Foreign relations of Kosovo
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Foreign relations of Kosovo are accomplished by efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo. The current Foreign Minister of Kosovo is Hashim Thaci. Kosovo operates 24 embassies abroad and is host to 22 Embassies. Kosovo has membership in several International Organisations.
On 17 February 2008, members of the Assembly of Kosovo declared independence from Serbia. They were not part of UNMIK's PISG. This move was controversial among the international community. International supervision ended in September 2012,[1] and Kosovo became responsible for its own governance.[2] The Republic of Kosovo has been recognised by 108 UN member states, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the Order of Malta.
Additionally some countries that don't recognise the Republic of Kosovo (China, Russia, Romania, Slovakia, Greece) maintain non-diplomatic official "liaison offices" in Kosovo; as does the European Union.
Kosovo maintains a number of diplomatic missions abroad, and several countries have embassies or representative offices in Pristina.
Status of diplomatic relations
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo has initiated the process of establishing diplomatic relations with all states that have recognised Republic of Kosovo, either by opening new missions or through accreditation of non-resident ambassadors to these countries.[3]
The Republic of Kosovo has established diplomatic relations with 77 countries:
Membership in international organisations
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International Organisation | Political Entity Represented | Application date | Admission date |
---|---|---|---|
Regional Cooperation Council (RCC)[83] | Kosovo*[84][85][86] | [87] | |
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) | UNMIK | as observer[88] | |
South East Europe Transport Observatory (SEETO) | Kosovo* and UNMIK[89][90] | 11 June 2004[91] | |
Energy Community | Kosovo*[92][93] | 1 July 2006 | |
European Common Aviation Area (ECAA) | UNMIK | 30 November 2006 | |
Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) | UNMIK | 6 April 2006 | 26 July 2007[94] |
International Amateur Radio Union | Kosovo Amateur Radio Association | 11 December 2015[95] | |
International Road and Transport Union (IRU) | road transport association[96][97] | 29 July 2008[98] | |
International Monetary Fund | Republic of Kosovo | 10 July 2008[99] | 29 June 2009[100] |
World Bank | Republic of Kosovo | 10 July 2008[101] | 29 June 2009[102] |
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development | Republic of Kosovo[103] | 2010 or 2009[104] | 17 December 2012[105] |
Council of Europe Development Bank | Republic of Kosovo | 14 June 2013[106] | |
Council of Bureaux | 2011[107] | ||
Adriatic Charter | Republic of Kosovo | 29 March 2012[108] | |
NATO Partnership for Peace | Republic of Kosovo | July 2012[109] | |
Council of Europe Venice Commission | Republic of Kosovo | 13 June 2014[110] | |
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie | Republic of Kosovo (Observer State)[111] | 29 November 2014[112] | |
South-East European Cooperation Process | Kosovo*[113] | 23 May 2015[114] | |
Enver Hoxhaj, Kosovo's Minister of Foreign Affairs, has stated that the country is considering making applications for membership in three United Nations specialized agencies in the first half of 2013,[115] and that an application for membership of the Council of Europe in 2014 is being prepared.[116] Deputy Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi reiterated the state's desire to join in December 2014.[117] Kosovo is also preparing a membership application for the World Trade Organization.[118] Joining NATO's Partnership for Peace is a priority of the government.[119]
Hoxhaj has said that Kosovo's goal is to be a full UN member state by 2020 and NATO member state by 2022.[120][121]
Names used to represent Kosovo
Kosovo is represented under the name:
- "Republic of Kosovo";
- "Kosovo*" (with an asterisk),
depending on the particular international forum. A list is set out above. The name "Republic of Kosovo" is self-explanatory and is the preferred nomenclature of the Pristina Government. The name "Kosovo*" with an asterisk is used in other fora. Where this name is used, the asterisk is linked to a footnote which reads:
This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.
This "Kosovo*" designation was the outcome of an arrangement agreed to between Pristina and Belgrade in talks mediated by the European Union. This arrangement, which has been dubbed the "asterisk agreement" was agreed in an 11-point arrangement agreed on 24 February 2013.[122]
"UNMIK" is an acronmym for the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, which has joined several organizations on behalf of Kosovo.
