France–Japan relations

Franco-Japanese relations

France	Japan

The history of relations between France and Japan goes back to the early 17th century, when a Japanese samurai and ambassador on his way to Rome landed for a few days in Saint-Tropez, creating a sensation. France and Japan have enjoyed a very robust and progressive relationship spanning centuries through various contacts in each other's countries by senior representatives, strategic efforts, and cultural exchanges.

After nearly two centuries of seclusion by "Sakoku" in Japan, the two countries became very important partners from the second half of the 19th century in the military, economic, legal and artistic fields. The Bakufu modernized its army through the assistance of French military missions (Jules Brunet), and Japan later relied on France for several aspects of its modernization, particularly the development of a shipbuilding industry during the early years of the Imperial Japanese Navy (Emile Bertin), and the development of a Legal code.

France derived part of its modern artistic inspiration from Japanese art, essentially through Japonism and its influence on Impressionism, and almost completely relied on Japan for its prosperous silk industry.

Chronology of Franco-Japanese relations

17th-18th century

17th-century account of Hasekura's visit to France.

• 1615. Hasekura Tsunenaga, a Japanese samurai and ambassador, sent to Rome by Date Masamune, lands at Saint-Tropez for a few days, initiating the first contacts between France and Japan.
• 1619. François Caron, son of French Huguenot refugees to the Netherlands enters the Dutch East India Company, and becomes the first person of French origin to set foot in Japan in 1619. He stays in Japan for 20 years, where he becomes a Director for the company. He later became the founding Director General of the French East India Company in 1664.
• 1636. Guillaume Courtet, a French Dominican priest, sets foot in Japan. He penetrates into Japan in clandestinity, against the 1613 interdiction of Christianity. He is caught, tortured, and dies in Nagasaki on September 29, 1637.
• No French people visit Japan between 1640 and 1780.
• Around 1700, the impostor known as George Psalmanazar claims to come from the Japanese tributary island of Formosa.
• 1787. La Pérouse (1741–1788) navigates in Japanese waters in 1787. He visits the Ryukyu Islands, and the strait between Hokkaidō and Sakhalin, giving it his name.

19th century

• 1808. The French language is taught to five Japanese translators by the Dutch chief of Dejima, Hendrik Doeff.
• 1844. A French naval expedition under Captain Fornier-Duplan onboard Alcmène visits Okinawa on April 28, 1844. Trade is denied, but Father Forcade is left behind with a translator.

The First Japanese Embassy to Europe, in 1862

• 1846. Admiral Jean-Baptiste Cécille arrives in Nagasaki, but is denied landing.
• 1855. In an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the Crimean War, a French-British naval force reaches the port of Hakodate, open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854, and sails further North, seizing the Russian-American Company's possessions on the island of Urup in the Kuril archipelago. The Treaty of Paris (1856) restitutes the island to Russia.^[1]
• 1855. Following the opening of Japan by the American Commodore Perry, France obtains a treaty with Okinawa on November 24, 1855.
• 1858. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan is signed in Edo on October 9, 1858, by Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros, opening diplomatic relations between the two countries.
• 1859. Arrival of Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt.
• 1862. Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi sends First Japanese Embassy to Europe, led by Takenouchi Yasunori.
• 1863. Second Japanese Embassy to Europe

Leonce Verny directed the construction of Japan's first modern arsenal at Yokosuka from 1865.

• 1864. Arrival of Leon Roches in Japan.
• 1864. Bombardment of Shimonoseki by allied ships (9 British, 3 French, 4 Dutch, 1 American).
• 1864. In November Leonce Verny arrives in Japan for the construction of the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal.
• 1865. Shibata Takenaka visits France to prepare for the construction of the Yokosuka arsenal and organize a French military mission to Japan.

The first French military mission to Japan in 1867. Jules Brunet in front, second from right.

