GWR 4000 Class

Great Western Railway 4000 Star class

4003 Lode Star.

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Designer	George Jackson Churchward
Builder	GWR Swindon Works
Build date	1906-1923
Total produced	73

Specifications
Configuration	4-6-0 (prototye built as 4-4-2 but rebuilt to 4-6-0 1909).
UIC class	2'Ch4
Gauge	4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in (1,435 mm)
Leading dia	3 ft 2 in (0.965 m)
Driver diameter	6 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in (2.045 m)
Trailing dia	1 ft 1 ¹⁄₂ in (0.343 m) (4-4-2 only)
Wheelbase	loco: 27 ft 3 in (8.31 m)
Loco weight	75.8 long tons (77.0 t; 84.9 short tons)
Tender weight	40 long tons (41 t; 45 short tons)
Water cap	=3,500 imp gal (16,000 l; 4,200 US gal) - 4,000 imp gal (18,000 l; 4,800 US gal)
Firebox: • Firegrate area	27.1 sq ft (2.52 m²)
Boiler	GWR Standard No. 1 (with variations)
Boiler pressure	225 psi (1.55 MPa)
Heating surface: • Tubes	1,686.6 sq ft (156.69 m²)
• Firebox	154.8 sq ft (14.38 m²)
Superheater	"Swindon No. 3"
Cylinders	4, (2 outside, 2 inside)
Cylinder size	14 ¹⁄₄ in × 26 in (362 mm × 660 mm) - 15 in × 26 in (381 mm × 660 mm)
Valve gear	Walschaerts inside
Valve type	Piston valves

Performance figures
Tractive effort	25,090 lbf (111.61 kN) - 27,800 lbf (123.66 kN)

Career
Operators	Great Western Railway (until 1947); British Railways (until 1957).
Class	4000 or Star
Numbers	4000–4073
Axle load class	GWR: Red
Retired	1926–1957
Disposition	15 rebuilt as Castle class, 1 preserved, remainder scrapped.

The Great Western Railway 4000 or Star were a class of 4-cylinder 4-6-0 passenger steam locomotives designed by George Jackson Churchward for the Great Western Railway (GWR) in 1906. The prototype was built as a 4-4-2 (but converted to 4-6-0 during 1909). They proved to be a successful design which handled the heaviest long distance express trains and established the design principles for GWR 4-cylinder classes over the next twenty-five years.

Background

After finally converting the last broad gauge lines in 1892, the GWR began a period of modernization as new cut-off lines shortened its routes to west of England, South Wales and Birmingham. During the first decade of the twentieth century, the new Chief Mechanical Engineer, George Jackson Churchward designed or acquired a number of experimental locomotives with different wheel arrangements and boiler designs to help him plan for the future motive power needs of the railway.^[1] Following the success of the prototypes of his two-cylinder Saint class 4-6-0 locomotives, introduced in 1902, Churchward became interested in developing a more powerful 4-cylinder type for the longer non-stop express services. He therefore persuaded the GWR to acquire three French 4-cylinder 4-4-2 compound locomotives, 102 La France (1904) and 103 President and 104 Alliance (both 1905) for comparison purposes.

Prototype

Star class prototype No. 40 as built as a 4-4-2

In addition to acquiring the French compound locomotives Churchward built and tested his own prototype 4-cylinder locomotive simple-expansion locomotive, No. 40 North Star in 1906. As with some early members of the Saint class it was built as a 4-4-2 but designed so that it could easily be converted to a 4-6-0. It was completed at the Swindon Works of the GWR (Lot 161) in April 1906.^[2] It was numbered 40 and later that year was named 'North Star'. In November 1909 it was converted to 4-6-0. The new design incorporated many ideas from the French locomotives including a domeless taper boiler and Belpaire firebox. The design had divided drive with the outside cylinders connected to the second set of driving wheels whilst the inside cylinders were connected to the front set of driving wheels.^[3] The valve gear was an unusual design, called scissors gear, which eschewed the use of eccentrics, but was basically a variation on Walschaerts gear. The prototype locomotive was rebuilt as a member of the Castle Class in November 1929.