International treaties and conventions
International treaty or convention | Political Entity Represented | Signature | Ratification |
---|---|---|---|
Free Trade Agreement with Albania | UNMIK | 7 July 2003[123] | 1 October 2003[124] |
Free Trade Agreement with Macedonia | UNMIK | 2 February 2006[124] | |
Free Trade Agreement with Croatia | UNMIK | 28 September 2006[124] | 1 November 2006[124][125] |
Free Trade Agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina | UNMIK | 19 October 2006[124] | 1 December 2006[124][125] |
EU Pan-EURO-MED RoO convention[126] | Kosovo under UNSCR 1244 | ||
See also
- International recognition of Kosovo
- List of diplomatic missions of Kosovo
- List of diplomatic missions in Kosovo
- Membership of Kosovo in international sports federations
- International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence
- Kosovo–Serbia relations
- Bosnia and Herzegovina–Kosovo relations
- Visa policy of Kosovo
References
- ↑ "Ending of supervised independence 10 September 2012". International Civilian Office. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
- ↑ "Sixteenth and final meeting of the International Steering Group for Kosovo" (PDF). International Civilian Office. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
- 1 2 Kosova and Liechtenstein to establish diplomatic relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-06-28
- ↑ "Presidentja Jahjaga priti ambasadorin e Afganistanit, Siaullah Mahmud". Zyra e Presidentit të Kosovës. 2013-06-17.
- ↑ "Statement of Prime Minister of Albania Mr. Sali Berisha on Recognition of Independence of Kosova". Republic of Albania Council of Ministers. 2008-02-18.
- ↑ "Perfaqësite Diplomatike Shqiptare Jashtë Vendit". Mfa.gov.al. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme". Ks-gov.net. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Kosova and Andorra establish diplomatic relations". MFA of Kosovo. 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
- ↑ Flamuri i Kosovës shpaloset në Canberra, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2013-02-15 (in Albanian)
- ↑ "Australia Recognises the Republic of Kosovo". Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
- ↑ "Kosovo Country Brief". Australian Government – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2008-10-03. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
- ↑ "Bahrain, Kosovo establish diplomatic relations". Gulf News. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ↑ Elena Koinova (2010-02-26). "Kosovo prepares to open embassies in Washington, Brussels - Bulgaria abroad". The Sofia Echo. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ Republika e Kosovës vendos marrëdhënie diplomatike me Belizenë, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2016-04-30 (in Albanian)
- ↑ Republika e Kosovës dhe Republika e Burkina Faso nënshkruan Protokollin për vendosje të marrëdhënieve diplomatike, Embassy of Republic of Kosovo in Paris, 2012-12-06 (in Albanian)
- ↑ "Fillimi - Presidente e Republikës së Kosovës - Atifete Jahjaga". Presidente e Republikës së Kosovës - Atifete Jahjaga. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Kosova lidh marrëdhënie diplomatike me Ishujt Cook, Koha.net, 2015-05-20 (in Albanian)
- ↑ "Kosova vendos marrëdhëniet diplomatike me Kostarikën". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Croatia establishes embassy to Kosovo, seated in Pristina". Mvpei.hr. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Agjencia e Pavarur e Lajmeve- Kosova Press - LATEST NEWS". Kosova Press. 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Danmarks forbindelser med Kosovo - Danmarks ambassade Østrig". Ambwien.um.dk. Archived from the original on April 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Republika e Kosovës dhe Republika e Xhibutit vendosin marrëdhëniet diplomatike". mfa-ks.net. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
- ↑ Kosova vendos marrëdhëniet diplomatike me Dominikën, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-12-12 (in Albanian)
- ↑ "Republika e Kosovës vendos marrëdhëniet diplomatike me Republikën e El Salvadorit". mfa-ks.net. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
- ↑ "Estonia Enters into Diplomatic Relations with Republic of Kosovo | Välisministeerium". Vm.ee. 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ The Republic of Kosovo establishes diplomatic relations with the Republic of Fiji, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2013-02-13
- ↑
- ↑ "Republika e Kosovës dhe Republika e Gabonit vendosin marrëdhëniet diplomatike". Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme - Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Paris. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ The Republic of Kosovo establishes diplomatic relations with the Republic of Ghana, Embassy of the Republic of Kosovo in the United States, Washington, DC, 2012-10-02
- ↑ Telegrafi. "Thaテァi pranoi zyrtarisht njohjen nga shteti i Grenadテォs". Portali Telegrafi. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Telegrafi. "Guajana zyrtarizon njohjen e Kosovës". Portali Telegrafi. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Established Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Honduras". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kulkepviselet/Pristina/en/mainpage.htm
- ↑ "Ambasadori Peci ia dorëzoi letrat kredenciale Presidentit të Republikës së Islandës". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Fillimi - Presidente e Republikës së Kosovës - Atifete Jahjaga". Presidente e Republikës së Kosovës - Atifete Jahjaga. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Italy appoints Ambassador to Kosovo". New Kosova Report. 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Japan and Kosovo strengthen diplomatic ties". New Kosova Report. 2009-06-23. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ Japan-Kosovo Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
- ↑ Ambasadori Spahiu i dorëzoi letrat kredenciale te Mbreti i Jordanisë, , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2013-06-105
