LGBT rights in Europe

LGBT rights in Europe
Europe
Same-sex sexual activity legal?	Legal in all 56 states Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories.
Gender identity/expression	Legal in 43 out of 56 states Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
Military service	Allowed to serve openly in 39 out of 52 states having an army Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Discrimination protections	Legal in 42 out of 56 states Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationships	Legal in 25 out of 56 states Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
Restrictions:	Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 11 out of 56 states
Adoption	Legal in 19 out of 56 states Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. Thirteen out of the twenty one countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe;^[A] a further thirteen European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples. Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary and Switzerland are considering legislation to introduce same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage will be enacted in Finland by March 2017. Slovenia has carried out a referendum to legalise same-sex marriage in December 2015 which failed to succeed. Malta is the only country in Europe that recognises legally performed same-sex marriages overseas but does not perform them. Constitutions of Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine recognizes marriage only as a union of one man and one woman.

According to the 2015 Eurobarometer, the top five EU countries in terms of LGBT rights and approval of same-sex marriage are the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Spain and Ireland.

History

A participant of 2013 Prague Pride wearing a traditional Moravian dress (Hanakia) and a sign "Good day - Olomouc greets Prague"

Although same-sex relationships were quite common (but never an equivalent to marriage between man and woman) in ancient Greece, Rome and pagan Celtic societies, after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, severe laws against homosexual behaviour appeared. An edict by the Emperor Theodosius I in 390 condemned all "passive" homosexual men to death by public burning. This was followed by the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian I in 529, which prescribed public castration and execution for all who committed homosexual acts, both active and passive partners. Homosexual behaviour, called sodomy, was considered a capital crime in most European countries, and thousands of homosexual men were executed across Europe during waves of persecution in these centuries. Lesbians were less often singled out for punishment, but they also suffered persecution and execution from time to time.^[1]

Since the foundation of Poland in 966, Polish law has never defined homosexuality as a crime.^[2][3] Forty years after Poland lost its independence in 1795, the sodomy laws of Russia, Prussia, and Austria came into force in the partitioned Polish territory. Poland regained its independence in 1918 and abandoned the laws of the occupying powers.^[4][5][6] In 1932, Poland codified the equal age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals at 15.^[7]

In Turkey, homosexuality has been legal since 1858.^[8]

During the French Revolution, the French National Assembly rewrote the criminal code in 1791, omitting all reference to homosexuality. During the Napoleonic wars, homosexuality was decriminalised in territories coming under French control, such as the Netherlands and many of the pre-unification German states, however in Germany this ended with the unification of the country under the Prussian Kaiser, as Prussia had long punished homosexuality harshly. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy government made homosexual relations with anyone under twenty-one illegal as part of its conservative agenda. Most Vichy legislation was repealed after the war– but the anti-gay Vichy law remained on the books for four decades until it was finally repealed in August 1982 when the age of consent (15) was again made the same for heterosexual as well as homosexual partners.

Nevertheless, gay men and lesbians continued to live closeted lives, since moral and social disapproval by heterosexual society remained strong across Europe for another two decades, until the modern gay rights movement began in 1969.

Various countries under dictatorships in the 20th century were very anti-homosexual, such as in the Soviet Union, in Nazi Germany and in Spain under Francisco Franco's regime. In contrast, after Poland regained independence after World War I, it went on in 1932 to become the first country in 20th-century Europe to decriminalise homosexual activity, followed by Denmark in 1933, Iceland in 1940, Switzerland in 1942 and Sweden in 1944.

In 1962, homosexual behaviour was decriminalised in Czechoslovakia, following a scientific research of Kurt Freund that included phallometry of homosexually oriented men who appeared to have given up sexual relations with other men and established heterosexual marriages. Freund came to the conclusion that homosexual orientation may not be changed.

In 1972, Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transsexual by legislation to surgically change their sex and provide free hormone replacement therapy.^[9]

In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in Europe from those that had previously defined homosexuality as an illness to remove it as such.^[10]

In 1989, Denmark was the first country in Europe, and the world, to introduce registered partnerships for same-sex couples.

