accused of slaying teens". Reuters. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  91. ↑ "Israeli forces kill two Hamas members suspected in kidnapping, killing of 3 teens". Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  92. ↑ "'Mohammed Deif is alive, and we have proof,' says Mashal". ynet. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  93. ↑ ‘Abduction of 3 Israeli teens cost NIS 220,000,' Ynet 4 September 2014.
  94. ↑ Chaim Levinson, 'Israeli teens’ kidnappers evaded army, hid in cesspool after murders,' Haaretz 23 August 2014.
  95. ↑ "PM Netanyahu's Statement Regarding the Kidnapping of Israeli Teenagers by Hamas" (Google YouTube). Official channel. Israeli Prime Minister.
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  97. 1 2 3 Zitun, Yoav (20 June 2014). "A night with troops searching for abducted teens". Ynetnews.
  98. ↑ Lappin, Yaakov (15 June 2014). "IDF arrests 80 Hamas members in West Bank in response to kidnapping". The Jerusalem Post.
  99. 1 2 3 4 Newman, Marissa (20 June 2014). "Waiting for the boys". The Times of Israel.
  100. ↑ Winer, Stuart (22 June 2014). "Abducted teens likely still alive, IDF officer says". The Times of Israel.
  101. ↑ "What happened on the night of the kidnapping". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  102. 1 2 3 Ginsburg, Mitch (15 June 2014). "Israel could kill Hamas leaders, defense minister hints". The Times of Israel.
  103. ↑ Newman, Marissa (27 June 2014). "Portraits of a kidnapper". The Times of Israel.
  104. 1 2 3 Harel, Amos (16 June 2014). "Hamas kidnapping reminiscent of Hezbollah". Haaretz.
  105. 1 2 Harel, Amos (15 June 2014). "Analysis: Shin Bet probe finds evidence Hamas involved in West Bank kidnapping". Haaretz.
  106. 1 2 "Israel deploys heavily near Hebron after disappearance of settlers". Ma'an News Agency. 13 June 2014.
  107. 1 2 Bryant, Christa Case (19 June 2014). "Israel's search for kidnapped teens: What is known so far, and what it means". Christian Science Monitor.
  108. 1 2 Issacharoff, Avi. "How did the Shin Bet fail to spot the Hebron kidnap cell in time?". The Times of Israel.
  109. ↑ Issacharoff, Avi (27 June 2014). "In Hebron, the IDF discovers, it's all too easy to disappear". The Times of Israel.
  110. ↑ Gurvitz, Yossi (17 June 2014). "Israeli Hostages, Gag Orders and Social Media". Worldcrunch.
  111. ↑ Hartman, Ben (15 June 2014). "One of abducted Israeli teens called police: "We've been kidnapped"". The Jerusalem Post.
  112. ↑ Harel, Amos (22 June 2014). "Don't expect a happy ending from Israel's West Bank operation". Haaretz.
  113. 1 2 3 Beaumont, Peter (15 June 2014). "Israeli forces tighten grip on West Bank in search for three abducted teenagers". The Guardian.
  114. 1 2 Issacharoff, Avi; Sterman, Adiv (4 July 2014). "Israel hunting third Hamas operative missing since night teens were killed". The Times of Israel.
  115. ↑ Schwegel, Justin (8 July 2014). "How Israel Turned Tragedy into Opportunity". Asia Times Online.
  116. 1 2 Zitun, Yoav (15 June 2014). "Infantry battalion deployed to Hebron, IDF calls in reservists". Ynetnews.
  117. ↑ "3 injured by rubber-coated bullets in Beit Ummar clashes". Ma'an News Agency. 17 June 2014.
  118. ↑ Rayner, Tom (15 June 2014). "Israel Searches For 'Kidnapped' Teen Settlers". Sky News.
  119. ↑ "Torched car near Hebron may have served kidnappers". The Times of Israel. 14 June 2014.
