Higher consciousness

Higher consciousness is the consciousness of a higher Self, transcendental reality, or God. It is "the part of the human being that is capable of transcending animal instincts".[1] The concept developed in German Idealism, and is a central notion in contemporary popular spirituality.

Philosophy

Fichte

Fichte distinguished the finite or empirical ego from the pure or infinite ego. The activity of this "pure ego" can be discovered by a "higher intuition".[2][note 1]

Fichte (1762-1814) was one of the founding figures of German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant.[2] His philosophy forms a bridge between the ideas of Kant and those of the German Idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

According to Michael Whiteman, Fichte's philosophical system "is a remarkable western formulation of eastern mystical teachings (of Advaita)."[2]

Schopenhauer

In 1812 Schopenhauer started to use the term "the better consciousness", a consciousness

...[that] lies beyond all experience and thus all reason, both theoretical and practical (instinct).[3]

According to Yasuo Kamata, Schopenhauer's idea of "the better consciousness" finds its origin in Fichte's idea of a "higher consciousness" (höhere Bewusstsein)[4] or "higher intuition",[5] and also bears resemblance to Schelling's notion of "intellectual intuition".[4] According to Schopenhauer himself, his notion of a "better consciousness" was different from Schelling's notion of "intellectual intuition", since Schelling's notion required intellctual development of the understanding, while his notion of a "better consciousness" was "like a flash of insight, with no connection to the understanding."[4]

According to Schopenhauer,

The better consciousness in me lifts me into a world where there is no longer personality and causality or subject or object. My hope and my belief is that this better (supersensible and extra-temporal) consciousness will become my only one, and for that reason I hope that it is not God. But if anyone wants to use the expression God symbolically for the better consciousness itself or for much that we are able to separate or name, so let it be, yet not among philosophers I would have thought.[6]

Religion

Schleiermacher

Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) made a distinction between lower and higher (self)consciousness.[1][7] In Schleirmacher's theology, self-consciousness contains "a feeling that points to the presence of an absolute other, God, as actively independent of the self and its 'world'."[8] For Schleiermacher, "all particular manifestations of piety share a common essence, the sense of dependency on God as the outside 'infinite'."[8] The feeling of dependency, or "God-consciousness", is a higher form of consciousness.[7] This consciousness is not "God himself",[9] since God would then no longer be "an infinite infinite, but a finite infinite, a mere projection of consciousness."[9]

For Schleiermacher, the lower consciousness is "the animal part of mankind", which includes basic sensations such as hunger, thirst, pain and pleasure, as well as basic drives and pleasures, and [1] higher consciousness is "the part of the human being that is capable of transcending animal instincts",[1] and the "point of contact with God". Bunge describes this as [1]"the essence of being human".[1]

When this consciousness is present, "people are not alienated from God by their instincts".[1] The relation between the lower and the higher consciousness is akin to "Paul's struggle of the spirit to overcome the flesh",[1] or the distinction between the natural and the spiritual side of human beings.[7]

19th century movements

The idea of a "wider self walled in by the habits of ego-consciousness"[10] and the search for a "higher consciousness" was manifested in 19th century movements as Theosophy[10] New Thought[10] Christian Science,[10] and Transcendentalism.[11]

The 19th century Transcendentalists saw the entire physical world as a representation of a higher spiritual world.[12] They believed that humans could elevate themselves above their animal instincts, attain a higher consciousness, and partake in this spiritual world.[13]

According to Blavatsky, who founded the Theosophical Movement,

By that higher intuition acquired by Theosophia - or God-knowledge, which carried the mind from the world of form into that of formless spirit, man has been sometimes enabled in every age and every country to perceive things in the interior or invisible world.[14]

Blavatsky refers to Fichte in her explanation of Theosophy:

Theosophy [...] prompted such men as Hegel, Fichte and Spinoza to take up the labors of the old Grecian philosophers and speculate upon the One Substance - the Deity, the Divine All proceeding from the Divine Wisdom - incomprehensible, unknown and unnamed.[14]

Modern spirituality

The idea of "lower" and "higher consciousness" has gained popularity in modern popular spirituality.[15] According to James Beverley, it lies at the heart of the New Age movement.[16]

