Jirajaran languages

Jirajaran
Hiraháran
Geographic
distribution:
Western Venezuela
Linguistic classification: One of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions:
Glottolog: jira1235[1]

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Pre-contact distribution of the Jirajaran languages

The Jirajaran languages are group of extinct languages once spoken in western Venezuela in the regions of Falcón and Lara. All of the Jirajaran languages appear to have become extinct in the early 20th Century.[2]

Characteristics

Based on the little documentation that exists, a number of typological characteristics are reconstructable:[3]

1. VO word order in transitive clauses
apasi mamán (Jirajara)
I.cut my.hand
I cut my hand
2. Subjects precede verbs
depamilia buratá (Ayamán)
the.family is.good
The family is good
3. Possessors which precede the possessed
shpashiú yemún (Ayamán)
arc its.rope
the arc of the rope
4. Adjectives follow the nouns they modify
pok diú (Jirajara)
hill big
big hill
5. Numerals precede the nouns they quantify
boque soó (Ayamán)
one cigarette
one cigarette
6. Use of postpositions, rather than prepositions
angüi fru-ye (Jirajara)
I.go Siquisique-to
I go to Siquisique.

Classification

The Jirajaran languages are generally regarded as isolates. Adelaar and Muysken note certain lexical similarities with the Timotean languages and typological similarity to the Chibchan languages, but state that the data is too limited to make a definitive classification.[2] Jahn, among others, has suggested a relation between the Jirajaran language and the Betoi languages, mostly on the basis of similar ethnonyms.[4] Greenberg and Ruhlen classify Jirajaran as belonging to the Paezan language family, along with the Betoi languages, the Páez language, the Barbacoan languages and others.[5]

Family Division

Based on adequate documentation, three languages are definitively classified as belonging to the Jirajaran family:[2]

Loukotka includes four additional languages, for which no linguistic documentation exists:[6]

Vocabulary Comparison

Comparison of Jirajaran vocabulary, based on Jahn[4]
English Ayomán Gayón Jirajara
firedugdut, idúdueg
foota-sengánseguéangán
hendegaródigaródegaró
housegagaphiyásgagap
snakehuhí, jujíjujítúb
sunyivatyuaú

References

  1. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Jirajaran". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  2. 1 2 3 Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Pieter C. Muysken (2004). The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–30. ISBN 0-521-36275-X.
  3. Costenla Umaña, Adolfo (May 1991). Las Lenguas del Área Intermedia: Introducción a su Estudio Areal (in Spanish). San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. pp. 56–8. ISBN 9977-67-158-3.
  4. 1 2 Jahn, Alfredo (1973) [1927]. Los Aborígenes del Occidente de Venezuela (in Spanish). Caracas: Monte Avila Editores, C.A.
  5. Greenberg, Joseph; Ruhlen, Merritt (2007-09-04). "An Amerind Etymological Dictionary" (pdf) (12 ed.). Stanford: Dept. of Anthropological Sciences Stanford University. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  6. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian Languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. pp. 254–5.
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