  120. ↑ "Israeli security forces ramp up hunt for Hamas cell in West Bank". Haaretz. 16 June 2014.
  121. ↑ Beaumont, Peter (16 June 2014). "Israel Leaders Considering Expelling Hamas Leaders from the West Bank to Gaza". The Guardian.
  122. ↑ Khoury, Jack (17 June 2014). "Hebron area out of bounds to US officials after kidnapping". Haaretz.
  123. ↑ Levy, Gideon (19 June 2014). "Israel's double standard". Haaretz.
  124. 1 2 Lappin, Yaakov (17 June 2014). "Search for kidnapped boys enters fifth day, IDF arrests 41 in night operation". The Jerusalem Post.
  125. ↑ Booth, William (15 June 2014). "Israel accuses Hamas of abducting 3 teens". The Washington Post.
  126. 1 2 "3 Palestinians injured after Israeli army 'bombs Hebron home'". Ma'an News Agency. 15 June 2014.
  127. 1 2 3 4 "IDF chief: We're heading towards an extensive operation". Ynetnews. 16 June 2014.
  128. ↑ Rudoren, Jodi (15 June 2014). "Netanyahu Says Three Were Taken by Hamas". The New York Times.
  129. ↑ "Israeli raids target Hamas members as Netanyahu accuses group of kidnapping". The Guardian (Jerusalem). Associated Press. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  130. ↑ "Israeli forces ransack offices, confiscate computers in Jenin". Ma'an News Agency. 16 June 2014.
  131. ↑ "Israeli forces kill Palestinian during raids". Al Jazeera. 17 June 2014.
  132. ↑ "Photos of the Day". The San Francisco Chronicle. AP. 16 June 2014.
  133. ↑ Rudoren, Jodi (16 June 2014). "Israel Demands Palestinian Leader's Help After Abductions". The New York Times.
  134. ↑ Harel, Amos (17 June 2014). "Israel's response to kidnapping aimed at driving a wedge between Abbas and Hamas". Haaretz.
  135. ↑ Estrin, Daniel (17 June 2014). "Israel Leader Wants World Pressure on Palestinians". ABC News.
  136. ↑ Issacharoff, Avi (16 June 2014). "PA official: Unity pact is void if Hamas carried out kidnapping". The Times of Israel.
  137. 1 2 Blachier, Gregory (20 June 2014). "Anger but no uprising over Israeli raids – Palestinian minister". Reuters. if Hamas is behind it, and nobody knows up until now, then it will be a blow to the reconciliation process. If we reach that conclusion, then the president will take drastic decisions.
  138. ↑ "IDF Uncovers Weapons Caches in Search for Teens". News (CBN). 17 June 2014.
  139. ↑ Bar'el, Zvi (16 June 2014). "Egypt cooperating with Israeli search efforts for kidnapped teens, while Hamas faces catch-22". Haaretz.
  140. ↑ "Sources: Israel asked Egypt to help find kidnapped teens". Ma'an News Agency. 16 June 2014.
  141. ↑ Zitun, Yoav (18 June 2014). "IDF arrests 51 prisoners released in Shalit deal". Ynetnews.
  142. ↑ "Israeli army arrests over 50 Palestinians released in Shalit deal". Ma'an News Agency. 18 June 2014.
  143. 1 2 Donzis, Aron; Ho, Spencer (18 June 2014). "Israel scoops up 51 Palestinians freed under Shalit deal". The Times of Israel.
  144. ↑ "UN Mideast peace envoy condemns Israel's arrest campaign". Ma'an News Agency. 20 June 2014.
  145. ↑ "http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx%3FID%3D706421 Hebron losses '$10m daily' during siege]", Ma'an News Agency, 20 June 2014.
  146. ↑ "Israel vows to 'tighten ring around kidnappers' as it targets Hamas infrastructure". The Jerusalem Post. 20 June 2014.
  147. ↑ "30 new arrests as Israel presses West Bank hunt for teens". AFP. 20 June 2014.