Production series

During initial trials the prototype proved to be largely successful although Charles Rous-Marten commented that 'there were indications that with heavier loads, and less favourable weather, greater adhesion would be needed.'^[4] The production series were therefore all built with a 4-6-0 wheel arrangement.They also had inside walschaerts valve gear rather than the scissors gear.^[5] Seven series of what would later be known as 'Star Class' locomotives built between 1907 and 1923 each of which contained detailed differences from the others

Star series

First series No. 4003 Lode Star, at Tyseley Locomotive Works

The first series of ten locomotives were built at Swindon in 1907 (Lot 168) numbered 4001-4010 and named after well-known Stars, perpetuating the names of the earlier broad gauge GWR Star Class of 1838.^[5] All except for No. 4010 Western Star were built without superheaters. No. 4010 received a 'Swindon No. 1' superheater and the remainder received superheated boilers between and August 1909 and October 1912. No. 4009 Shooting Star was rebuilt as a member of the Castle Class in April 1925. The surviving members of the series were withdrawn 1932-1951, although No. 4003 Lode Star was preserved.

Knight series

A second series of ten similar locomotives appeared in 1908 (Swindon Lot 173), with improved bogies, numbered 4011–20 and named after historical knights. Nos. 4011 was built with a Swindon No. 1 superheater, the remainder were fitted with the standard No.3 superheater between 1909 and 1911.^[5] They were withdrawn between 1932and 1951.

King series

No. 4025 - after the name Italian Monarch was removed in 1940

A third series of ten further locomotives appeared during 1909 (Swindon Lot 178), numbered 4021-30 and named after British Kings. The framing for these had curved ends under the cab and over the cylinders. In June 1909, No. 4021 King Edward was built with a Swindon No. 3 superheater but the remainder had saturated steam boilers until 1910-13.^[6] The class were all renamed during 1927 to allow for their names to be used on the new King Class. Instead, they were given names of a country followed by the word 'Monarch' (e.g. The Norwegian Monarch). However, several of the names relating to enemy countries were removed during the Second World War (1940-1). They were all withdrawn between 1934 and 1952.

Queen series

No. 4034 Queen Adelaide

A fourth series of ten further locomotives appeared during 1910 and 1911 (Swindon Lot 180). They were numbered 4031-40 and named after British Queens. This series (and subsequent members of the class) were all built with a Swindon No. 3 superheater.^[6] This series was fitted with new style 3,500 imp gal (16,000 l; 4,200 US gal) tenders. Two examples (No. 4032 Queen Alexandara and No. 4037 Queen Philippa) were rebuilt as Castle class locomotives in 1926. The remainder were withdrawn by British Railways between 1950 and 1952.

Prince series

Five further locomotives appeared in 1913 (Swindon Lot 195). These were numbered 4041–5 and named after the sons of King George V. No. 4041 was built with enlarged 15 in × 26 in (381 mm × 660 mm) diameter cylinders giving a tractive effort of 27,800 lbf (123.66 kN). Once this was proved to be beneficial, this size gradually became the standard for the class, as they visited the works for their periodic overhaul.^[6] The boilers were given top-feed apparatus which also later became standard for the whole class.^[7] The locomotives were all withdrawn by British Railways between 1950 and 1953.

Princess series

No. 4049 Princess Maud

The GWR experienced a substantial growth in long distance passenger traffic immediately before the First World War requiring a further series of fifteen locomotives during the first six months of 1914 (Swindon Lot 199).^[8] These were numbered 4046–60 and named after British princesses. They were all built with 15 in (381 mm) diameter cylinders and had improved boilers compared to the previous batch.^[6] They also introduced an improved four-cone vacuum ejector made necessary to improve braking on the increasingly long passenger trains.^[8] The locomotives were all withdrawn by British Railways between 1950 and 1957.

Abbey series

4061 Glastonbury Abbey

A final batch of sixteen further locomotives appeared in 1922-1923 (Swindon Lot 217). These were numbered 4061–72 and were named after famous Abbeys in the GWR territory. They were built with improved crank axles.^[6] In 1937 Nos. 4063-4072 were all rebuilt as Castle Class locomotives, being renumbered 5083-5092 but retaining their original names. The remaining two locomotives were withdrawn by British Railways in 1956 and 1957.