• 1867. The first French Military Mission to Japan arrives in Yokohama January 13, 1867. Among them is Captain Jules Brunet.
• 1867. Japan sends a delegation to the 1867 World Fair in Paris.
• 1867. The French mining engineer Jean Francisque Coignet is sent to Satsuma Domain and is put in charge of the silver mines of Ikuno in 1868.
• 1868. Kobe incident (January 11). A fight erupts in Akashi between 450 samurai of Okayama Domain and French sailors, leading to the occupation of central Kobe by foreign troops.^[2]
• 1868. Eleven French sailors from the Dupleix are killed in the Sakai incident, in Sakai, near Osaka, by southern rebel forces.
• 1869. Former French advisors under Jules Brunet fight alongside the last Tokugawa shogunate loyalists of Enomoto Takeaki, against Imperial troops in the Battle of Hakodate.
• 1870. Henri Pelegrin directs the construction of Japan's first gas-lightning system in the streets of Nihonbashi, Ginza and Yokohama.
• 1872. Paul Brunat opens the first modern Japanese silk spinning factory at Tomioka. Three craftsmen from the Nishijin weaving district in Kyoto travel to Lyon. They travel back to Japan in 1873, importing a Jacquard loom.
• 1872. Start of the second French Military Mission to Japan (1872-1880).
• 1873. The legal expert Gustave Emile Boissonade arrives in Japan to help build a modern legal system.
• 1874. The Second French Military Mission is sent to Japan, and builds the military school of Ichigaya, the start of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.
• 1882. The first tramways are introduced from France and start functioning at Asakusa, and between Shinbashi and Ueno.
• 1884. Third French Military Mission to Japan (1884-1889).
• 1886. The French naval engineer Emile Bertin reinforces the Imperial Japanese Navy, and directs the construction of the arsenals of Kure and Sasebo, contributing to the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War.

The first automobile in Japan, a French Panhard-Levassor, in 1898.

• 1898. The first automobile (a Panhard-Levassor) is introduced in Japan.

20th century

• 1907. Signing of the Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
• 1909. The first Japanese mechanical flight, a biplane tracted by an automobile, occurs in Ueno through the collaboration of Shiro Aihara and Le Prieur, French military attaché in Tokyo.
• 1910. Captain Tokugawa Yoshitoshi, trained in France as a pilot, makes the first self-propelled flight on board a Henri Farman plane.
• 1910. Sakichi Toyoda, founder of the Toyota Corporation, visits France to study spinning techniques.
• 1918. Fourth French Military Mission to Japan (1918-1919)
• 1919. France supported Japanese racial equality proposal in Paris Peace Conference.
• 1924. First air flight from France to Japan, by Pelletier Doisy and Besin.
• 1925. First air flight from Japan to France, by Kawauchi and Abe.
• 1927. French-Japanese agreement grants most favoured nations treatment to Japanese in French Indochina and to Indochinese subjects in Japan.^[3]
• 1940. Start of the Japanese invasion of French Indochina
• 1941. Japan pressures the Vichy France into making important military concessions in French Indochina, but leaves the French army and administration intact.
• 1943. Guangzhouwan a small French enclave on the southern coast of China is occupied by the Japanese.
• 1945. Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina - Japanese troops rapidly attacks and takes full control of French Indochina, which it maintains until its defeat several months later in September 1945.
• 1946-1950. Japanese war criminals are tried in Saigon for their action in Indochina during the war.^[4]
• 1952. First Air France flight to Japan.
• 1997. "Year of Japan in France" and the opening of a Japanese cultural centre in Paris.^[5]
• 1998. "Year of France in Japan" in which 400 events took place across Japan to celebrate France and its people.^[6]

Franco-Japanese relations today

Embassy of France in Japan

Recently France has been very involved in trade and cultural exchange initiatives with Japan. Some people see this as being a result of former French president Jacques Chirac being a Japanophile. Chirac has visited Japan over 40 times, probably more than any other world leader outside Japan, and is an expert on the country. France has started the export promotion campaign Le Japon, c'est possible and the international liaison personnel exchange program JET. Together they built the Maison de la Culture du Japon à Paris.

France and Japan have also worked together to improve dire health situations from HIV and underdevelopment in Djibouti, Madagascar, Uganda, and other countries.