- ↑ Kosovo establishes diplomatic relations with Kuwait, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2013-01-16
- ↑ "Latvia establishes diplomatic relations with Kosovo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
- ↑ Republika e Kosovës vendos marrëdhëniet diplomatike me Libinë, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2014-05-14
- ↑ Naim Malaj, ambasador jo rezident në Principatën e Lihtenshtajnit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2012-12-13 (in Albanian)
- ↑ "Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija - straipsniai:LITHUANIA ESTABLISHES DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO". Urm.lt. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Ilir Dugolli, non-resident Ambassador in Luxemburg". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
- ↑ "Kosovo and FYR of Macedonia establish diplomatic relations". New Kosova Report. 2009-10-18. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Republika e Kosovës vendos marrëdhënie diplomatike me Malajzinë". Kosovo MFA. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
- ↑ THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FORMAL DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND KOSOVO, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia 2011-03-23
- ↑ "« Lajme". Telegrafi. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Brunei drejt njohjes së Kosovës Hoxhaj vazhdon takimet në Nju-Jork". Retrieved 20 February 2015. C1 control character in
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(help) - ↑ The Republic of Kosovo establishes diplomatic relations with the Federated States of Micronesia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2013-09-19
- ↑ "Relacione diplomatike me Monakon me anë të Fracnës". President of Kosovo. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
- ↑ "News - Region - Montenegro, Kosovo in diplomatic ties". B92. 2010-01-15. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
- ↑ "Republika e Naurusë Njohi Republikën e Kosovës" (in Albanian). President of the Republic of Kosovo. 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
- ↑ Republika e Naurusë njohu Republikën e Kosovës, President of the Republic of Kosovo, 2008-04-23 (in Albanian)
- ↑ "Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme". Ks-gov.net. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Republika e Kosovës dhe Republika e Nigerit vendosin marrëdhëniet diplomatike" (in Albanian). Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Paris. 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2013-02-04.
- ↑ "Kosova njihet nga Niue". mfa-ks.net. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
- ↑ Republic of Kosovo Established Diplomatic Relations with Sultanate of Oman, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 4 February 2011
- ↑ Kosova dhe Pakistani vendosin marrëdhënie diplomatike, KosovaTimes, 2013-01-27 (in Albanian)
- ↑ Panamá puerta de entrada de Kosovo a América Latina, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Panamá, 2013-08-27 (in Spanish)
- ↑ Çmohet mbështetja e Portugalisë, Telegrafi, 14 November 2011
- ↑ "Qatar recognized the Republic of Kosovo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. 2011-01-07. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- ↑ "Kosova arrin marrëveshje për marrëdhënie diplomatike dhe heqjen e vizave me Federatën e Saint Kitts and Nevis". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
- ↑ "Diplomatic ties between Kosovo and San Marino established". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Stabilimento delle relazioni diplomatiche con la Repubblica del Kosovo, Grand and General Council, 2012-02-16
- ↑ "Kosova-Arabia Saudite me marrëdhënie diplomatike « Lajme". Telegrafi. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ↑ "Kosovo Diplomatic Missions Abroad" mfa-ks.net Link retrieved 17 April 2011
- ↑ "Hoxhaj në Senegal, koordinim për fushatën e njohjes së Kosovës në Afrikë". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. 2014-02-15. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
- ↑ "Kosovo and Sierra Leone establish diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. 2015-11-24. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
- ↑ "Republika e Kosovës dhe Ishujt Solomon nënshkruajnë Komunikatën e Përbashkët për lidhjen e marrëdhënieve diplomatike". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
- ↑ "Pristina | SwedenAbroad". www.swedenabroad.com. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
- ↑ "About the Embassy - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Embassy of Republic of Kosovo in Stockholm". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Embassy of Republic of Kosovo in Stockholm. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
- ↑ Hoxhaj vazhdon lobimin, marrëdhënie diplomatike me Tanzaninë, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2014-04-03 (in Albanian)
- ↑ Kryeministri i Republikës së Kosovës, Hashim Thaçi ka nënshkruar sot deklaratën për vendosjen e marrëdhënieve diplomatike mes Republikës së Kosovës dhe Mbretërisë së Tajlandës, Prime Minister of Kosovo, 22 November 2013
- ↑ "Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Thailand – Kosovo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ↑ "Hoxhaj mirëpret homologun e Togos, nënshkruhen marrëdhëniet diplomatike (VIDEO)". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Ambasadori i Emiratave të Bashkuara Arabe i dorëzon kopjen e letrave kredenciale Ministrit Hyseni " mfa-ks.net 27 April 2010 Link retrieved 27 April 2010 (Albanian)
- ↑ "UAE, Kosovo sign air transport agreement". Gulf News. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- ↑ Republic of Kosovo and Republic of Vanuatu established diplomatic relations, President of the Republic of Kosovo, 2010-09-23
- ↑ Formerly the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe
- ↑ Before 28 February 2013 membership was assigned to the UNMIK.