In 1991, Bulgaria was the first country in Europe to ban same-sex marriage.^[11] Since then, eleven countries have followed (Lithuania in 1992, Belarus and Moldova in 1994, Ukraine in 1996, Poland in 1997, Latvia and Serbia in 2006, Montenegro in 2007, Hungary in 2012, Croatia in 2013 and Slovakia in 2014).^[11][12]

In 2001 a next step was made, when the Netherlands opened civil marriage for same-sex couples, which made it the first country in the world to do so. Since then, eleven other European states have followed (Belgium in 2003, Spain in 2005, Norway and Sweden in 2009, Portugal and Iceland in 2010, Denmark in 2012, France in 2013, the United Kingdom in 2014 and Luxembourg and the Republic of Ireland in 2015).

On 22 October 2009, the assembly of the Church of Sweden, voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples,^[13] including the use of the term marriage, ("matrimony"). The new law was introduced on 1 November 2009.

Recent developments

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe

  Marriage

  Foreign marriages recognized

  Other type of partnership

  Unregistered cohabitation

  Unrecognized

  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples

---- Includes laws that have not yet gone into effect.

Civil partnerships have been legal in Ireland since 2011. In 2013, the government held a constitutional convention which voted overwhelmingly in favour of amending the constitution in order to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples. On 22 May 2015, Irish citizens voted on whether to add the following amendment to the constitution: "Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex.". 62.1% of the electorate voted in favour of the amendment, making Ireland the first country worldwide to introduce same-sex marriage through a national referendum. Ireland's first same-sex marriage ceremonies took place in November 2015.

The Isle of Man has allowed civil partnerships since 2011, as well as Jersey in 2012. Liechtenstein also legalised registered partnership by 68 percent of voters via a referendum in 2011.^[14]

On 1 January 2012, a new constitution of Hungary enacted by the government of Viktor Orbán, leader of the ruling Fidesz party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.^[15]

In 2012, the United Kingdom government launched a public same-sex marriage consultation,^[16] intending to change the laws applying to England and Wales. Its Marriage Bill was signed into law on 17 July 2013. The Scottish government launched a similar consultation, aiming to legalise same-sex marriage by 2015. On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament passed a bill to legalise same sex marriages in Scotland as well as ending the "spousal veto" that would allow spouses to deny transgender partners the ability to change their legal gender. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom which does not allow same sex marriage. ^[17]

In May 2013, France legalised same-sex marriage, with French president François Hollande signing a law authorising marriage and adoption by gay couples.^[18]

On 7 June 2013, Romania amended its Constitution to ban same-sex marriage through a commission tasked with amending it, with 15 MPs in the commission voting for,and only 3 abstentions.^[19]

On 30 June 2013, Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, signed the Russian LGBT propaganda law into force, which was approved by the State Duma. The law makes distributing propaganda among minors in support of non-traditional sexual relationships a criminal offence.^[20]

On 1 December 2013, a referendum was held in Croatia to constitutionally define marriage as a union between a woman and a man. The vote passed, with 65.87% supporting the measure, and a turnout of 37.9%.^[21]

On 27 January 2014 in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Turkish Cypriot deputies passed an amendment repealing a colonial-era law that punished homosexual acts with up to five years in prison by a new Criminal Code.^[22]

On 14 April 2014, the Parliament of Malta voted in favour of the Civil Union Act which recognises same-sex couples and permits them to adopt children. On the same day the Maltese parliament also voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

On 4 June 2014, the Slovak parliament overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, with 102 deputies for and 18 deputies against the legislation.^[12]

On 18 June 2014, the Parliament of Luxembourg approved a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption.^[23] The law was published in the official gazette on 17 July and took effect 1 January 2015.^[24][25][26]

On 15 July 2014, Croatian Parliament passed the Life Partnership Act giving same-sex couples all rights that married couples have, except for adoption.^[27] However, the Act allows a parent's life partner to become the child's partner-guardian. Partner-guardianship as an institution is equal to step-child adoption in rights and responsibilities, but it does not give parental status to the parent's life partner. Criteria for partner-guardianship and step-parent adoption for opposite-sex couples are the same. Also, regardless of partner-guardianship, a parent's life partner may attain partial parental responsibility over the child either via court or consensus among the parents and life partner, even full in some cases when the court decides that it is in the child's best interest.