Japan and France are also known to share ideas with each other in the realms of art and cooking. Japan has been heavily influenced by French cuisine within the past few decades, as seen on the television show Iron Chef. Anime and manga are popular in France: manga represents 1,400 of the 4,300 annual book publications and 40% of the comics sales (95 Million € in 2008). The movie Interstella 5555 was a collaborative motion picture with Japanese anime writer, Leiji Matsumoto, and the French house band, Daft Punk. French historical figures and settings from medieval, Renaissance, Napoleonic, and World War eras have served as models for certain popular stories in Japanese entertainment. The purity of Japanese painting and illustration, and likewise the modernity and elegance of French visual arts has resulted in hybrid styles in those creative fields.

The two countries have been collaborating closely in the area of nuclear energy generation. In September 2013, two years after the nuclear disaster at Fukushima, Japan has officially accepted help from France for the decommission and dismantle of Fukushima's reactors.^[7] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, a Japanese corporation, and France's Areva began cooperating on constructing a nuclear reactor in Turkey in 2013.^[8]

In June 2005, France and Japan announced a collaboration to build the next generation supersonic commercial aircraft, a successor to the Concorde. Commercial service is not expected until 2050.^[9][10]

Laurent Fabius, French Foreign Minister, met with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as a courtesy call during a visit to Japan from 5 October to 6 October 2014.^[11] The meeting included Abe expressing his condolences for the ISIL beheading of French backpacker Hervé Gourdel, and both agreed on future meetings on defense cooperation and tackling global warming.^[12]

French in Japan

• Léon Roches
• Jules Brunet
• Léonce Verny
• Gustave Emile Boissonade in Japan from 1873 to 1895
• Paul Claudel French embassador in Tokyo from 1922 to 1928

Japanese in France

• Hasekura Tsunenaga
• Fukuzawa Yukichi as a translator in the 1862 mission
• Shibata Takenaka (1823–1878)
• Tsuguharu Foujita (in France from 1913 to 1931)
• Tetsumi Kudo

See also

• Foreign cemeteries in Japan
• Foreign relations of Japan
• France–Asia relations
• o-yatoi gaikokujin - foreign employees in Meiji era Japan
• Paris syndrome

Notes

1. Thierry Mormane : "La prise de possession de l'île d'Urup par la flotte anglo-française en 1855", Revue Cipango, "Cahiers d'études japonaises", No 11 hiver 2004 pp. 209-236.
2. Source and
3. Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 68, pp. 236-239.
4. Nanba Chizuru, « Kokuritsukôbunshokan-shozô no "Saigon-bansai" kankeishiryô ni tsuite » (On the documents related to the Saigon trials kept at the National Archives of Japan, Kitanomaru, 41, December 2008, pp.79-81 難波ちづる, 国立公文書館所蔵の「サイゴン裁判」関係資料について, 北の丸：第41号 (平成20年12月）
5. "A burst of fireworks for 'Japan in France'". The Deseret News. 12 May 1997. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
6. "Statue illumination kicks off 'Year of France' event". The Japan Times. 28 April 1998. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
7. http://enformable.com/2013/09/japan-accept-help-france-fukushima-daiichi/
8. "Japan, France to enhance nuclear, defense relations". Hurriyet Daily News. The Associated Press. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
9. Zaun, Todd (June 16, 2005), France and Japan hope Concorde's successor is in the wings, N.Y. Times, retrieved 2014-08-01
10. EADS reveals hypersonic successor to Concorde, France 24, 2011-06-20, retrieved 2014-08-01
11. "Courtesy Call on Prime Minister Shinzo Abe by H.E. Mr. Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Development, France". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 5 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
12. "Japan-France Foreign Ministers’ Meeting". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 5 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.

References

• Polak, Christian. (2001). Soie et lumières: L'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950). Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon, Hachette Fujin Gahōsha (アシェット婦人画報社).
• __________. (2002). 絹と光: 知られざる日仏交流100年の歴史 (江戶時代-1950年代) Kinu to hikariō: shirarezaru Nichi-Futsu kōryū 100-nen no rekishi (Edo jidai-1950-nendai). Tokyo: Ashetto Fujin Gahōsha, 2002. ISBN 978-4-573-06210-8; OCLC 50875162

External links

• Japan-France Relations