Trials

The class was criticised in letters to The Engineer for being expensive to build and maintain and Churchward was asked by his Directors to explain why 'the London and North Western Railway could build three 4-6-0 locomotives for the cost of two of his.'^[9] As a result there were exchange trials proposed by Churchward with a LNWR Whale Experiment Class during August 1910 which vindicated the Star Class in terms of performance and coal consumption.

Performance

Members of the class performed well as passenger locomotives over all the long-distance routes of the GWR on the fastest express trains and those requiring the longest distance between stops. They gradually became displaced to secondary services by members of the Castle and King classes in the late 1920s and 1930s. Survivors continued to perform well until the mid 1950s. The 4000 class became a template for two later famous GWR 4-cylinder 4-6-0 classes - the Castle and King Class.^[10] According to le Fleming "their performance was consistently of the highest standard and they were remarkable free-running engines which rarely suffered breakdown in service. ... No engines were more aptly named than the 'Stars.'"^[11]

Modifications

As already noted, between 1925 and 1940 Churchward's successor Charles Collett ordered fifteen examples to be dismantled and their parts used in the construction of new Castle class locomotives. Throughout their careers the remainder of the class was subject to detailed modifications and improvements to their boilers, smokeboxes, and steam pipes so that "the only period when the appearance of the class was approximately uniform was from 1925 to 1927".^[12] 4,000 imp gal (18,000 l; 4,800 US gal) tenders were also fitted from 1938 onwards.

Preservation

One example No. 4003 Lode Star has been preserved, which was finally withdrawn in 1951 having covered 2,005,898 miles. The locomotive was preserved at Swindon railway works until 1962, then in the Museum of the Great Western Railway until transferred to the National Railway Museum in York in 1992, where it was a static non-working exhibit. In 2010 Lode Star was moved to Steam Museum in Swindon, where she is a static non-working exhibit.