  148. ↑ "Israel detains 49 in large-scale West Bank arrest raids". Ma'an News Agency. 20 June 2014.
  149. 1 2 3 Rudoren, Jodi (20 June 2014). "Israeli Troops Kill Palestinian Teenager Protesting West Bank Arrests". The New York Times. 'One of them crouched and opened fire on the boy,' said Bassam al-Awadeh, 42, who said he watched from about 150 yards (140 m) away. 'The boy was hit in his heart and his abdomen.'
  150. 1 2 3 "5 injured, 30 detained as Israeli forces storm Duheisha camp". Ma'an News Agency. 20 June 2014.
  151. ↑ "Israeli forces raid Ibdaa cultural center in Bethlehem". Ma'an News Agency. 22 June 2014.
  152. ↑ "5 injured, 30 detained as Israeli forces storm Duheisha camp". Ma'an News Agency. 20 June 2014. Medical sources said that Malek Mustafa al-Sharif, 22, was wounded by rubber-coated steel bullets during the clashes. In addition, an Israeli military patrol vehicle ran over four youths from the camp, including Musa al-Khamour, 22, Hassan Mujahid Abu Joudah, and Marcel Mahmoud Zaghout, 19, who was arrested after he was struck in the head by the vehicle. The fourth injured individual was not immediately identified.
  153. ↑ Booth, William (17 June 2014). "Israeli troops kill 2 Palestinians during search for Israeli students in occupied West Bank". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  154. ↑ "2nd Palestinian youth dies after being shot by Israeli forces". Ma'an News Agency. 20 June 2014.
  155. ↑ "Palestinian shot Friday succumbs to wounds". Ma'an News Agency. 25 June 2014.
  156. 1 2 Levy, Elior; Zitun, Yoav (20 June 2014). "Palestinian teen said killed in clashes with IDF as army arrests 25 more suspects in West Bank". Ynetnews.
  157. 1 2 3 "13-year-old Palestinian shot dead by Israeli forces in Dura". Ma'an News Agency. 20 June 2014.
  158. ↑ "Palestinian killed in students hunt". Irish Independent. AP. 20 June 2014.
  159. ↑ Levy, Gideon; Levac, Alec (28 June 2014). "The Palestinian teen whose death went unnoticed by Israel". Haaretz. The first group of soldiers made do with firing tear-gas and stun grenades at the large numbers of young people on the streets. A little after 5 A.M., the last group of soldiers started to leave the town. Suddenly, one of the soldiers in the rear of the column aimed his rifle and fired live ammunition at the youngsters, at a range of about 80 meters.
  160. 1 2 "Palestinian FM: Israel overreacting on abducted teens". Ynetnews news. AFP. 20 June 2014.
  161. ↑ "Israeli forces raid Arab American University in Jenin". Ma'an. 20 June 2014.
  162. ↑ "Noose tightening around kidnappers, teens still in West Bank". The Times of Israel. 20 June 2014.
  163. 1 2 Zitun, Yoav (21 June 2014). "IDF surrounds villages near Hebron, increases troop presence". Ynetnews.
  164. ↑ "Israeli troops raid Bethlehem's biggest charitable society". Ma'an News Agency. 21 June 2014.
  165. ↑ "Palestinian man dies of heart attack as Israeli troops raid home". Ma'an News Agency. 20 June 2014.
  166. ↑ "Israel rejects responsibility for elderly Palestinian's death". Ma'an News Agency. 21 June 2014.
  167. ↑ "Ongoing arrest campaign brings total Palestinians in jail to 5,700". Ma'an News Agency. 21 June 2014. Two residents of the village also accused Israeli troops of stealing money from their homes during predawn raids Saturday. Samir Haymouni told Ma'an that Israeli troops stole 15,000 shekels ($4,300) in addition to damaging all of his furniture. Similarly, Hatim Asafra said that Israeli soldiers stole 2,500 shekels ($725) from his apartment.
