Habanero

Habanero
Species	Capsicum chinense
Cultivar	'Habanero'
Heat	Exceptionally hot
Scoville scale	100,000–350,000 SHU

The habanero (/ˌhɑːbəˈnɛroʊ/; Spanish pronunciation: [aβaˈneɾo]) is a variety of chili pepper. When used in English, it is sometimes spelled and pronounced habañero,^[1] the tilde being added as a hyperforeignism patterned after jalapeño. Unripe habaneros are green, and they color as they mature. Common colors are orange and red, but white, brown, yellow, and pink are also seen. Typically, a ripe habanero chili is 2–6 cm (0.8–2.4 in) long. Habanero chilis are very hot, rated 100,000–350,000 on the Scoville scale.^[2]

Name

The name means "someone or something from La Habana", or as it is known in English, Havana ("b" and "v" being interchangeable phonetically in Spanish). As the Spanish name "La Habana" contains a normal "n" instead of an "ñ", the pepper's name contains an "n" as well.

The demonym in this case is formed using the suffix -ero; demonyms may also be formed with the suffix -eño, such as in the case of jalapeños, which come from Jalapa. During the process of importing "jalapeño" and "habanero" into English, the similarity of the words and their subject matter have led to a hyperforeignism in which the tilde is sometimes incorrectly added to "habanero" resulting in habañero.^[1]

Origin and current use

Habanero hot sauce from Flor de Lirio, an indigenous cooperative in Peto, Yucatán

The habanero chili comes from the Amazonas region, and from there it was spread through Mexico.^[3] One domesticated habanero, which was dated at 8,500 years old, was found at an archaeological dig in Peru.^[4] An intact fruit of a small domesticated habanero, found in pre-ceramic levels in Guitarrero Cave in the Peruvian highlands, was dated to 6500 BC.

The habanero was carried north to the Caribbean via Colombia. Upon its discovery by Spaniards, the habanero chili was rapidly disseminated to other adequate climate areas of the world, to the point that 18th-century taxonomists mistook China for its place of origin and called it Capsicum chinense ("the Chinese pepper").^[5][6][7]

Today, the largest producer is Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula.^[8] Habaneros are an integral part of Yucatecan food. Habanero chilies accompany most dishes in Yucatan, either in solid or purée/salsa form. Other modern producers include Belize, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, and parts of the United States, including Texas, Idaho, and California. While Mexico is the largest consumer of this spicy ingredient, its flavor and aroma have become increasingly popular all over the world.

The Scotch bonnet is often compared to the habanero, since they are two varieties of the same species, but have different pod types. Both the Scotch bonnet and the habanero have thin, waxy flesh. They have a similar heat level and flavor. Although both varieties average around the same level of "heat", the actual degree of piquancy varies greatly from one fruit to another with genetics, growing methods, climate, and plant stress.

The habanero's heat, its fruity, citrus-like flavor, and its floral aroma have made it a popular ingredient in hot sauces and spicy foods.

In 1999, the habanero was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's hottest chili, but it has since been displaced by a number of other peppers, the record tending to change every few years. The bhut jolokia (or ghost pepper) and Trinidad moruga scorpion were eventually identified to be native Capsicum chinense subspecies even hotter than the habanero, and breeders constantly crossbreed the various subspecies to attempt to create cultivars for the Scoville scale record - for instance, the Carolina Reaper crosses a ghost pepper with a particularly piquant red habanero.

Cultivation

Habaneros thrive in hot weather. As with all peppers, the habanero does well in an area with good morning sun and in soil with a pH level around 5 to 6 (slightly acidic). The habanero should be watered only when dry. Overly moist soil and roots will produce bitter-tasting peppers.

The habanero is a perennial flowering plant, meaning that with proper care and growing conditions, it can produce flowers (and thus fruit) for many years. Habanero bushes are good candidates for a container garden. In temperate climates, though, it is treated as an annual, dying each winter and being replaced the next spring. In tropical and subtropical regions, the habanero, like other chiles, will produce year round. As long as conditions are favorable, the plant will set fruit continuously.

Cultivars

Several growers have attempted to selectively breed habanero plants to produce hotter, heavier, and larger peppers. Most habaneros rate between 200,000 and 300,000 on the Scoville scale. In 2004, researchers in Texas created a mild version of the habanero, but retained the traditional aroma and flavor. The milder version was obtained by crossing the Yucatán habanero pepper with a heatless habanero from Bolivia over several generations. These mild habaneros were expected to be widely available in the future as of 2004.^[9]

Black habanero is an alternative name often used to describe the dark brown variety of habanero chilis (although they are slightly different, being slightly smaller and slightly more sphere-shaped). Some seeds have been found which are thought to be over 7,000 years old. The black habanero has an exotic and unusual taste, and is hotter than a regular habanero with a rating between 400,000 and 450,000 Scoville units. Small slivers used in cooking can have a dramatic effect on the overall dish. Black habaneros take considerably longer to grow than other habanero chili varieties. In a dried form, they can be preserved for long periods of time, and can be reconstituted in water then added to sauce mixes. Previously known as habanero negro, or by their Nahuatl name, their name was translated into English by spice traders in the 19th century as "black habanero". The word "chocolate" was derived from the Nahuatl word, xocolātl [ʃoˈkolaːt͡ɬ], and was used in the description, as well (as "chocolate habanero"), but it proved to be unpronounceable to the British traders, so it was simply named "black habanero".^[10]

A 'Caribbean Red', a cultivar within the habanero family, has a Scoville rating of 500,000.

Gallery

Orange Habanero ready to eat

Red Habanero Chili's growing on the plant

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  Habanero seedling

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  Habanero plant with fruit

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  Habanero plant with fruit and flower

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  Orange habanero

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  Orange habaneros

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  Red habaneros

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  Red habaneros on a plate, bought from a food store

See also

• Capsicum (pepper family)
• Jalapeño
• Scotch bonnet

References

1. "Habanero". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
2. "Chile Pepper Heat Scoville Scale". Homecooking.about.com. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
3. "El chile habanero de Yucatán. Origen y dispersión prehispánica del chile habanero". Ciencia y Desarrollo. May 2006. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
4. "Habanero Chili Peppers". Hot Sauce Planet. Archived from the original on 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2014-03-04.
5. Bosland, P.W. (1996). J. Janick, ed. "Capsicums: Innovative Uses of an Ancient Crop". Progress in New Crops (Arlington, VA: ASHS Press): 479–487. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
6. "Bosland, "The History of the Chile Pepper"". Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on May 24, 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
7. Eshbaugh, W.H. 1993. History and exploitation of a serendipitous new crop discovery. pp. 132–139. In: J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), New crops. Wiley, New York as reproduced at "Uncle Steve's Hot Stuff"
8. "Profile of the Habanero Pepper". Whole Chile Pepper Magazine. July 1989. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
9. Santa Ana III, Rod. "Texas Plant Breeder Develops Mild Habanero Pepper". AgNews, 12 August 2004.
10. "Black Habanero".

External links

• Aji Chombo peppers – photographic account of chilies grown in Fairfax, Virginia from seeds imported from Panama. Dale C. Clarke, 2003–04.