In September 2014, a law went into effect in Denmark effectively dropping the former practice of requiring transgender persons to undergo arduous psychiatric evaluation and castration before being allowed legal gender change. By requiring nothing more than a statement of gender identity and subsequent confirmation of the request for gender change after a waiting period of 6 months, this means that anyone wishing their legal gender marker changed can do so with no expert-evaluation and few other formal restrictions.^[28] Meanwhile, Norwegian Health Minister Bent Høie has made promises that a similar law for Norway will be drafted soon.^[29]

On 9 October 2014, the parliament of Estonia passed the Cohabitation bill by a 40-38 vote.^[30] It was signed by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves that same day and took effect on 1 January 2016.^[31]

On 27 November 2014 the Parliament of Andorra passed a Civil Union bill, legalising also joint adoption for same-sex partners. On 24 December 2014, the bill was published in the official journal, following promulgation by co-prince François Hollande as signature of one of the two co-princes was needed. It took effect on 25 December 2014.^[32]

On 12 December 2014 the Parliament of Finland passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 101-90 vote.^[33] The law was signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed. The provisional date of the law going into effect is 1 March 2017.^[34]

On 21 January 2015, the Parliament of Macedonia overwhelmingly approved Amendment XXXIII to the Constitution of Macedonia, banning same-sex marriage, with 72 MPs voting for and 4 MPs voting against.^[35]

On 7 February 2015, Slovaks voted in a referendum to ban same-sex marriage and same-sex parental adoption.^[36] The result of the referendum was for the proposals, with 95% and 92% votes for, respectively.^[37] However, the referendum was deemed invalid because of a low turnout.^[38]

On 3 March 2015 the Parliament of Slovenia passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 51-28 vote.^[39] On 20 December 2015, Slovenians reject the new same-sex marriage bill by a margin of 63% to 37%.

In November 2015, the Parliament of Cyprus approved a bill which legalised civil unions for same-sex couples in a 39-12 vote.^[40] It took effect on 9 December 2015^[41][42]

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Greece was approved in December 2015 by its Parliament in a 194-55 vote.^[43] The law was signed by the President and took effect on 24 December 2015.^[44]

Public opinion around Europe

2010 European Social Survey: % of people in each country who agree or strongly agree that "gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives as they wish." Country Percentage  Netherlands 92%  Sweden 89%  Denmark 89%  Belgium 87%  United Kingdom 84%  Norway 83%  France 82%  Ireland 82%   Switzerland 82%  Germany 81%  Spain 80%  Finland 74%  Czech Republic 65%  Portugal 59%  Greece 50%  Slovenia 49%  Bulgaria 47%  Hungary 45%  Poland 44%  Slovakia 42%  Estonia 41%  Croatia 38%  Lithuania 28%  Ukraine 28%  Russia 25%

In a 2002 Pew Global Attitudes Project surveyed by the Pew Research Center, showed majorities in every Western European nation said homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagreed.^[45] A Eurobarometer in 2006 surveying up to 30,000 people from each European Union country, showed split opinion around the 27 member states on the issue of same sex marriage. The majority of support came from the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Belgium (62%), Luxembourg (58%), Spain (56%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%). All other countries within the EU had below 50% support; with Romania (11%), Latvia (12%), Cyprus (14%), Bulgaria (15%), Greece (15%), Lithuania (17%), Poland (17%), Hungary (18%) and Malta (18%) at the other end of the list.^[46] Same sex adoption had majority support from only two countries: Netherlands at 69% and Sweden at 51% and the least support from Poland and Malta on 7% respectively.^[46]

A more recent survey carried out in October 2008 by The Observer affirmed that the majority of Britons – 55% – support gay marriage.^[47] A 2013 poll shows that the majority of the Irish public support gay marriage and gay adoption, 73% and 60% respectively.^[48] France has support for same sex marriage at 62%,^[49] and Russian at 14%.^[50] Italy has support for the 'Civil Partnership Law' between gays at 45% with 47% opposed.^[51] In 2009 58.9% of Italians supported civil unions, while 40.4 supported same-sex marriage.^[52] In 2010, 63.9% of Greeks supported same-sex partnerships, while 38.5% supported same-sex marriage.^[53] In 2012 a poll by MaltaToday^[54] showed that 41% of Maltese supported same sex marriage, with support increasing to 60% amongst the 18-35 age group. In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% of Poles were against same-sex marriage, 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples, and 68% were against gays and lesbians publicly showing their way of life.^[55] In Croatia, a poll from November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.^[56] A CBOS opinion poll from February 2014 found that 70% of Poles believe same-sex sexual activity is morally unacceptable, while only 22% believed it is morally acceptable.^[57] A 2015 NDI public opinion poll shows that only 10% of the population in the Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia) believe LGBTI marriages are acceptable, in contrast to 88% who think they're unacceptable.^[58]