  168. ↑ "Israeli forces storm al-Bireh, clash with young men". Ma'an News Agency. 21 June 2014.
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  170. ↑ "3 Palestinians injured in overnight Israeli raids in Nablus". Ma'an News Agency. 21 June 2014.
  171. 1 2 3 Zitun, Yoav (21 June 2014). "We're witnessing the unrestrained brutality of Islamic terrorism". Ynetnews.
  172. 1 2 "38 detained in West Bank raids on Sunday, bringing total above 400". Ma'an News Agency. 22 June 2014.. The list notes 16 from Hebron, 19 from Bethlehem and three from Jenin.
  173. ↑ "Israeli forces raid Al-Quds University". Ma'an News Agency. 22 June 2014.
  174. ↑ "PCHR condemns army killing of mentally disabled man". Ma'an News Agency. 22 June 2014.
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  177. ↑ "Israeli forces kill 2 Palestinians in Ramallah and Nablus overnight". Ma'an News Agency. 22 June 2014.
  178. ↑ "Two Palestinians, one Israeli boy killed in separate clashes". The Los Angeles Times. 22 June 2014.
  179. ↑ "Autopsy proves slain Palestinian killed by Israeli fire in Ramallah". Ma'an News Agency. 22 June 2014.
  180. ↑ "Israeli settlers open fire at mourners in Ramallah, 1 hurt". Ma'an News Agency. 22 June 2014.
  181. 1 2 3 "Abbas calls on Netanyahu to condemn Palestinian deaths". The Times of Israel. 22 June 2014.
  182. ↑ Miller, Elhanan (22 June 2014). "Palestinians Turning to UN Security Council to Halt West Bank Raids". The Times of Israel.
  183. ↑ "Israel detains 37 Palestinians as arrest operation continues" Check |url= value (help). Ma'an News Agency. 23 June 2014.
  184. ↑ "West Bank crackdown 'to end in days'". Ma'an News Agency. 23 June 2014.
  185. 1 2 3 "Israeli forces raid Hebron district overnight, 'arrest 13'". Ma'an News Agency. 24 June 2014.
  186. ↑ Fiske, Gavriel (24 June 2014). "Four arrested overnight in West Bank as sweep continues". The Times of Israel.
  187. ↑ Levy, Elior; Zitun, Yoav; Somfalvi, Attila (24 June 2014). "Hebron returning to normal as Shin Bet looks for new leads on kidnapped teens". Ynetnews.
  188. ↑ Zitun, Yoav (24 June 2014). "IDF Chief: As time passes, concerns grow regarding fate of boys". Ynetnews.
  189. ↑ "Number of Palestinian children in Israeli jails 'surpasses 250'". Ma'an News Agency. 24 June 2014. Over the past decade, Israeli forces have arrested, interrogated, and prosecuted around 7,000 children between 12 and 17, mostly boys, at a rate of "an average of two children each day", UNICEF said.
  190. ↑ Yoav Zitun (25 June 2014). "Video: Hamas operative's arrest through the lens of the Skylark UAV". Ynetnews.
  191. 1 2 "http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=707700 Israeli forces detain Palestinian lawmakers, Hamas leaders overnight]", Ma'an News Agency 25 June 2014
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  193. ↑ "Israeli forces shoot and injure Palestinian near Hebron". Ma'an News Agency. 25 June 2014.
  194. ↑ "Israel identifies two suspects in case of kidnapped teens". The Telegraph (UK). Retrieved 29 June 2014.
  195. ↑ "78-year-old woman dies of heart attack during Israeli raid". Ma'an News Agency. 26 June 2014.
  196. ↑ "Israeli forces shoot, injure Palestinian at Hebron checkpoint". Ma'an News Agency. 26 June 2014.
  197. ↑ "Israel raids Nablus without notifying Palestinian security". Ma'an News Agency. 26 June 2014.
  198. ↑ "Group: 566 Palestinians detained since Israeli campaign began". Ma'an News Agency. 26 June 2014.