Ken Wilber has tried to integrate eastern and western models of the mind, using the notion of "lower" and "higher consciousness". In his book The Spectrum of Consciousness Wilber describes consciousness as a spectrum with ordinary awareness at one end, and more profound types of awareness at higher levels.[17] In later works he describes the development of consciousness as a development from lower consciousness, through personal consciousness, to higher transpersonal consciousness.[15]

Cognitive science

Gerald Edelman, in his 'Theory of Consciousness', distinguishes higher consciousness, or "secondary consciousness" from "primary consciousness", defined as simple awareness that includes perception and emotion. Higher consciousness in contrast, "involves the ability to be conscious of being conscious", and "allows the recognition by a thinking subject of his or her own acts and affections". Higher consciousness requires, at a minimal level semantic ability, and "in its most developed form, requires linguistic ability, or the mastery of a whole system of symbols and a grammar".[18]

Psychotropics

Psychedelic drugs can be used to alter the brain cognition and perception, some believing this to be a state of higher consciousness and transcendence.[19] Typical psychedelic drugs are hallucinogens including LSD, DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) cannabis, peyote, and psiloscybe mushrooms.[20] According to Wolfson, these drug-induced altered states of consciousness may result in a more long-term and positive transformation of self.[21]

According to Dutta, psychedelic drugs may be used for psychoanalytic therapy,[20] as a means to gain access to the higher consciousness, thereby providing patients the ability to access memories that are held deep within their mind.[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ See also Daniel Breazeale (2013), Thinking Through the Wissenschaftslehre: Themes from Fichte's Early Philosophy, and Stanford Encyclopedia of Phiolosophy, "Johann Gottlieb Fichte".

References

Sources

  • Beverly, James (2009), Nelson's Illustrated Guide to Religions: A Comprehensive Introduction to the Religions of the World, Thomas Nelson Inc. 
  • Bunge, Marcia JoAnn, ed. (2001), The Child in Christian Thought, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 
  • Cartwright, David E. (2010), Schopenhauer: A Biography, Cambridge University Press 
  • Clark, W. H. (1976). Religious Aspects of Psychedelic Drugs. Social Psychology, pp. 86–99.
  • Dutta, V. (2012, July–September). Repression of Death Consciousness and the Psychedelic Trip. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, pp. 336–342.
  • Edelman, G.M. (2004), Wider Than the Sky: The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness, Yale University Press 
  • Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996), Nihilism Before Nietzsche, University of Chicago Press 
  • Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1996), New Age Religion and Western Culture. Esotericism in the mirror of Secular Thought, Leiden/New York/Koln: E.J. Brill 
  • Heisig, James W. (2003), Jung, Christianity, and Buddhism. In: Polly Young-Eisendrath, Shoji Muramoto (eds.), "Awakening and Insight: Zen Buddhism and Psychotherapy", Routledge 
  • Johanson, P., & Krebs, T. S. (2013, August). Psychedelics and Mental Health: A population study. PLOS ONE.
  • Ladd, Andrew; Anesko, Michael; Phillips, Jerry R.; Meyers, Karen (2010), Romanticism and Transcendentalism: 1800-1860, infoBase Publishing 
  • Lerner, M. M. (2006, June). Values and Beliefs of Psychedelic Drug Users: A Cross Cultural Study. Volume 38, pp. 143–147.
  • Merklinger, Philip M. (1993), Philosophy, Theology, and Hegel's Berlin Philosophy of Religion, 1821-1827, SUNY Press 
  • Stasko, A., Rao, S. P., & Pilley, A. (2012). Spirituality and Hallucinogen Use: Results from a pilot study among college students. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 23-32.
  • Tart, C. T., & Davis, C. (1991). Psychedelic Drug Experiences on Students of Tibetan Buddhism, A preliminary Exploration. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 139-173
  • Whiteman, Michael (2014), Philosophy of Space and Time: And the Inner Constitution of Nature, Routledge 
  • Wilber, Ken (2002), The Spectrum of Consciousness, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 978-81-208-1848-4 
  • Wolfson, P (2011) Tikkun January/February Vol. 26 Issue 1, p10, 6p

Further reading

Classical western texts
Secondary sources
Contemporary spirituality (primary sources)

External links

Look up higher consciousness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, April 06, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.