- ↑ "Hoxhaj: Anëtarësimi në RCC, historik për Kosovën". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Regional Cooperation Council - News archive". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Regional Cooperation Council - Structure". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ SECI observers
- ↑ Before 2013 only the UNMIK.
- ↑ "SEETO Participants". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "SEETO - South-east Europe Transport Observatory". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Before April 2013 membership was assigned to the UNMIK.
- ↑ "Parties". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) initialled" (PDF) (Press release). UNMIK - DSRSG Office for News and Communication. 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
- ↑ "Kosovo Amateur Radio Association SHRAK Joins International Amateur Radio Union" (Press release). ARRL. 2015-12-11. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
- ↑ "IRU - IRU Membership". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ Kosovo Chamber of Commerce is a non for profit, independent organization with no political affiliation.
- ↑ "IRU welcomes Kosovo to IRU family". IRU. 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
- ↑ "Statement on Membership of the Republic of Kosovo in the IMF" (Press release). International Monetary Fund. 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
On July 10, 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) received an application for admission to membership in the IMF from the Republic of Kosovo.
- ↑ "Kosovo Becomes the International Monetary Fund’s 186th Member" (Press release). International Monetary Fund. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
The Republic of Kosovo became the 186th member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) today when President Fatmir Sejdiu and Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi signed the IMF’s original Articles of Agreement at a ceremony in Washington D.C.
- ↑ "Kosovo Application for Membership in World Bank" (Press release). World Bank. 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
In the letter dated July 10, 2008, Kosovo applied for membership in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes.
- ↑ "Kosovo Joins World Bank Group Institutions" (Press release). World Bank. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
The Republic of Kosovo became the newest member of the five World Bank Group institutions today, when Kosovar President Fatmir Sejdiu and Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi signed the Articles of Agreement of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
- ↑ Kosovo joins EBRD: "...majority decision to include the Republic of Kosovo as member.", Estonia MFA
- ↑ "Row heats up over Kosovo EBRD bid". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ EBRD - Our shareholders
- ↑ "The Republic of Kosovo is accepted as newest member of Council of Europe Development Bank". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2012/1 - (CoB) Report from the President
- ↑ Ministri i FSK-së Agim Ҫeku kërkoi antarsimin në “Karta e Adriatikut”, Ministry for Kosovo Security Force, 2012-03-29 (in Albanian): "KSF Minister Agim Ҫeku sought membership in the "Adriatic Charter" ... presented reasonable and reasoned request for membership of the Republic of Kosovo ... Next Conference of Ministers of Defense is expected to take place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it is expected that the Republic of Kosovo is a member with full rights."
- ↑ "Kosovo seeks to join international organisations". Turkish Weekly. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
- ↑ "Kosovo becomes 60th member of Venice Commission of Council of Europe". Voice of Russia. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
- ↑ "Kosovo Profile". francophonie.org. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ↑ "Le Mexique, le Costa Rica et le Kosovo membres observateurs". francophonie.org. 29 November 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
- ↑ "Second Plenary Session of SEECP PA, 22-23 May 2015". rspcsee.org. 27 May 2015.
- ↑ "Kosovo becomes South-East Coop. Process member". videonews.us. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ↑ "Hoxhaj: 2013, vit i suksesshëm i politikës së jashtme". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo. 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
- ↑ "Hoxhaj: Kosova e gatshme për aplikim kredibil në Këshillin e Evropës". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo. 2014-01-15. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
- ↑ "Zëvendëskryeministri i parë dhe Ministri i Jashtëm Thaçi u takua me Sekretarin e Përgjithshëm të Këshillit të Evropës, Jagland". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo. 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-22.
- ↑ "Kosovo Ministry of Trade to apply to WTO". 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
- ↑ Thaçi, Hashim. "Prioritetet e reja të Politikës së Jashtme të Kosovës". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo.
- ↑ "Hoxhaj në Pejë, Kosova në OKB deri më 2020 (Video)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo. 2014-05-15. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ↑ "Hoxhaj në Mitrovicë, Kosova anëtarësohet në NATO para 2022". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo. 2014-05-16. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
- ↑ "B92 - Insight - File Cabinet - Agreement on regional representation of Kosovo". B92. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ↑ "Albania - UNMIK (Kosovo)" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Stability Pact" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- 1 2 Provisional application
- ↑ "Agreements and conventions". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
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