According to pollster Gallup Europe, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.^[59]

Gay rights in the European Union

In Greece, a poll from February 2016 revealed that 14% of Greeks supported gay adoption , while 84% do not agree with the idea.http://avmag.gr/61882/iper-tou-simfonou-simviosis-alla-kata-tis-iiothesias-apo-omofila-zevgaria/

Opinion polls for same-sex marriage

Country	Pollster	Year	For	Against	Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
Albania	NDI	2015	10%[60]	88%[60]	2%[60]
Armenia	Интеграция и развитие	2013	2%[61]	96%[61]	2%[61]
Austria	IMAS	2015	55%[62]	38%[62]	7%[62]
Belarus	NAS	2015	4.5%[63]	86.6%[63]	8.8%[63]
Belgium	Eurobarometer	2015	77%[64]	20%[64]	3%[64]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	NDI	2015	10%[60]	88%[60]	2%[60]
Bulgaria	Eurobarometer	2015	17%[64]	68%[64]	15%[64]
Croatia	Eurobarometer	2015	37%[64]	54%[64]	9%[64]
Cyprus	Eurobarometer	2015	37%[64]	56%[64]	7%[64]
Czech Republic	Eurobarometer	2015	57%[64]	36%[64]	7%[64]
Denmark	Eurobarometer	2015	87%[64]	9%[64]	4%[64]
Estonia	Eurobarometer	2015	31%[64]	58%[64]	11%[64]
Finland	Eurobarometer	2015	66%[64]	28%[64]	6%[64]
France	BVA	2015	67%[65]	31%[64]	2%[64]
Georgia	NDI	2012	6%[66]	89%[66]	4%[66]
Germany	YouGov	2016	68%[67]	24%[64]	8%[64]
Greece	Eurobarometer	2015	33%[64]	63%	4%[64]
Hungary	Eurobarometer	2015	39%[64]	53%	8%[64]
Ireland	Eurobarometer	2015	80%[64]	15%[64]	5%[64]
Italy	Demos & Pi	2016	56%[68]	40%[68]	4%[68]
Kosovo	NDI	2015	10%[60]	88%[60]	2%[60]
Latvia	Eurobarometer	2015	19%[64]	76%[64]	5%[64]
Lithuania	Eurobarometer	2015	24%[64]	71%[64]	5%[64]
Luxembourg	Eurobarometer	2015	75%[64]	20%[64]	5%[64]
Macedonia	NDI	2015	10%[60]	88%[60]	2%[60]
Malta	Eurobarometer	2015	65%[64]	29%[64]	6%[64]
Moldova	IPP	2014	5.9%[69]	87.2%	6.9%
Montenegro	NDI	2015	10%[60]	88%[60]	2%[60]
Netherlands	Eurobarometer	2015	91%[64]	7%[64]	2%[64]
Norway	Ipsos	2013	78%[70]	17%[70]	4%[70]
Poland	Eurobarometer	2015	28%[64]	61%[64]	11%[64]
Portugal	Eurobarometer	2015	61%[64]	33%[64]	6%[64]
Romania	Eurobarometer	2015	21%[64]	69%[64]	10%[64]
Russia	VTsIOM	2015	8%[71]	80%	12%
Serbia	NDI	2015	10%[60]	88%[60]	2%[60]
Slovakia	Eurobarometer	2015	24%[64]	69%[64]	7%[64]
Slovenia	Ninamedia	2015	38.3%[72]	49.5%[72]	12.2%[72]
Spain	Eurobarometer	2015	84%[64]	10%[64]	6%[64]
Sweden	Eurobarometer	2015	90%[64]	7%[64]	3%[64]
Switzerland	Ifop	2013	63%[73]	37%	-
Ukraine	GfK Ukraine	2013	4.6%[74]	95.4%	-
United Kingdom	YouGov	2016	56%[75]	27%[75]	17%[75]

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:

  Joint adoption legal¹

  Stepparent adoption legal

  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

¹In Finland a law will come into force in 2017.

