Pope Pius VIII

Pope Pius VIII

Papacy began	31 March 1829
Papacy ended	30 November 1830
Predecessor	Leo XII
Successor	Gregory XVI
Orders
Ordination	17 December 1785
Consecration	17 August 1800 by Giuseppe Maria Doria Pamphilj
Created Cardinal	8 March 1816 by Pius VII
Personal details
Birth name	Francesco Saverio Castiglioni
Born	(1761-11-20)20 November 1761 Cingoli, Marche, Papal States
Died	30 November 1830(1830-11-30) (aged 69) Quirinal Palace, Rome, Papal States
Previous post	Bishop of Montalto delle Marche (1800-1816) Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Traspontina (1816-1821) Bishop of Cesena (1816-1821) Official of the Roman Curia (1821) Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati (1821-1829) Prefect of the Roman Curia (1821-1829)
Coat of arms	${{{coat_of_arms_alt}}}$
Other popes named Pius

Pope Pius VIII (20 November 1761 – 30 November 1830), born Francesco Saverio Castiglioni,^{[lower-alpha 1]} reigned as Pope from 31 March 1829 to his death in 1830. His pontificate was the shortest of all the popes of the 19th Century, and is likely the least remembered.

Biography

Early life

Francesco Saverio Castiglioni was born in Cingoli, Marche, the third of eight children of Count Ottavio Castiglioni and his wife Sanzia Ghislieri. His baptismal name was recorded as Francesco Saverio Maria Felice. He studied at the Collegio Campana run by the Society of Jesus and, after that, at the University of Bologna where he earned a doctorate in canon law and in civil law in 1785. He was ordained to the priesthood on December 17, 1785.^[1]

He served as the Vicar General of Anagni (1788-90), Fano (1790-97) and Ascoli Piceno (1797-1800). In 1800, Castiglioni was appointed as the Bishop of Montalto.

Episcopate and cardinalate

Castiglione received episcopal consecration in 1800 in Rome and commenced his work in his new diocese. After he refused to swear allegiance to Napoleon I of France (1804–14, 1815) he was taken to a series of Italian cities before being sent to France. After Napoleon fell, he returned to his diocese in 1814. He was praised by Pope Pius VII who in 1816 elevated him to the cardinalate as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Traspontina. He held various high offices thereafter, including that of Major Penitentiary. He soon became a Cardinal-Bishop of the suburbicarian see of Frascati.

Castiglioni was considered a front-runner in the conclave of 1823. He was known to be close to Pius VII, who often referred to Castiglioni as "Pius VIII."^[2] However, he failed to gain the necessary votes, in part due to controversy surrounding an alliance between him and another favorite, Secretary of State Ercole Consalvi. Cardinal Annibale della Genga was elected instead, and he took the name of Pope Leo XII. The following statement has been given concerning Castiglione, or Pope Pius VIII:

"As a Cardinal, Castiglione had continued to live modestly, made no enemies, and although his own private life had always been irreproachable, he had shown no signs of censoriousness where others were concerned. He suffered from a very painful and distressing complaint, having perpetually suppurating sores on his neck and body, and [later as pope] was far too ill and feeble to do more than sign the documents presented to him by [Cardinal] Albani, who ruled the Papal States as autocratically as though he had himself worn the triple crown."^[3]

Papacy

Papal styles of Pope Pius VIII

Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	None

Election

Main article: Papal conclave, 1829

After the death of Pope Leo XII in 1829, Castiglioni was again considered to be a major candidate, though was questioned due to his frail health. Despite these concerns, he was elected as pope in the papal conclave of 1829. Given that Pope Pius VII had referred to him as Pius VIII, it seemed only suitable that it was the pontifical name that he chose. His coronation took place on April 5, 1829, at which time the protodeacon Cardinal Giuseppe Albani crowned him.

