Gay panic defense

This article is about the legal defense against violent crimes. For the mental disorder, see Homosexual panic.

The gay panic defense[1] is a legal defense, usually against charges of assault or murder.[2] A defendant using the defense claims that they acted in a state of violent temporary insanity because of a purported psychiatric condition called homosexual panic.[3] Trans panic is a similar defense applied towards cases where the victim is a transgender or intersex person. In 2014, California became the first state in the U.S. to officially ban the use of trans panic and gay panic defenses in murder trials.[4] This defense has only been banned in California, but the American Bar Association has suggested that other states follow California's lead.[5]

Details

Main article: Homosexual panic

In the gay panic defense, the defendant claims that they have been the object of homosexual romantic or sexual advances. The defendant finds the advances so offensive and frightening that it brings on a psychotic state characterized by unusual violence.

Guidance given to counsel by the Crown Prosecution Service of England and Wales states: "The fact that the victim made a sexual advance on the defendant does not, of itself, automatically provide the defendant with a defence of self-defence for the actions that they then take." In the UK, it has been known for decades as the "Portsmouth defence"[6][7][8] or the "guardsman's defence"[9] (the latter term was used in an episode of Rumpole of the Bailey made in 1980).

In Australia, it is known as the homosexual advance defence (HAD) strategy.[10][11] Of the status of the HAD in Australia, Kent Blore wrote:

Although the homosexual advance defence cannot be found anywhere in legislation, its entrenchment in case law gives it the force of law. [...] Several Australian states and territories have either abolished the umbrella defence of provocation entirely or excluded non-violent homosexual advances from its ambit. Of those that have abolished provocation entirely, Tasmania was the first to do so in 2003.[12]

As in Tasmania, Western Australia, Victoria has repealed the defence of provocation,[12] whereas New South Wales,[13] the ACT and the Northern Territory have excluded non-violent homosexual advances.[12] Since January 2016, both Queensland and South Australia are the only jurisdictions within Australia to have not repealed the gay panic defence.

U.S. state bans on gay panic defense

On September 27, 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed Assembly Bill No. 2501, making California the first state to ban the gay and trans panic defense.[14]

Uses of the gay panic defense

New Zealand

United States

See also

References

  1. Gay panic defence in UK and NZ. Also known as the homosexual advance defence strategy in Australia. See American and British English differences.
  2. Lee, Cynthia (2013). "Masculinity on Trial: Gay Panic in the Criminal Courtroom" (PDF). Sw. L. Rev. 42: 817–855.
  3. Chuang HT, Addington D. (Oct 1988). "Homosexual panic: a review of its concept". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33 (7): 613–7. PMID 3197016. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  4. Parker Marie Molloy (September 29, 2014). "California Becomes First State to Ban Gay, Trans 'Panic' Defenses". The Advocate.
  5. Carter, Terry. "'Gay panic' criminal defense strategies should be curtailed by legislation, ABA House resolves". Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  6. "No 'Portsmouth defence' Father and child let down and others". The Independent. 6 November 2003. Archived from the original on 2010-02-04.
  7. Kevin Toolis (25 November 1995). "A Queer Verdict; It happens time and again. The killings are vicious, but the killers escape a murder conviction. Why? Because they field the 'homosexual panic' defence: they claim they lost control when their victim made a pass at them. And juries go along with it.". The Guardian (London). p. T14.
  8. Galloway, Bruce (1983). Prejudice and pride: discrimination against gay people in modern Britain. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 67. ISBN 0-7100-9916-9.
  9. Peter Lalor (4 November 1995). "He was just a poof". The Daily Telegraph Mirror.
  10. "Homosexual Advance Defence: Final Report of the Working Party". September 1998. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
  11. Amanda Meade (23 October 1995). "Gay rally puts 'panic defence' on trial". The Australian.
  12. 1 2 3 Kent Blore (2012). "The Homosexual Advance Defence and the Campaign to Abolish it in Queensland: The Activist's Dilemma and the Politician's Paradox". QUT Law & Justice Journal 12 (2).
  13. Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), section 23
  14. Ferguson, David. "New California law eliminates ‘gay panic’ as a defense for attacks on LGBT people". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  15. "Homicide detectives continue inquiry into designer's death". NZ Herald News. 28 July 2003. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  16. "McNee's killer appeals against sentence". The Dominion Post (Wellington, New Zealand). 17 February 2005. p. 3. Phillip Layton Edwards has appealed against his nine-year prison sentence for the manslaughter of television interior designer David McNee, claiming other young men who killed in similar circumstances received shorter jail terms. In the Court of Appeal at Auckland yesterday, his lawyer Roy Wade pointed to two cases in which young men who killed an older man who made homosexual advances received terms of four and three years... Mr McNee, 55, the star of television show My House, My Castle, died in the bedroom of his St Mary's Bay home in July 2003 after choking on his own vomit while unconscious. Edwards had hit him 30 to 40 times in the head and face in a beating a pathologist described as severe.
  17. Boland Mary Jane (9 July 2006). "Move to end provocation defence for gay murders". The Sunday Star-Times (Auckland, New Zealand). p. 8. The McNee case was a classic example of the law not protecting gay men, Lambert said. "It's abhorrent to suggest that we should downplay the seriousness of what Edwards did because he was hit on."
  18. "Gay MP calls for change to law". The New Zealand Herald. 11 July 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  19. Andrew Koubaridis (10 July 2009). "Gay community calls for justice over banjo killing". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
  20. Hartevelt, John (27 November 2009). "Parliament scraps partial defence of provocation". The Press. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  21. 1 2 "Executed in Utah". The Washington Times. 1999-10-16. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  22. Bryson, Amy Joi (1999-10-10). "Parsons' time running out". Deseret News. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  23. Burton, Greg (1999-10-16). "Killer Saw Death's Delay as 'Torture'". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. D1. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  24. Burton, Greg (1999-10-15). "Parsons Gets Wish: Execution". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. A1. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  25. Burton, Greg (1999-10-10). "Scheduled Execution Brings an End to Sad Tale of Two Lives". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. A1. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
  26. 1 2 Bettcher, Talia Mae (2007). "Evil Deceivers and Make-Believers: On Transphobic Violence and the Politics of Illusion". Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 22 (3): 44.
  27. "Investigator: Sexual Advances Led To Barrett's Death". WAPT (TV). May 4, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  28. Ballou, Howard (April 23, 2010). "Money may not have been sole motive for Barrett murder". Jackson, MS: WLBT. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
  29. Olson, Katy B. (July 28, 2011). "Black man pleads guilty to killing a white supremacist 'who made sexual advances on him'". Daily Mail. Retrieved March 31, 2015.

Further reading

External links

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