Opinion polls for same-sex adoption

Country	Pollster	Year	For	Against	Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
Austria	IMAS	2015	46%[62]	48%[62]	6%
Belgium	Ipsos	2013	67%[76]	33%[76]	0%[76]
Bulgaria	Eurobarometer	2006	12%[77]	68%[77]	20%[77]
Cyprus	Eurobarometer	2006	10%[77]	86%[77]	4%[77]
Czech Republic	CVVM: stepchild: from institutional care:	2015	59%[78] 44%[78]	33%[78] 49%[78]	8%[78] 7%[78]
Denmark	YouGov	2012	59%[79]	31%[79]	11%[79]
Estonia	ASi	2012	26%[80]	66%[80]	8%[80]
Finland	Taloustutkimus	2013	51%[81]	42%[81]	7%[81]
France	BVA	2015	57%[65]	41%[65]	2%[65]
Germany	YouGov	2015	57%[82]	35%[82]	8%
Greece	Public Issue	2016	14%[83]	84%[83]	3%[83]
Hungary	Eurobarometer	2006	13%[77]	81%[77]	6%[77]
Ireland	Red C Poll	2011	60%[84]	-	-
Italy	Demos & Pi	2016	37%[85]	60%[85]	3%[85]
Latvia	Eurobarometer	2006	8%[77]	89%[77]	3%[77]
Lithuania	Eurobarometer	2006	12%[77]	82%[77]	6%[77]
Luxembourg	Politmonitor	2013	55%[86]	44%[86]	1%[86]
Malta	Eurobarometer	2006	7%[87]	85%[87]	9%[87]
Netherlands	Eurobarometer	2006	69%[87]	27%[87]	4%[87]
Norway	YouGov	2012	54%[79]	34%[79]	12%[79]
Poland	CBOS	2013	8%[88]	87%[88]	5%[88]
Portugal	Expresso	2014	38.3%[89]	40.0%[89]	21.7%
Romania	Eurobarometer	2006	8%[77]	82%[77]	10%[77]
Russia	VTsIOM	2015	3%[71]	88%	9%
Serbia	GSA	2010	8%[90]	79%	13%
Slovakia	Eurobarometer	2006	12%[77]	84%[77]	4%[77]
Slovenia	Delo Stik	2015	38%[91]	55%[91]	7%[91]
Spain	Ipsos	2013	73%[76]	27%[76]	0%[76]
Sweden	Ipsos	2013	78%[76]	21%[76]	1%[76]
Switzerland	Ifop	2013	63%[92]	37%[92]	0%[92]
Ukraine	Gay Alliance of Ukraine	2013	7% [93]	68%[93]	12% 13% would allow some exceptions[93]
United Kingdom	Ipsos	2013	65%[76]	35%[76]	0%[76]

Legislation by country or territory

Tables:

European Union

Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union	Legal in all 28 member states.[94]	/ Legal in 21/28 member states.	/ Legal in 12/28 member states.	/ Joint adoption legal in 13/28 member states. Step-child adoption legal in 16/28 member states.	/ Legal in 27/28 member states.	/ Membership requires a state to ban anti-gay discrimination in employment only.	Legal in all 28 member states.[95]

Central Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria	Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership since 2010[97]	(Pending)[98]	Step-child adoption since 2013. Joint adoption since 2016.[99][100]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Gender change is legal.[102]
Czech Republic	Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership since 2006[103]		LGBT individuals may adopt; (Step-child adoption pending)[104]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Legal recognition is granted and birth certificate is amended after reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation).[102]
Germany	Legal in East Germany since 1968 Legal in West Berlin and West Germany since 1969 + UN decl. sign.[96][105]	Registered life partnership since 2001[106]	(Pending)[107]	/ Step-child adoption since 2005; (Joint adoption pending)		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[108][109]	Gender change is legal.[110]
Hungary	Legal since 1962 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership since 2009[111]	(Pending)[112][113] Constitutionally banned since 2012.[114][115]	LGBT individuals may adopt; (Joint and step-child adoption pending)[113]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Full legal recognition granted, birth certificate replaced. No surgery or hormone therapy is required for legal gender change.[102]
Liechtenstein	Legal since 1989 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership since 2011[116]		LGBT individuals may adopt.[117]	Has no military	(Proposed)	Gender change is not legal.[102]
Poland	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign.[96]	[118]	Constitutionally banned since 1997.[119]	LGBT individuals may adopt, joint adoption forbidden.[120]		Bans some anti-gay discrimination[101]
Romania	Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.[96]		(Constitutional ban proposed)[121]	LGBT individuals may adopt.[122]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Legal recognition and birth certificates amended after reassignment surgery.[102]
Slovakia	Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign.[96]		Constitutionally banned since 2014[123]	LGBT individuals may adopt.[124]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[125][126]	(Requires sterilisation for change[102])
Slovenia	Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership since 2006[127]		/ Step-child adoption since 2011[128]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Gender change is legal.[129]
Switzerland	Legal nationwide since 1942 Legal in the cantons of Geneva, Ticino, Valais and Vaud (as part of France) since 1798 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership in Geneva (2001),[130] Zurich (2003),[131] Neuchâtel (2004)[132] and Fribourg (2004)[132] Nationwide since 2007[133]	(Pending)[134]	LGBT individuals may adopt; (Step-child adoption pending).[135]		Bans some anti-gay discrimination. (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)[136]	Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilisation is technically required but has not been enforced since 2012. Registered Partnership can become Marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.[137]