List of locomotives

No.	First name	Second name	Third name	Date built	Date withdrawn	Notes
40 4000	North Star	—	—	000000001906-04-01-0000Apr 1906	000000001929-11-01-0000Nov 1929	Renumbered December 1912, rebuilt as Castle Class 4000
4001	Dog Star	—	—	000000001907-02-01-0000Feb 1907	000000001934-01-01-0000Jan 1934
4002	Evening Star	—	—	000000001907-03-01-0000Mar 1907	000000001933-06-01-0000Jun 1933
4003	Lode Star	—	—	000000001907-02-01-0000Feb 1907	000000001951-07-01-0000Jul 1951	Preserved at Museum of the Great Western Railway, Swindon
4004	Morning Star	—	—	000000001907-02-01-0000Feb 1907	000000001948-04-01-0000Apr 1948	Renamed May 1937.
4005	Polar Star	—	—	000000001907-02-01-0000Feb 1907	000000001934-11-01-0000Nov 1934
4006	Red Star	—	—	000000001907-04-01-0000Apr 1907	000000001932-11-01-0000Nov 1932
4007	Rising Star	Swallowfield Park	—	000000001907-04-01-0000Apr 1907	000000001951-09-01-0000Sep 1951
4008	Royal Star	—	—	000000001907-05-01-0000May 1907	000000001935-06-01-0000Jun 1935
4009	Shooting Star	—	—	000000001907-05-01-0000May 1907	000000001925-04-01-0000Apr 1925	Rebuilt as Castle Class 4009
4010	Western Star	—	—	000000001907-05-01-0000May 1907	000000001934-11-01-0000Nov 1934
4011	Knight of the Garter	—	—	000000001908-03-01-0000Mar 1908	000000001932-11-01-0000Nov 1932
4012	Knight of the Thistle	—	—	000000001908-03-01-0000Mar 1908	000000001949-10-01-0000Oct 1949
4013	Knight of St. Patrick	—	—	000000001908-03-01-0000Mar 1908	000000001950-05-01-0000May 1950
4014	Knight of the Bath	—	—	000000001908-03-01-0000Mar 1908	000000001946-06-01-0000Jun 1946
4015	Knight of St. John	—	—	000000001908-03-01-0000Mar 1908	000000001951-02-01-0000Feb 1951
4016	Knight of the Golden Fleece	—	—	000000001908-04-01-0000Apr 1908	000000001925-10-01-0000Oct 1925	Rebuilt as Castle Class 4016
4017	Knight of the Black Eagle	Knight of Liège	Knight of Liége	000000001908-04-01-0000Apr 1908	000000001949-11-01-0000Nov 1949	Renamed August 1914; name adjusted c. 1925 from French to Belgian spelling
4018	Knight of the Grand Cross	—	—	000000001908-04-01-0000Apr 1908	000000001951-04-01-0000Apr 1951
4019	Knight Templar	—	—	000000001908-05-01-0000May 1908	000000001949-10-01-0000Oct 1949
4020	Knight Commander	—	—	000000001908-05-01-0000May 1908	000000001951-03-01-0000Mar 1951
4021	King Edward	The British Monarch	British Monarch	000000001909-06-01-0000Jun 1909	000000001952-10-01-0000Oct 1952	Renamed June 1927 and October 1927
4022	King William	The Belgian Monarch	Belgian Monarch	000000001909-06-01-0000Jun 1909	000000001952-02-01-0000Feb 1952	Renamed June 1927 and October 1927, name removed May 1940
4023	King George	The Danish Monarch	Danish Monarch	000000001909-06-01-0000Jun 1909	000000001952-07-01-0000Jul 1952	Renamed July 1927 and October 1927, name removed November 1940
4024	King James	The Dutch Monarch	Dutch Monarch	000000001909-06-01-0000Jun 1909	000000001935-02-01-0000Feb 1935	Renamed September 1927 and November 1927
4025	King Charles	Italian Monarch	—	000000001909-07-01-0000Jul 1909	000000001950-08-01-0000Aug 1950	Renamed October 1927, name removed June 1940
4026	King Richard	The Japanese Monarch	Japanese Monarch	000000001909-09-01-0000Sep 1909	000000001950-02-01-0000Feb 1950	Renamed July 1927 and November 1927, name removed January 1941
4027	King Henry	The Norwegian Monarch	Norwegian Monarch	000000001909-09-01-0000Sep 1909	000000001934-10-01-0000Oct 1934	Renamed July 1927 and November 1927
4028	King John	The Romanian Monarch	Romanian Monarch	000000001909-09-01-0000Sep 1909	000000001951-11-01-0000Nov 1951	Renamed July 1927 and November 1927, name removed November 1940
4029	King Stephen	The Spanish Monarch	Spanish Monarch	000000001909-10-01-0000Oct 1909	000000001934-11-01-0000Nov 1934	Renamed July 1927 and November 1927
4030	King Harold	The Swedish Monarch	Swedish Monarch	000000001909-10-01-0000Oct 1909	000000001950-05-01-0000May 1950	Renamed July 1927 and November 1927, name removed November 1940
4031	Queen Mary	—	—	000000001910-10-01-0000Oct 1910	000000001951-06-01-0000Jun 1951