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  201. ↑ "PA Arabs attack IDF ambulance carrying teens' bodies". 30 June 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
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  203. ↑ Deitch, Ian (1 July 2014). "As Israel buries teens, airstrikes target Hamas". AP.
  204. ↑ Lewis, Ori (1 July 2014). "Israel mourns teenagers, strikes Hamas in Gaza". Reuters.
  205. ↑ "Shin Bet forces arrest six in connection with Palestinian teens killing". Israel News. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  206. ↑ Sterman, Adiv (6 July 2014). "Suspected accomplice in 3 teens' killings arrested". The Times of Israel.
  207. ↑ ABC News. "International". ABC News. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  208. ↑ Orlando Crowcroft [Hamas official: we were behind the kidnapping of three Israeli teenagers] The Guardian 21 August 2014.
  209. ↑ Hamas: We wouldn't target civilians if we had better weapons, Haaretz 23 August 2014.
  210. ↑ "Live updates, July 2: Israel strikes Gaza; Sderot hit by rocket". Haaretz. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  211. ↑ "Buildings in ruins in Palestine after Israel's tit-for-tat airstrikes (photos, video)". RT. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  212. ↑ Kredo, Adam. "Congress to Offer $5 Million for Info on Hamas Kidnappers". freebeacon.com. The Washington Free Beacon. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  213. ↑ US representative Doug Lamborn said "Naftali Frenkel was an American citizen who was killed by terrorists and the United States should not rest until his killers are brought to justice (..) amazingly, the Obama administration still supports this terrorist Palestinian government, even after the death of an American citizen" Dvorin, Tova. "US Bill to Offer $5 Million Reward for Tips on Teens' Abduction". israelnationalnews.com/News/. Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  214. ↑ Newsman, Marissa (19 June 2014). "PA accuses Israel of ‘collective punishment' in West Bank". The Times of Israel.
  215. ↑ Oren, Amir (20 June 2014). "West Bank kidnapping exposes Israel's disjointed security establishment". Haaretz.
  216. ↑ "Israelis and Palestinians: A vicious circle speeds up again". The Economist.
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  218. 1 2 Miller, Elhanan (17 June 2014). "Mahmoud Abbas's prisoner dilemma". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  219. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bryant, Christa Case (14 June 2014). "Why were kidnapped Israeli teens hitchhiking in the West Bank?". The Christian Science Monitor.
  220. 1 2 al-Jammal, Yusri (15 June 2014). "Fearing three teens abducted, Israel escalates West Bank search with Abbas help". UK: Reuters.
  221. 1 2 3 Kershner, Isabel (16 June 2014). "Abduction of Young Israeli Hitchhikers Spurs Debate on Conduct". The New York Times.
  222. 1 2 Bar'el, Zvi (16 June 2014). "Egypt cooperating with Israeli search efforts for kidnapped teens, while Hamas faces catch-22". Haaretz.
  223. ↑ al-Ghoul, Asmaa (19 June 2014). "Could Kidnapping of Israeli Boys Lead to Intifada?". U.S. News & World Report. Ya'alon added that in 2013, more than 30 kidnapping attempts were foiled, and another 14 attempts since the beginning of this year.
  224. ↑ Harel, Amos (26 June 2014). "Bibi and the Lost Boys". Foreign Policy. Since the end of the Second Intifada, around 2005, Israelis have grown to expect a success rate of almost 95 percent in stopping terrorist attacks before they occur. Most terror suspects in the West Bank are either arrested before they manage to do anything, or immediately thereafter. A major reason for this success has been the very close cooperation between Israel and Palestinian security officials – a relationship both sides prefer to keep as low-profile as possible.
  225. ↑ "Palestinians voice support for kidnapping of three Israeli teens by Hamas terrorists". EU reporter. 16 June 2014.
  226. ↑ Oren, Amir (20 June 2014). "West Bank kidnapping exposes Israel's disjointed security establishment". Haaretz.