Eastern Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Armenia	Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[96]		Constitutionally banned since 2015[138][139]		/ No explicit ban. However, LGBT persons have been reportedly discharged because of their sexual orientation.[140]
Azerbaijan	Legal since 2000[96]				[141]		(Requires sterilisation for change[102])
Belarus	Legal since 1994[96]				/ Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able.[142]	LGBT activism/expression deemed terrorism[143]
Georgia	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[96]		(Constitutional ban proposed)[144][145]			Bans all anti-gay discrimination[146]	(Requires sterilisation for change[102])
Kazakhstan	Legal since 1998[96]
Moldova	Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.[96]		Constitutionally banned since 1994[147]			Bans some anti-gay discrimination [101]	(Requires sterilisation for change[102])
Russia	Male legal since 1993 Female always legal[148][96]		(Constitutional ban proposed)[149]				(Requires sterilisation for change[102])
Ukraine	Legal since 1991 + UN decl. sign.[96]		Constitutionally banned since 1996[150]	LGBT individuals may adopt.[151]	/ Policies depend on the regional commissioners.[152]	Bans some anti-gay discrimination[153]	(Requires sterilisation for change[102])

Northern Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark	Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership from 1989 to 2012 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[154]	Legal since 2012[155][156]	Step-child adoption since 1999. Joint adoption since 2010.[157] (+automatic co-parent recognition)[158]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy.[159]
Estonia	Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Cohabitation agreement since 2016[160]		/ Step-child adoption since 2016. Couples where both partners are infertile may also jointly adopt non-biological children since 2016.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[102]
Faroe Islands (Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)	Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[96]	From 1 July 2016	From 1 July 2016	From 1 July 2016	(Denmark responsible for defence)	Bans some anti-gay discrimination[161][162]	[163]
Finland	Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership since 2002[164]	From March 2017[165]	Step-child adoption since 2009. Joint adoption from March 2017.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilisation.[166]
Iceland	Legal since 1940 (As part of Denmark) + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered cohabitation since 2006[167]; Registered partnership from 1996 to 2010 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[168]	Legal since 2010[169][170]	Legal since 2006[171] (+automatic co-parent recognition)[172]	Has no military	Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[173][102]
Latvia	Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[96]		Constitutionally banned since 2006[174]	LGBT individuals may adopt.[175]		Bans some anti-gay discrimination[101]	Documents are amended accordingly, no medical intervention required.[176]
Lithuania	Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.[96]	(Pending)[177]		Only married couples can adopt.[178]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Gender change is legal since 2003.[179]
Norway	Legal since 1972 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership from 1993 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[180]	Legal since 2009[181][182]	Legal since 2009[183] (+automatic co-parent recognition)[184]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[102]
Sweden	Legal since 1944 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership from 1995 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[185]	Legal since 2009[186]	Legal since 2003[187] (+automatic co-parent recognition)[188]	[189]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	[190]