4032	Queen Alexandra	—	—	000000001910-10-01-0000Oct 1910	000000001926-04-01-0000Apr 1926	Rebuilt as Castle Class 4032
4033	Queen Victoria	—	—	000000001910-11-01-0000Nov 1910	000000001951-06-01-0000Jun 1951
4034	Queen Adelaide	—	—	000000001910-11-01-0000Nov 1910	000000001952-09-01-0000Sep 1952
4035	Queen Charlotte	—	—	000000001910-11-01-0000Nov 1910	000000001951-10-01-0000Oct 1951
4036	Queen Elizabeth	—	—	000000001910-12-01-0000Dec 1910	000000001952-03-01-0000Mar 1952
4037	Queen Philippa	—	—	000000001910-12-01-0000Dec 1910	000000001926-06-01-0000Jun 1926	Rebuilt as Castle Class 4037
4038	Queen Berengaria	—	—	000000001911-01-01-0000Jan 1911	000000001952-04-01-0000Apr 1952
4039	Queen Matilda	—	—	000000001911-02-01-0000Feb 1911	000000001950-11-01-0000Nov 1950
4040	Queen Boadicea	—	—	000000001911-03-01-0000Mar 1911	000000001951-06-01-0000Jun 1951
4041	Prince of Wales	—	—	000000001913-06-01-0000Jun 1913	000000001951-04-01-0000Apr 1951
4042	Prince Albert	—	—	000000001913-05-01-0000May 1913	000000001951-11-01-0000Nov 1951
4043	Prince Henry	—	—	000000001913-05-01-0000May 1913	000000001952-01-01-0000Jan 1952
4044	Prince George	—	—	000000001913-05-01-0000May 1913	000000001953-02-01-0000Feb 1953
4045	Prince John	—	—	000000001913-06-01-0000Jun 1913	000000001950-11-01-0000Nov 1950
4046	Princess Mary	—	—	000000001914-05-01-0000May 1914	000000001951-11-01-0000Nov 1951
4047	Princess Louise	—	—	000000001914-05-01-0000May 1914	000000001951-07-01-0000Jul 1951
4048	Princess Victoria	—	—	000000001914-05-01-0000May 1914	000000001953-01-01-0000Jan 1953
4049	Princess Maud	—	—	000000001914-05-01-0000May 1914	000000001953-07-01-0000Jul 1953
4050	Princess Alice	—	—	000000001914-06-01-0000Jun 1914	000000001952-02-01-0000Feb 1952
4051	Princess Helena	—	—	000000001914-06-01-0000Jun 1914	000000001950-10-01-0000Oct 1950
4052	Princess Beatrice	—	—	000000001914-06-01-0000Jun 1914	000000001953-06-01-0000Jun 1953
4053	Princess Alexandra	—	—	000000001914-06-01-0000Jun 1914	000000001954-07-01-0000Jul 1954
4054	Princess Charlotte	—	—	000000001914-06-01-0000Jun 1914	000000001952-02-01-0000Feb 1952
4055	Princess Sophia	—	—	000000001914-07-01-0000Jul 1914	000000001951-02-01-0000Feb 1951
4056	Princess Margaret	—	—	000000001914-07-01-0000Jul 1914	000000001957-10-01-0000Oct 1957
4057	Princess Elizabeth	—	—	000000001914-07-01-0000Jul 1914	000000001952-02-01-0000Feb 1952
4058	Princess Augusta	—	—	000000001914-07-01-0000Jul 1914	000000001951-04-01-0000Apr 1951
4059	Princess Patricia	—	—	000000001914-07-01-0000Jul 1914	000000001952-09-01-0000Sep 1952
4060	Princess Eugenie	—	—	000000001914-07-01-0000Jul 1914	000000001952-10-01-0000Oct 1952
4061	Glastonbury Abbey	—	—	000000001922-05-01-0000May 1922	000000001957-03-01-0000Mar 1957
4062	Malmesbury Abbey	—	—	000000001922-05-01-0000May 1922	000000001956-11-01-0000Nov 1956
4063	Bath Abbey	—	—	000000001922-11-01-0000Nov 1922	000000001937-06-01-0000Jun 1937	Rebuilt as Castle Class 5083
4064	Reading Abbey	—	—	000000001922-12-01-0000Dec 1922	000000001937-04-01-0000Apr 1937	Rebuilt as Castle Class 5084
4065	Evesham Abbey	—	—	000000001922-12-01-0000Dec 1922	000000001939-07-01-0000Jul 1939	Rebuilt as Castle Class 5085
4066	Malvern Abbey	Sir Robert Horne	Viscount Horne	000000001922-12-01-0000Dec 1922	000000001937-12-01-0000Dec 1937	Rebuilt as Castle Class 5086
4067	Tintern Abbey	—	—	000000001923-01-01-0000Jan 1923	000000001940-11-01-0000Nov 1940	Rebuilt as Castle Class 5087
4068	Llanthony Abbey	—	—	000000001923-01-01-0000Jan 1923	000000001939-02-01-0000Feb 1939	Rebuilt as Castle Class 5088
4069	Margam Abbey	Westminster Abbey	—	000000001923-01-01-0000Jan 1923	000000001939-10-01-0000Oct 1939	Renamed 1923. Rebuilt as Castle Class 5089
4070	Neath Abbey	—	—	000000001923-02-01-0000Feb 1923	000000001939-04-01-0000Apr 1939	Rebuilt as Castle Class 5090
4071	Cleeve Abbey	—	—	000000001923-02-01-0000Feb 1923	000000001938-12-01-0000Dec 1938	Rebuilt as Castle Class 5091
4072	Tresco Abbey	—	—	000000001923-02-01-0000Feb 1923	000000001938-04-01-0000Apr 1938	Rebuilt as Castle Class 5092