  227. ↑ Issacharoff, Avi (20 June 2014). "A week of raids and arrests, but no hard lead to the kidnappers". The Times of Israel.
  228. ↑ http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/4437.htm Retrieved 21 Aug 2014
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  230. 1 2 Sawafta, Ali. "Israel expands West Bank hunt for missing teens, Palestinian killed". Reuters. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  231. ↑ "Thousands join online campaign to kill Palestinian 'terrorists'". Maariv (Ma'an News Agency). 15 June 2014.
  232. ↑ Dearden, Lizzie. "Facebook campaign calls on Israelis to kill a Palestinian terrorist every hour until missing teenagers found". The Independent. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  233. ↑ Rosenbaum, Thane (23 June 2014). "The world's cruel indifference to Israel's plight". Haaretz.
  234. ↑ Eichner, Itamar (23 June 2014). "Missing teens' families to address UN Human Rights Council". Ynetnews.
  235. ↑ Fiske, Gavriel (17 June 2014). "Bennett promises 'ticket to hell' for Hamas members". The Times of Israel.
  236. ↑ "We'll turn membership of Hamas into a ticket to Hell': Palestinians' homes trashed as Israeli troops make 40 new arrests in hunt for three 'kidnapped' Jewish teenagers". The Daily Mail. 17 June 2014.
  237. ↑ "Israeli ambassador: Europe supports kidnapping children". Ma'an News Agency. 19 June 2014.
  238. 1 2 "Hanin Zoabi: IDF operation in West Bank is terrorism". The Times of Israel. 21 June 2014.
  239. ↑ Siegel, Meir Halevi (19 June 2014). "Rav Dov Lior: Abduction was Divine Punishment". The Jewish Press.
  240. ↑ Sharon, Jeremy (19 June 2014). "Haredi daily: Kidnappings result of 'government-organized abductions' of Torah students". The Jerusalem Post.
  241. 1 2 Miller, Elhanan (17 June 2014). "At kidnapping site, Jews and Muslims join in prayer". The Times of Israel.
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  243. ↑ "Those holding the three yeshiva students must release them at once; Israeli security forces must uphold human rights and avoid collective punishment". B'Tselem. 15 June 2014.
  244. ↑ "B'Tselem strongly condemns the abduction and killing of the three Yeshiva students". B'Tselem. 30 June 2014.
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  246. 1 2 "CPT Palestine responds to incidents occurring after teenagers' bodies discovered". Al-Khalil (Hebron): CPT. 1 July 2014.
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  248. 1 2 'Israel confiscates 1,000 acres of Palestinian land south of Bethlehem,' Ma'an News Agency 31 August 2014.
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  251. 1 2 'UK, France condemn Israeli decision to appropriate West Bank land,'Ynet, 1 September 2014: 'Israeli media reported the move was in response to the kidnapping and murder of the three Israeli teens.'
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  253. ↑ Mackay, Robert. "Israelis Start #BringBackOurBoys Campaign". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  254. 1 2 "Israel leader wants world pressure on Palestinians". The Daily Mail (Associated Press). 17 June 2014.
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  277. 1 2 Toameh, Khaled Abu (15 June 2014). "Palestinian activists call for destruction of CCTV footage in attempt to frustrate IDF search". The Jerusalem Post.
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  280. ↑ Ho, Spencer (23 June 2014). "Palestinians parody kidnapping in video". The Times of Israel.
  281. ↑ "Hamas threatens 3rd Intifada to answer massive Israeli crackdown". RT. 20 June 2014.
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  289. ↑ "PM: Deaths of Israeli teens an appalling act of terror". ITV.com. 1 July 2014.
  290. 1 2 "François Hollande condemns murder of three young Israelis". Paris: Ambafrance-UK. 2 July 2014.
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  293. ↑ Keinon, Herb (1 June 2014). "Egypt urges Israel to stop collective punishment of Palestinians". Aswat Masriya.
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