Heroin-assisted treatment

Total number of U.S. overdose deaths involving heroin from 2001 to 2014.[1]
Total number of U.S. overdose deaths involving opioid pain relievers from 2001 to 2014.[1]

Heroin assisted treatment, or diamorphine assisted treatment, refers to the prescribing of synthetic, injectable heroin to opiate addicts who do not benefit from or cannot tolerate treatment with one of the established drugs used in opiate replacement therapy like methadone or buprenorphine (brand name Suboxone). For this group of patients, heroin assisted treatment has proven superior in improving their social and health situation.[2] It has also been shown to save money, as it significantly reduces costs incurred by trials, incarceration, health interventions and delinquency.[3] It has also drastically reduced overdose deaths in the countries utilizing it, as patients take their dose in a controlled, professionally supervised setting, and Narcan (naloxone) is on hand in the case of an accidental overdose. Opiate related overdoses in the U.S. kill around 20,000 people per year.

Heroin assisted treatment is fully a part of the national health system in Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom. Additional trials are being carried out in Canada and Belgium.

History

The British have had system of heroin maintenance since the 1920s. For decades it supplied a few hundred addicts nationwide, most of whom were doctors themselves. It was de-emphasized considerably during the 1960s-1980s as a result of the U.S. led "war on drugs".[4] Because of the lack of large-scale trials, only anecdotal evidence existed as to the efficacy of the treatment. This changed in 1994 when Switzerland, faced with one of the largest open drug scenes in Europe at the time, started large-scale trials on the potential use of diamorphine as a maintenance drug. They proved diamorphine to be a viable maintenance drug which has shown equal or better rates of success than methadone in terms of assisting long-term users establish stable, crime-free lives.[5] These results encouraged countries like Germany and the Netherlands to conduct their own trials and finally to include heroin assisted treatment fully as a part of the national health system in 2009.[6] In recent years the British have begun moving towards the inclusion of heroin maintenance programs as a legitimate component of their National Health Service. In 2013 European Union's European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction issued guidelines for the years 2013-2020; for the first time since the EMCDDA's 1995 inception, the group advocated "reducing the health and social risks and harms caused by drugs" in addition to longstanding policies of lessening demand and supply. Both the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Transnational Institute have released documents advocating harm-reduction strategies, though only the latter mentions heroin-assisted therapy.[7][8] It should be noted that "harm reduction" remains a nebulous term which can include a wide variety of treatment modalities, many of which do not include heroin-assisted therapy.

In 2008, the right-wing Swiss People's Party initiated a national referendum on heroin-assisted treatment. A significant majority (approximately 68%) voted in favor of continuing Swiss HAT programs.[9]

Modes of operation

While the British system trusts the patient with weekly prescriptions, other countries had to impose stronger restrictions to avoid diversion to the illegal market. Patients there have to appear twice a day at a treatment center where they inject their doses of diamorphine under the supervision of medical staff. To avoid withdrawal symptoms in between injections, most patients are given an additional daily dose of methadone.

In the Netherlands, both injectable Diamorphine HCl as injectable salt in dry ampoules as well as Heroin base with 5-10% caffeine for vaporisation are available, both are to be taken twice daily in a supervised setting and will be accompanied with a daily take home dosage of methadone for the evening.

In Switzerland patients may be allowed to appear only once a day and receive part of their diamorphine in pill form for oral consumption.[10]This is possible only after a six-month period and is usually granted only if necessary to hold down a job.

Criticism

Critics, such as the Drug Free America Foundation, have criticised heroin assisted treatment along with other harm reduction strategies for allegedly creating the perception that certain behaviors can be partaken safely, such as illicit drug use, claiming that this may lead to an increase in that behavior by people who would otherwise be deterred.

We oppose so-called `harm reduction´ strategies as endpoints that promote the false notion that there are safe or responsible ways to use drugs. That is, strategies in which the primary goal is to enable drug users to maintain addictive, destructive, and compulsive behavior by misleading users about some drug risks while ignoring others.
— "Statement on so-called 'Harm Reduction' policies" made at a conference in Brussels, Belgium by members of the International Task Force on Strategic Drug Policy (not a United Nations entity)[11]

Such shortcomings arguably exist with some "harm reduction" measures, such as supervised injection facilities. These facilities provide users with the information and equipment necessary to avoid infection with diseases such as HIV, but leave them dependent on the black market. So users still face the health risk associated with the injection of impure street drugs and they still face the enormous financial strain of financing their addiction.

In the case of heroin-assisted treatment however, users are provided with a form of pharmaceutical-grade heroin injection solution which doctors consider fit for injection. And as doctors refrain from drastic changes in dose and provide post-injection monitoring, overdoses are rare and can be quickly treated with opioid antagonists like Naloxone. Thus, patients in heroin-assisted treatment are relieved from the major complex of problems that defines illicit heroin use. Synthetic heroin taken under the aforementioned conditions is not neurotoxic and has few long-term side effects beside constipation and dependency.[12] And while it had been speculated that the availability of such treatment options might change public perception of the risks associated with drug use and might lead to an increase in illicit drug use, the incidence of heroin abuse in Switzerland has declined sharply since the introduction of heroin assisted treatment. As a study published in The Lancet concluded:

The harm reduction policy of Switzerland and its emphasis on the medicalisation of the heroin problem seems to have contributed to the image of heroin as unattractive for young people."
— Nordt, Carlos, and Rudolf Stohler, "Incidence of Heroin Use in Zurich, Switzerland: A Treatment Case Register Analysis,"[13]

Also, the notion that patients in heroin assisted treatment are enabled to maintain "destructive behavior" contradicts the findings that patients significantly recover in terms of both their social and health situation. A clinical follow-up report on the German "Heroin studie" found that 40% of all patients and 68% of those able to work had found employment after four years of treatment. Some even started a family, after years of homelessness and delinquency.[14]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Overdose Death Rates. By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
  2. ↑ "Heroin-assisted treatment for opioid dependence: randomised controlled trial". Br J Psychiatry 191: 55–62. July 2007. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.026112. PMID 17602126.
  3. ↑ http://www.parl.gc.ca/37/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/Com-e/ille-e/presentation-e/ucht-e.htm
  4. ↑ "Following a sharp rise in the number of UK heroin addicts on record, and reports of cavalier prescription by doctors, the Second Brain Report is commissioned and concludes that tighter restrictions are needed." Transform: A History of Drug Prohibition
  5. ↑ "Long-term effects of heroin-assisted treatment in Germany". Addiction 103 (6): 960–6; discussion 967–8. June 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02185.x. PMID 18422829.
  6. ↑ http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_154996_EN_Heroin%2520Insight.pdf
  7. ↑ "Reducing the harm of Drug Use and Dependence" (PDF).
  8. ↑ "Decriminalise drugs to meet users' right to good health, says UN official - United Nations Drug Control". www.undrugcontrol.info. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  9. ↑ Switzerland embraces heroin-assisted treatment World Radio Switzerland, Tuesday, 10 March 2009
  10. ↑ ‘Without the heroin programme I’d probably be dead’ swissinifo.ch, January 27, 2014
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ Merck Manual of Home Health Handbook - 2nd edition, 2003, p. 2097
  13. ↑ The Lancet, Vol. 367, June 3, 2006, p. 1830.
  14. ↑ Follow-up report on the german pilot study "Heroin-assisted treatment of opiate dependent patients" page 9f


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