Accidents and incidents

On 15 April 1923, locomotive No. 4048 Princess Victoria was hauling a freight train that was in a head-on collision with a passenger train at Curry Rivel, Somerset due to a signalman's error. Nine people were injured.^[13]

References

↑ Nock 1980, p. 11
↑ le Fleming 1953, p. H6
↑ Nock 1983, p. 154
↑ Nock 1980, p. 29
1 2 3 le Fleming 1953, p. H7
1 2 3 4 5 le Fleming 1953, p. H8
↑ Nock 1980, p. 51
1 2 Nock 1980, pp. 51–2
↑ Nock 1980, p. 48
↑ le Fleming 1953, p. H4
↑ le Fleming 1953, p. H10
↑ le Fleming 1953, p. H9
↑ Vaughan 1989, pp. 29-32.

le Fleming, H.M. (July 1953). White, D.E., ed. The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Part 8. Modern Passenger Classes (1st ed.). Kenilworth: The Railway Correspondence and Travel Society. ISBN 0-901115-19-3. OCLC 500544523.
Nock, O. S. (1983). British Locomotives of the 20th Century Vol.1. London: Book Club Associates.
Nock, O. S. (1980). The GWR Stars, Castles and Kings. London: Book Club Associates.
Vaughan, Adrian (1989). Obstruction Danger. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Limited. ISBN 1-85260-055-1.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to GWR 4000 Class.

4000 'Star' class

Great Western Railway locomotives

Swindon
Broad gauge

Brunel: (1833–1837)	Haigh Foundry Mather, Dixon Sharp, Roberts Charles Tayleur Hurricane Thunderer

Gooch: (1837–1864)	Ariadne Banking Bogie Caesar Firefly Hercules Iron Duke Leo Metropolitan Premier Prince Pyracmon Star Sun Victoria Waverley

J. Armstrong: (1864–1877)	Hawthorn Rover Sir Watkin Standard Goods Swindon 1076

Dean: (1877–1902)	Experimental locomotives (8, 14, 16) 3001 3501 3521

Wolverhampton
Standard gauge

J. Armstrong: (1854–1864)	7/8/30/110 17 111 302

G. Armstrong: (1864–1897)	34 108 119 322 (tank) 517 633 645 655 850 1016 1901 3571

Swindon
Standard gauge

Gooch: (1855–1864)	57 69 77/167 79 91 93 131/310 149 England/Chancellor 157 Sharps 320 322 Beyer

J. Armstrong: (1864–1877)	55 Queen/Sir Alexander 455 Metro Tank 56/717 927 Coal Goods 360 378 Sir Daniel 388 Standard Goods 439 Bicycle 481 806 1076

Dean: (1877–1902)	Experimental locomotives (1, 7, 9, 10, 13) Armstrong 36 69 River 157 Sharpies/Cobham 1661 1813 1854 2021 2201 2301 2361 2602 Kruger 2600 Aberdare 2721 3031 Dean Single 3201 3206 3232 3252 Duke 3300 Bulldog 3521 3600 4100 Badminton

Churchward: (1902–1921)	102 La France 103 President 111 The Great Bear 1361 2221 County Tank 2800 2900 Saint 3100 (later 5100) 3150 3700 City 3800 County 4000 Star 4200 4300 4400 4600 4500 4700 Rail motors

Collett: (1922–1941)	1101 1366 2251 2884 3000 (ex-ROD 2-8-0) 3100 3200 (later 9000) Earl 4073 Castle 4575 4800 (later 1400) 4900 Hall 5101 5205 5400 5600 5700 5800 6000 King 6100 6400 6800 Grange 7200 7400 7800 Manor 8100 Diesel railcars Diesel shunters

Hawksworth: (1941–1947)	1000 County 1500 1600 6959 Modified Hall 9400

By wheel
arrangement

(grouped):	0-4-0ST 0-6-0PT 0-6-2T 2-6-2T

Absorbed
locomotives

Barry Railway:	A B B1 C D E F G H K J L

Rhymney Railway:	A AP B I K L L1 M P P1 R S S1

Taff Vale Railway:	A C D E H K L M1 N O O1 O2 O3 O4 S T U U1 V

Narrow gauge
locomotives

Corris Railway:	3 4

Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway:	822–823

Vale of Rheidol Railway:	7–9

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