Southern Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[96][191][192]				UK responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination[193]
Albania	Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.[96]					Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[194] Gender change is not legal.[102]
Andorra	Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Stable union since 2005[195]; Civil union since 2014.[196]		Legal since 2014[197][196][198]	Has no military	Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Gender change is not legal.[102]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Legal since 1998 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska since 2000 and Brcko District since 2001 + UN decl. sign.[96]					Bans some anti-gay discrimination[101]
Bulgaria	Legal since 1968 + UN decl. sign.[96]		Constitutionally banned since 1991[199]	LGBT individuals may adopt.[200]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity, but requires sterilisation for change[201][202]
Croatia	Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[96]	Life partnership since 2014[203]	Constitutionally banned since the 2013 referendum.[204]	/ Partner-guardianship since 2014 (parental responsibility and a permanent next-of-kins relationship between a life partner and their partner's child which is registered in the child's birth certificate)		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101][205]	Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all types discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health. [206]
Cyprus	Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Civil cohabitation since 2015 [207]			(The only EU country to ban LGBT people in the military, not enforced)[208]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[209] Gender change is not legal.
Gibraltar (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Civil partnership since 2014[210]	(Proposed)[211][212]	Legal since 2014	UK responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)[213]	(Pending)[214]
Greece	Legal since 1951 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Cohabitation agreement since 2015[215]				Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	(Requires sterilisation for change[102])
Italy	Legal since 1890 Legal in parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, along with Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol since 1919 (Illegal in parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, illegal in parts of Veneto, along with Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol from 1943-1945 under annexation of Nazi Germany) + UN decl. sign.[96]	Approved in 2016 by the upper chamber (still needs to be approved by the lower chamber).	(Pending)[216][217][218]	/ some courts, including on appeal court level, have admitted stepchild adoption - not yet decided by the Court of Cassation [219]		Bans some anti-gay discrimination[101]	Since 1982 legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[220] The Court of Cassation decided in 2015 that sterilisation is not required.[221]
Macedonia	Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.[96]		(Constitutional ban pending)[222]
Malta	Legal since 1973 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Civil union since 2014[223]	/ Marriage performed abroad recognised since 2014[223][224] (Pending)	Legal since 2014		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Since 2015.[225]
Montenegro	Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[96]		Constitutionally banned since 2007[226][227]			Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity, but requires sterilisation for change[102]
Portugal	Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.[96]	De facto union since 2001[228][229]	Legal since 2010[230]	Legal since 2016		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[101]	Since 2011. All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.[231]
San Marino	Legal since 1865 + UN decl. sign.[96]	/ Unregistered cohabitation since 2012 (Only for one entitlement); civil unions proposed[232][233]		Stepchild adoption proposed[234]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[235]	Gender change is not legal.[102]
Serbia	Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of Ottoman Empire to 1860[236] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.[96]		Constitutionally banned since 2006[237]	LGBT individuals may adopt		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Gender change is legal since 2007.[238][239]
Spain	Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.[96]	De facto union in Catalonia (1998),[240] Aragon (1999),[240] Navarre (2000),[240] Castile-La Mancha (2000),[240] Valencia (2001),[241] the Balearic Islands (2001),[242] Madrid (2001),[240] Asturias (2002),[243] Castile and León (2002),[244] Andalusia (2002),[240] the Canary Islands (2003),[240] Extremadura (2003),[240] Basque Country (2003),[240] Cantabria (2005),[245] Galicia (2008)[246] and La Rioja (2010)[247]	Legal since 2005[248]	Legal since 2005[249] (+automatic co-parent recognition)[250]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[251]
Turkey	Legal since 1858[96]				(Proposed)[252]	(Proposed)[252]	(Requires sterilisation for change[253])
Vatican City	Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[96]				Has no military