Modernism and Biblical Translations

As Pope Pius VIII, he initiated some reforms in the states of the Church. On 24 May 1829 he issued an encyclical, Traditi humilitati. Perhaps indicating that the current debate on religious pluralism was also occurring in his own time he condemned the "foul contrivance of the sophists of this age" that would place Catholicism on par with any other religion.

Regarding Bible translations, he wrote in that encyclical:

"We must also be wary of those who publish the Bible with new interpretations contrary to the Church's laws. They skillfully distort the meaning by their own interpretation. They print the Bibles in the vernacular and, absorbing an incredible expense, offer them free even to the uneducated. Furthermore, the Bibles are rarely without perverse little inserts to ensure that the reader imbibes their lethal poison instead of the saving water of salvation."^[4]

On 25 March 1830, in the brief encyclical Litteris altero, he condemned the masonic secret societies and modernist biblical translations.

Other activities

An 1829 painting by Horace Vernet of Pope Pius VIII in the Sedia gestatoria.

His brief pontificate saw the Catholic Emancipation in the United Kingdom and the July Revolution in France, which occurred in 1829 and 1830, respectively. Pius VIII recognised Louis Philippe (1830–48) as French king and allowed him to use the French king's customary title "Roi Très Chretien," which means "His Most Christian Majesty."^[5]

Pius VIII accepted the situation on mixed marriages between Protestants and Catholics in Germany, but he opposed changes in Ireland and Poland, which were still strongly Catholic. In Litteris altero, he declared that a mixed marriage could only be blessed by a priest if proper promises had been made to educate the children of the marriage as Catholics.^[6]

Pius VIII also held three consistories in which he elevated a total of six men into the cardinalite. He held these ceremonies on July 27th, 1829, March 15th 1830, and July 5th, 1830.^[7]

Health and Death

The monument to Pius VIII.

Pius VIII was in very poor health during most of his papacy. He died on November 30, 1830 at the age of 69 in the Quirinal Palace in Rome. Prince Don Agostino Chigi, a contemporary of the late pope's and one of the papal nobility associated with the papal court, recorded in his diary entry for December 2nd, 1830 (in Latin):

"During the dissection of the Pope's body, which occurred yesterday evening, as far as they say, only very healthy internal organs (viscera) were found, except some weakness of the lungs, or, according to others, a tired heart; it is therefore impossible to know the cause of death."

These few words have been interpreted by some conspiracy theory proponents as evidence that the late pontiff had indeed been poisoned. Cardinal Camillo di Pietro gave the funeral ovation for the late pope, before the cardinals entered the conclave to choose a successor. The late pope was succeeded by Pope Gregory XVI.

References

↑ English: Francis Xavier Castiglioni

↑ "CASTIGLIONI, Francesco Saverio (1761-1830)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
↑ Pirie, Valérie. LEO XII (DELLA GENGA) Pickle Pushing. Web. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
↑ "Pope Pius VIII: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election". Pickle-publishing.com. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
↑ TRADITI HUMILITATI (On His Program For The Pontificate): Pope Pius VIII EWTN. Web. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
↑ Papal Profile: Pope Pius VIII The Mad Monarchist. 4 June 2012. Web. 20 February 2016.
↑ Castiglione, Francesco Xaverio. Pope Pius VIII New Advent. Web. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
↑ Miranda, Salvador. Consistories for the creation of Cardinals: 19th Century (1800-1903) The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Web. Retrieved 16 February 2016.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pius VIII.

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Francesco Antonio Marcucci	Bishop of Montalto 11 August 1800 – 8 March 1816	Succeeded by Pietro Paolo Mazzichi
Preceded by Carlo Bellisomi	Bishop of Cesena 8 March 1816 – 4 August 1821	Succeeded by Antonio Maria Cadolini
Preceded by Michele di Pietro	Major Penitentiary of Sacred Apostolic Penitentiary 4 August 1821 – 31 March 1829	Succeeded by Emmanuele De Gregorio
Preceded by Leo XII	Pope 31 March 1829 – 30 November 1830	Succeeded by Gregory XVI

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