Western Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium	Legal nationwide since 1795 (As part of France) Legal in Eupen-Malmedy since 1919 (Illegal from 1944-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich and under annexation of Nazi Germany) + UN decl. sign.[96]	Legal cohabitation since 2000[254]	Legal since 2003[255][256][257]	Legal since 2006[258] (+automatic co-parent recognition)[259]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	The 2007 law concerning transsexuality[260] grants the right to a legal name and gender change, but it requires hormone treatment for name change and sterilisation for gender change.
France	Legal nationwide since 1791 Legal in Savoy since 1792 Legal in parts of Alpes-Maritimes, Bas-Rhin, Haute-Saône, Moselle, and Vosges since 1793 Legal in parts of Haut-Rhin since 1798 Legal in parts of Alpes-Maritimes, Hautes-Alpes and Savoie since 1890 (As part of Italy) (Illegal in Corsica under the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom from 1794-1796, illegal in parts of Alpes-Maritimes, along with Savoy from 1814-1860 under annexation of Kingdom of Sardinia, illegal in Alsace-Lorraine from 1871–1918 and 1940-1944/1945 under annexation of Imperial and Nazi Germany, and illegal in Nord and Pas-de-Calais from 1944-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich and under annexation of Nazi Germany) + UN decl. sign.[96]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999[261]	Legal since 2013[262]	Legal since 2013[263]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[101]	(Requires sterilisation for change[264])
Guernsey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.[265][266][96]	/ Civil Partnership performed in UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012. Civil unions performed abroad recognised from 2017[267][268][269]	/ Marriages performed abroad recognised from 2017[270][271] (Proposed)[269]	(Pending)[272]	UK responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination[273]	2004 anti-discrimination law. Legal gender change since 2007: Case law only. Only allows a new birth certificate to be issued. Does not amend or remove records of existing birth certificates, extension to Alderney and Sark unclear, does extend to Herm.[273][274]
Ireland	Male legal since 1993 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[96]	Civil partnership since 2011 to 2015 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[275]	Legal since 2015. Approved via referundum[276]	/ Joint adoption since 2015. Stepchild adoption is not legal for any couples, but a birth parent and their partner may be eligible to be joint adopters of the child.[277][278][279][280] (+automatic co-parent recognition)[281]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[282][283][284]	Gender Recognition Act 2015 [285]
Isle of Man (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Civil partnership since 2011[286]	(Pending)[287][288]	Legal since 2011	UK responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination[289]	Transsexual persons are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11).[290][291]
Jersey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.[96]	Civil partnership since 2012[292]	(Proposed)[293]	Legal since 2012	UK responsible for defence	Bans all anti-gay discrimination[294]	Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[295]
Luxembourg	Legal since 1795 (As part of France) (Illegal from 1942-1944/1945 under annexation of Nazi Germany) + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered Partnership since 2004[296]	Legal since 2015[297][298]	Legal since 2015[299]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[300]	(Requires sterilisation for change[102])
Monaco	Legal since 1793 (As part of France) + UN decl. sign.[96]	(Pending)[301]			France responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination[8]
Netherlands	Legal since 1811 (As part of France) (Illegal from 1940-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Niederlande) + UN decl. sign.[96]	Registered partnership since 1998[302]	Legal since 2001[303]	Legal since 2001[304] (+automatic co-parent recognition)[305]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[306]	[307]
United Kingdom	Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.[96]	Civil partnership since 2005[308]	Legal in England, Wales and Scotland since 2014.[309][310] Illegal in Northern Ireland	Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[311][312] (+automatic co-parent recognition)[313]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[314][96]	Gender Recognition Act 2004.

Partially recognised or unrecognised states

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia	Legal after 1991
Luhansk People's Republic	[315]
Kosovo	Legal from 1858, when part of the Ottoman Empire, again in 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia)[96]		[316]	LGBT individuals may adopt.[317][318]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination[319]	[102]
Nagorno-Karabakh	Legal since 2000
Northern Cyprus	Legal since 2014[320][321][96]					Bans all anti-gay discrimination[320][321]	Discrimination or hate speech banned since 2014.[320][321] Unknown if gender change is legal.
Donetsk People's Republic	[322][323]
South Ossetia	Legal after 1991
Transnistria	Legal since 2002[324]					(Proposed)[325]

See also

• Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
• LGBT adoption in Europe
• ILGA-Europe
• Ages of consent in Europe
• LGBT rights in Africa
• LGBT rights in Oceania
• LGBT rights in the Americas

References and notes

^A The UK Parliament excepted Scotland and Northern Ireland from its same-sex marriage legislation, although the Scottish parliament has since legalised it.

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External links

• Other laws on homosexuality in Europe
• FRA report "Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation in the EU Member States" Part I – Legal Analysis, 2008; Part II – Social Situation, 2009; Comparative legal analysis, 2010
• Thomas Hammarberg, Commissioner for Human Rights report "Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Europe, 2011"
• Thematic report on Discrimination against trans and intersex people on the grounds of sex, gender identity and gender expression, The European Commission, 2012.
• Scott Gunther. "The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942–present" Book about the history of homosexual movements in France (sample chapter available online). New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. ISBN 0-230-22105-X
• Article 18 of the Polish Constitution
• Article 38 of the Lithuanian Constitution
• Chronological overviews of the main legislative steps in the process of legal recognition of homosexuality in European countries. http://www.law.leidenuniv.nl/org/onderzoeksinstituut/medewerkers/waaldijkc.html
• LBGT Rights Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Rights before the European Court of Justice
• Article: What has the EU done for LGBT Rights?
• lgbti.org Turkey LGBTI Union